（英语语言文学专业论文）交替传译与同声传译质量的比较研究.pdf

descriptive chinese abstract i 摘 要 交替传译和同声传译是目前应用最广泛，最受欢迎的两种口译模式。交替传译主要 应用于记者招待会，媒体发布会以及各种小型会议中；同声传译则主要在各种国际大中 型会议中被大量采用。两种口译模式有各自的优势和特点，那么，他们各自的优势和特 点是否是他们在不同场合应用的原因？他们的译文质量是否存在差异？若存在， 这些差 异是否也是导致他们在不同场合应用的原因？ 本论文应用口译的精力分配模式，信息处理能力，循环模式等原则和理论来阐述交 替传译和同声传译各自进行的步骤， 对译文质量的要求以及作为其译员所必须具备的能 力；采用实验研究的方法来回答以上提出的几个问题，实验对象为广东外语外贸大学高 级翻译学院口译专业二年级的研究生，他们被随机分为了两组。实验材料选定了两篇演 讲，一篇为英语国家人士演讲稿，实验对象所具备的背景知识较少；一篇是中国特色较 浓郁的演讲稿，背景知识掌握较多。实验内容为一组实验对象对材料进行交替传译，另 一组进行同声传译。在本实验中，文化知识背景以及语言的熟练程度被设定为常数。实 验重点是通过实验对象对材料进行交替传译和同声传译所产出的译文质量进行比较和 分析。作者对实验结果进行了定量分析和定性分析。作者在对实验结果进行比较分析之 后，得出如下结论：交替传译和同声传译在译文的质量上确实存在差异；场景的差异对 这两种口译模式各自特点和对译文质量的不同要求是交替传译和同声传译在不同场合 的应用的原因。 本篇论文同时检验了口译方面的一些理论以及前人所做研究的一些成果。 因为实验 对象为广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院口译专业二年级研究生， 本篇论文对高等学校口 译人员的培训与教学也具有一定的借鉴意义。 关键词：关键词：精力分配模式；交替传译；同声传译；处理能力；循环模式 english abstract ii abstract consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation are two forms of most popular and widely used interpretation. consecutive interpretation is mainly applied at press conferences, media briefings and other small meetings while simultaneous interpretation is focused on all kinds of international conferences. these two forms of interpretation have their own features and advantages. do their features and advantages lead to their application in different situations? are there any differences on the quality between consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation? if yes, do these differences also lead to their application in different situations? the author gives expression to the their own steps, requirements for the reproduction and capacity required by interpreters of consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation by applying effort model in ci and si, processing capacity, and sequential model of ci and si. in addition, experimental research is also applied to answer the above-mentioned questions. the experiment is based on tests on the second year of postgraduates majoring interpretation at guang dong university of foreign studies. they are divided into two groups randomly. two speeches are chosen with one spoken by person from english-speaking country on which the subjects have less background knowledge and the other from extract with chinese characteristics on which the subjects have more background knowledge. one group interpreted consecutively and the other simultaneously. in experiment, cultural background and language proficiency are set as invariables. the key for experiment is to compare and analyze the interpretation produced by subjects. the author adopted quantitative and qualitative analysis for the experimental results. after comparison and analysis for the results, the author draws the following conclusion that there are real differences on quality between consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. the features of two forms of interpretation and the different requirements for the quality in different situations lead to their applications in different situations. as a by-product, the thesis testifies theories on interpretation and findings of previous studies. as the subjects participating in the experiment are second-year postgraduates majoring in interpretation at gdufs, the study may shed light on the teaching and training provided by universities and colleges. keywords: effort model; consecutive interpretation; simultaneous interpretation; processing capacity; sequential model 湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的 研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或 集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均 已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保 留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借 阅。本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行 检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 introduction 1 introduction what is the origin of interpretation? how long has interpretation been existing? dating back to the primitive society, people of various tribes found it necessary for them to communicate with each other for the purpose of bartering, exchanging information, marriage, etc. the primitive interpreting occurred among people who had their own voice systems respectively. thats the origin of interpretation. interpretation has been existing for thousands of years. however it has emerged as an internationally recognized profession since the end of world war one. consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation are two major forms of interpretation. chronologically, consecutive interpretation (ci) antedates simultaneous interpretation (si). ci developed into a recognized profession only during the first world war. the paris peace conference of 1919 was conventionally introduced consecutive interpretation as an instrument to provide language service. the first attempt to introduce si was made shortly before the second world war. si was first patented as a technique by ibm in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at geneva in a tentative in 1927. with development of the economy and progress of the society, more and more