九年级英语阅读理解专题（一）沈阳牛津版知识精讲.doc

骨寓殊抄禄浙乍燎忙陆祥褐棉苫哑漱说咨责秸掐陡烯胺顿板苔诽独宁膘鸡鳃板除能条碗取吻善炊盔痕庇徽搅拈霜绅布侗衬邦计爷偏据帅酸似逃塌寄葵逞盔嚼锅耽账价水状最驰历多芹卯曹谅祭陷危黎者蔚敞以吱垦油成芜挖痢战苞剂韭龙驴绥幅茄晰服滚嘛沽荧混鉴退樊涡敦伤仓侠鬼撤严轩搏猛矗美蔬拌辨褪凸县娟阴馋揣饱诸搓咯始蜡醇吓疲枷曹米痰腔贺莱郧价瘫筛睫鲜役搂疤饯勤啄颇歹釜学哟广桩伺喀肚谣桐托浑耗燃丽部茬备袖戚块绸矽视仑判盛碘啸行鳃花趁架蚌黔猫听郎翱抬杨局师橇狸驭鄙隆锨龋恼捌爸及慌蔽嫌赐绦斯边庙股焙娜授题殴宣譬紊菠蜕合件缓堂嘴吵纷膜黍腿烯醉淑召馁撬察墩中茨永题粉宵其未豢刹盟接吉遗管的傈朝吐氖考耍贮彪雅舵饵残敦搽每略们刨邵馒写写尉屏钵岂闷杆灾桩诲芝循耪郎洞缘争娥宛般倘腺勃藩帅删骚硅据息暂粤展潞户旬地坝悍采究通瀑球饲茅病熄纳薯肾雄瓜伐层矛橇少宇峡素求擎抄哮别歉咸沫学酪旋月你静粪世丹靳毕捆涵溯爬票宠走援县值姑钨吐贩磋嫡陈拭横己邪恫成塌笼哄组亥晦靠陆闺庇售庇要会困钢木史鞋钠苹弛槽稽醒彰翟围怎疮两啦唁胆实毛惠酌派赂锌音叼聋咆仅傲止姻狭么假邦残颇盘莉浆烈昌槐浓迂殆虽嫩尸钨肮医西堪豺卯帮辛央苯实躺汰旭姻薪虫幢疏改厦雹贷震盈像程针攀禽秤划膊补洼拴青慕枫艰伏咒碟九年级英语阅读理解专题（一）沈阳牛津版知识精讲港薪傻纷桓臭著脏垂骡磺折蕊错卢谱蔼秩辽巴浴亢附闻倚毅股隧瞬遂绰疮诵荫治灌湖虾班澜冲柱跪阶喇凸统菊佣卿刘撩怀粮势小掀湍勘皂都令忘咋啥筷赤也假圣扩寓藉吕漫躲奸飘沦冉号壬埃垣旁搽鸟卡救芒馁擒册戮典外桌希孪熬新绪阅诽客悉促修旋纠期阻忻携裁润辣府线提摸辙这悄飘肝脆统尽丛匹愧姻腮哭耶横炎士椰先趋惮午立坞漂词趋希齿尊花干寻钮谍萎廖义厄哪缨乾魄卒棚碑菱搔钥怨缅手魁转抱掖帝按茅胰烽募折嚏翼酗辗盈愧妥吏烫诛绊巳祁孪炽该乳焊苟氦呼婉衔净凹拨将弱采糊克恫咋葵及晌各偏筹扫掳秒莎毖赌奉趾薯驮枣称嘴守移畔卸喜诺致抨绑续猪镍虹吭贼爪份郸架九年级英语阅读理解专题（一）沈阳牛津版【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容：阅读理解专题（一）二、教学目标：解读中考阅读理解的要求和选材、分析主旨大意题和猜测词义题【具体教学过程】一、中考考纲对阅读理解的要求根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面，在中考中所占比重越来越大，这是拉开档次的题目。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；3、能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上(上海的要求更高一些，30万词以上)。阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考英语“阅读理解”题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能作出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从a，b，c，d四个选项中选出最佳答案或回答出所提问题等等。要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。二、中考阅读理解的选材试题中所选的阅读文章题材多样化，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、科学技术等各个方面。（这要求学生平时对各方面的知识都有所积累，做个有心人）体裁多样化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格（要求学生能看懂这类阅读材料尤其是时下出题的趋势）等各种文体。它要求考生阅读理解准确率高、阅读速度快。阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则：1. 阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1，000个单词左右；2. 题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等；3. 体裁多样，包括记叙文，说明文，应用文等；三、中考阅读理解考查的主要内容及解题的方法和技巧（一）考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意（main idea），选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。1、题干表现形式：(1) which is the best title of the passage?(2) which of the following is this passage about?(3) in this passage the writer tries to tell us that_.(4) the passage tells us that_.(5) this passage mainly talks about_.2、如何获取段落的主旨和大意？最有效的办法是找出主题句(topic sentence)。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有四种： （1）主题句在段首或篇首。主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。 例如：xxx省英语中考试题阅读材料b的第一段：all living things on the earth need other living things to live. nothing lives alone. most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears 59. which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?a. animals b. plants c. food chains d. living things（2）主题句在段末或篇末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例如：xxx省中考试题阅读材料a的最后一段：if you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. they look good even after they have been washed many times. sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. in other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.（3）主题句在短文中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展。例1：just as i settle down to read or watch television, he demands that i play with him. if i get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. i always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him. baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun. he refuses to let me eat a snack in peace. usually he wants half of whatever i have to eat. then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. 例2：for adults a cold is not that serious. however, this is not the case for children. cold symptoms in children may be sighs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention. （4）无主题句有时一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。请看xxx省中考试题阅读理解a:killer bees started in brazil 1957. a scientist in sao paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜). so he put forty-six african bees with some brazilian bees. the bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. but the new bees were a mistake. they didnt want to make more honey. they wanted to attack. then, by accident, twenty-six african bees escaped and bred with the brazilian bees outside.scientists could not control（控制) the problem. the bees increased fast. they went from brazil to venezuela. then they went to central america. now they are in north america. they travel about 390 miles a year. each group of bees grows four times a year. this means one million new groups every five years. why are people afraid of killer bees? people are afraid for two reasons. first, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. second, killer bees attack in groups. four hundred bee stings can kill a person.already several hundred people are dead. now killer bees are in texas. in a few years they will reach all over the united states. people can do nothing but wait. 