药学英语Unit two-text Appt课件.ppt

UnitTwoTextAFoundationofBiochemistry,1,biochemistry生物化学,carbon碳hydrogen氢oxygen氧nitrogen氮,2,aminoacid氨基酸nucleotide核苷酸monosaccharide单糖,protein蛋白质nucleicacid核酸polysaccharide多糖,3,E.coli肠埃希氏菌，俗称大肠杆菌,4,neurotransmitter神经递质pigment色素,5,adenosinetriphosphate三磷酸腺苷，ATPoxidation氧化phosphorylation磷酸化phosphorus磷photosynthetic光合作用的photophosphorylation光合磷酸化enzyme酶,6,Themoleculesofwhichlivingorganismsarecomposedconformtoallthefamiliarlawsofchemistry.组成生命有机体的分子都遵循着熟知的化学规律,buttheyalsointeractwitheachotherinaccordancewithanothersetofprinciples,whichweshallrefertocollectivelyasthemolecularlogicoflife.但是这些分子却按照另一套规律相互作用，就是我们将提到的生命的分子逻辑学的全部原理,7,Iflivingorganismsarecomposedofmoleculesthatareintrinsicallyinanimate,howdothesemoleculesconfertheremarkablecombinationofcharacteristicswecalllife?如果生命有机体是由本质上无生命的分子组成，那么这些分子是怎样赋予了生命的各种特征？,8,Mostofthemolecularconstituentsoflivingsystemsarecomposedofcarbonatomscovalentlyjoinedwithothercarbonatomsandwithhydrogen,oxygen,ornitrogen.生命体的分子组分大部分由碳原子和碳原子，及氢，氧或氮的共价结合构成。,9,Alllivingorganismshavethesamekindsofmonomericsubunits.Thereareunderlyingpatternsinthestructureofbiologicalmacromolecules.Theidentityofeachorganismispreservedbyitspossessionofdistinctivesetsofnucleicacidsandofproteins.所有的生命有机体都具有相同种类的单聚体；在生物大分子的构成上采用基本的模式；每一种生物的特性保存在独特的核酸和蛋白系统中。,10,ATPistheuniversalcarrierofmetabolicenergy,linkingcatabolismandanabolism.ATP是代谢能量的通用载体，连接分解代谢与合成代谢。Cellscapture,store,andtransportfreeenergyinachemicalform.细胞以化学形式捕捉，贮藏和传递自由能,11,HereditaryinformationispreservedinDNA,along,thinorganicpolymersofragilethatitwillfragmentfromtheshearforcesarisinginasolutionthatisstirredorpipetted.遗传信息保持在DNA分子中，它是一条长且细的有机聚合物，很脆弱，容易被搅拌或吹打的溶液中的剪切力所切断。,12,Ahumanspermoregg,carryingtheaccumulatedhereditaryinformationofmillionsofyearsofevolution,transmittheseinstructionsintheformofDNAmolecules,inwhichthelinearsequenceofcovalentlylinkednucleotidesubunitsencodesthegeneticmessage.人类精子和卵子携带着数百万年进化累积的遗传信息，以DNA分子的形式传递着这些指令，在DNA分子中，共价连接的核苷酸亚单位的线性序列编码着这些遗传信息。,13,ThecapacityoflivingcellstopreservetheirgeneticmaterialandtoduplicateitforthenextgenerationresultsfromthestructuralcomplementaritybetweenthetwohalvesoftheDNAmolecule.有生命的细胞保存遗传物质并复制给下一代的能力来源于DNA分子两部分结构的互补性。,14,TheinformationinDNAisencodedasalinear(one-dimension)sequenceofthenucleotideuntis