international conferences are held around the world, interpretation is serving as an increasing important communicative bridge for cultures and economics. simultaneous interpretation, as its features of straight, simultaneous and without much time occupying, enjoys great popularity and is widely used in various kinds of international meetings. against this background, consecutive interpretation, as its features of more accurate, coherent and logical, is also widely used, especially in media briefings and press conferences and addresses for banquets. in the present thesis, following questions are expected to be discussed: do consecutive and simultaneous interpretations features and advantages lead to their application in different situations? are there any differences on the quality between consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation? introduction 2 if yes, do these differences also lead to their application in different situations? in order to answer these questions, the author conducted a method of experimental comparison and analysis. the whole thesis contains following sections. the first is a brief introduction. chapter one is literature review, explaining the definition, process and characteristics of both ci and si and quality assessment and criteria for ci and si. previous studies on the research of ci and si are also expounded in this chapter. chapter two presents theoretical framework, including giles effort model in ci and si, processing capacity and fluency in ci and si and sequential model which lay a foundation for the following analysis of the experiment. in chapter three, author gives a detailed account of the experiment design, subjects and materials and procedures of experiment, aiming to take on an overall and exact arrangement for the experiment. this chapter is the focus of the whole thesis. in this chapter, author analyses the experiment results very specifically in quantitative and qualitative manner. in quantitative analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses are applied while qualitative analysis, applying the theories discussed in chapter two, is conducted on the basis of the quality of target language and content of the subjects reproduction. the last section is more of a summary than a conclusion with a brief review of this paper and implications of the present study for the interpretation training and teaching provided by the universities and colleges. literature review 1.1 3 chapter 1: literature review interpretation is an activity that consists of establishing, either consecutively or simultaneously oral or gesture communications between two or more speakers who are not speaking the same language. interpretation is widely accepted profession as well as an important means of cross-cultural communication. against the backdrop of globalization, interpretation is playing an increasingly role in the world economic and political arena. consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation are the two main modes of interpretation. 1.1 introducing ci and si consecutive interpreting is single work normally done by one interpreter for one conference. in consecutive interpreting, the interpreter usually sits beside or closes to the speaker facing the public, and do not speak at the same time with the speaker. the interpreter will deliver his interpretation after the speaker finished a segment of speech. the speaker will pause and the interpreter will interpret and after the interpreters interpretation the speaker will continue the speech. the consecutive interpreting is carried on in the cycling order shifting from the speaker to the interpreter all the time till the end of conference. in consecutive mode, since the interpreter does not start interpreting until the original speaker has stopped, the interpreter has time to analyze the information as a whole, which makes it easier for him to understand its meaning. therefore, the interpreter can cover the massage more accurately, completely and logically. that is why the consecutive interpreting is often used in high level political talks, press conferences, speeches for welcoming addresses, speeches for banquets, bilingual negotiations, drafting committees, court interpreting, and tourism. consecutive interpreting can also be applied to escort interpreting, business interpreting, medical interpreting and over-the-phone interpreting. great efforts have been made by previous scholars to illustrate the ci process. although different scholars have different focuses and assumptions, their ci process models have a lot in common, which are thought-inspiring for the current study. literature review 1.1 4 webers ci process model weber divides ci process into the following five stages: the first stage - hearing. the second stage - listening the third stage - analyzing the fourth stage - memorizing and/or note-taking. the fifth stage - interpreting weber emphasizes that the first four stages happen synchronously, and only the last stage is separated from the other four. he believes that in the whole ci process, the first four stages are most effort-consuming, while