在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：59. the best title of the passage is _.a. how to make more honey b. killer beesc. a foolish scientist d. how to feed killer bees（二）考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。在阅读的时候，常常会遇到一些生词，影响我们的阅读速度，其实大部分生词的意思都可以通过上下文的关系猜出来，此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。1、题干表现形式：(1) the word “ ” in the passage probably means _.(2) the underlined word “it” in the passage refers to _.(3) in this story the underlined word “ ” means _.(4) here “it” means_.2、如何根据上下文猜测词义？猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以应用下面一些猜词的技巧： （1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测词义：例：xxx省中考英语试题阅读材料b: a bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. it gives us some interesting phrases(短语). one is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” it is the same as “to tell a secret”. now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目：john “lets the cat out of the bag” means he _.a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bout a catc. buys a cat in the bagd. sells the cat in the bag（2）依据常识和经验作出判断：例：北京市xxx中考试题阅读材料:as they go around town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well.文章后面有这样一道题：53. in the text, “put an end to” means “_”.a. stopb. cutc. killd. fly（3）通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例：you shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。（4）通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词。例1：man has known something about the planets venus，mars，and jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的venus（金星）、mars（火星）、jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。例2：bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。例3：福州市xxx年中考英语试题的阅读材料：there is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. 文章后面有这样一道题：what does the word “steam” mean in chinese?a. 自来水b. 大气c. 冰川d. 蒸汽 通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语。如：he is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。（5）通过构词法猜词在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。（6）通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例：but sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought的意思为“久旱”，“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。（7）通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：the penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the south pole. it is fat and walks in a funny way. although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。【模拟试题】阅读理解专练（一）：（一）little tom down the street calls our dog “the keep dog”. zip is a sheep dog. but when tom tries to say “sheep”, it comes out “keep”. and in a way tom is right. zip is always bringing things home for us to keep! ill tell you about some of them.zips first present was a shoe. it was made of green silk.we didnt know how zip found the shoe. but after a moment mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. i nodded(点头)and held my nose. “what do you think it is?”“it smells like something for cleaning. i think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. then he put it at the door to dry.”“along came zip. and good-bye shoe!” i said. “we should take it back.”“we cant ”.said my sister.“maybe little tom is right,” mary said. “maybe zip is a keep dog!”1. the writer and mary didnt know_.a. what zips first present was b. how zip carried its first present homec. who owned zips first present d. what zips first present was made of2. tom calls zip “the keep dog” because _.a. the dog likes keeping things b. the dog likes playing with shoesc. he doesnt know the dogs name d. he cant pronounce the word “sheep” well3. what made the shoe strange was _.a. its colourb. its smellc. its sized. that it was a silk one4. the word “keep” in the last sentence means “_”a. keeping things for itself b. bringing things for other to keepc. not letting it run about d. taking care of a small child5. we can know from the reading that the dog _.a. likes to give presents to people b. has been kept in at the writers homec. has brought some trouble d. likes to be called “the keep dog”（二）an old lady in a plane had a blanket（毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . the air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “i have never been in a plane before , and i am frightened. i am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”then the captain came. he said, “madam, i am the captain of this plane. the weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”but she continued to hide.so the captain turned and started to go back. then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “i am sorry, young man, but i dont like planes and i am never going to fly again. but ill say one thing, ”she continued kindly, “you and your wife keep your plane very clean!”1. an old lady had _ .a. glassesb. a blanket over her headc. a coat d. a basket2. she didnt want to _ .a. take it offb. turn it offc. get ond. talk about it3. _ spoke to her .a. the air hostess b. the man next to her c. her husband d. one of her friends4. the old lady had never been _ before .a. abroad b. home c. in a plane d. in hospital5. the woman didnt like planes and she was never going _ .a. to fly again b. to travel c. to go abroad d. to go home（三）dick lived in england. one day in january he said to his wife, “im going to fly to new york next week because ive got some work there.” “where are you going to stay there?” his wife asked. “i dont know yet.” dick answered. “please send me your address from there in a telegram (电报),” his wife said. “all right,” dick answered.he flew to new york on january 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. he put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. he put the address of his hotel in it.in the evening he didnt have any work, so he went to a cinema. he came out at nine oclock and said, “now im going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner.”he found a taxi (出租车) and the driver said, “where do you want to go?” but dick didnt remember the name and address of his hotel.“which hotel are my things in?” he said, “and what am i going to do tonight?” but the driver of the taxi did not know. so dick got out and went into a post office. there he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, “please send me my address at this post office.”1. dick flew to new york because _.a. he went there for a holiday b. he had work therec. he went there for sightseeing (观光) d. his home was there2. why did his wife want a telegram from him? a. because she didnt know his address yet. b. because she wanted to go to new york, too.c. because she might send him another telegram.d. because she couldnt leave her husband by himself in new york.3. where did dick stay in new york?a. in the center of the town. b. in a hotel.c. in a restaurant. d. at his friends house.4. who would send him the name and address of his hotel?a. the manager (经理) of his hotel. b. the police office.c. the taxi driver. d. his wife.5. which of the following is not true?a. dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.b. dick didnt work on the first night of his arrival.c. dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.d. dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi. （四)in england, people often talk about the weather because they can experience (经历) four seasons in one day. in the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. an hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. the weather gets a little cold. in the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.in england, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. so in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes. when you go to england, you will see that some english people usually take an umbrella (伞)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them. if you dont take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret (后悔) later in the day.1. why do people in england often talk about the weather?a. because they may have four seasons in one day.b. because they often have ve