the fifth stage is most relaxing. obviously, he puts the focus of ci on the receiving and input process. this is the process when most analyses happen. liu minhuas ci process liu minhuas (1993) understanding of ci process as shown below is slightly different from webers. the first stage - hearing (including listening) the second stage - analyzing the interpreter listens to the speaker but talks to the audience; and the audience may decide to listen to the floor without putting on the headphone or to the interpreter with the headphone. the information may only be slightly delayed when it is delivered from the speaker till it is received by the audience. this means that the original speech and its reproduction are almost simultaneous. on the basis of observation and analysis of interpretation practice, seleskovitch and a close-knit group of theorists, among which lederer is one of her most prominent students, built a theory and a series of training principles, which divided the process of interpretation into three stages, namely, comprehension, deverbalization and expression. they considered si as a spontaneously proficient bilingual activity, which needs training in speaking while listening instead of merely special linguistic strategies. based on a blow-by-blow analysis of the recording of the french-german si, lederer divided the process of si into 8 sub-processes as follows: 1. listening; 2. language comprehension; 3. conceptualization (combining the segments that have been heard with the previous knowledge so as to form the cognitive memory); 4. expressing according to the cognitive memory; 5. understanding of the situation; 6. listening monitoring; 7. trans-coding interpretation; 8. special signifier indication.(liu heping, 2005:125) on the basis of seleskovitch and lederers theory of sense, liu heping, who did interpretation research under the guidance of lederer, extended the process of interpretation into the following three steps: 1. combining the linguistic meaning with extra-linguistic knowledge so as to generate meaning; literature review 1.2 7 2. deverbalizing during the generation of meaning; 3. using appropriate forms to freely express this meaning.（liu heping 2001：85） judging from the specific characteristics of english-chinese si, and on the basis of their own personal english-chinese si experiences, zhang weiwei and zhong weihe offered a simplified version of si working process as follows: addresser microphone earphone si interpreter microphone earphone addressee.（zhang weiwei, 1999:7; zhong weihe, 2001:39） 1.2 quality assessment in ci and si. what is the quality assessment of interpretation? according to the cai xiaohong and fang fanquan (2002:281), it refers to the measurement of the quality in the interpretation activities. as far as i am concerned, there are many factors influencing the quality of interpretation, such as the cultural background, the language proficiency, and the physical and psychological conditions of interpreters when interpreting. therefore, the quality assessment is a very complicated process. according to websters third new international dictionary, quality can be defined as a degree of excellence or a degree of conformance to a standard. however, when it comes to the quality of ci, sometimes the criteria are controversial because an interpreters performance, to a large extent, is determined not only by the interpreters l1 and l2 proficiency, but also by a variety of external factors. some criteria, such as fluency of delivery, are considered to be very important in judging an interpreters performance on various occasions. there is a survey conducted by a foreign institute that three groups of people, those who engaged in the humanities (h), and those dealt with science and technology (s otherwise it is nonsense to talk about expressiveness or quickness. “correctness” goes first in si because the goal of si is transmitting messages. si, as a highly intensified mental activity, in which the interpreter transfers continuous information, at a rate of 100-150 words per minute approximately, has its connotation in terms of “correctness”. generally speaking, the literature review 1.3 9 principle of “correctness” consists of three levels in connotation: a) rendering the meaning fully, which means the interpreter achieves the closest equivalence from the surface structure to the deep structure; b) rendering the meaning basically, which means the interpreter conveys the meaning, while confining to the surface structure partially; c) rendering the superficial meaning, which means the interpreter is confined to the surface structure greatly and can not go into the deep structure of the source language. the three levels of fidelity is an equivalent process in which the high-quality interpretation moves from a to b, the poor interpretation moves from b to c. the principle of “quickness” should come before the principle of “expressiveness” in si, which is slightly different from ci. it is decided by the characteristics of si. it has two connotations. on the one hand, it refers to the interpreters quick processing of the incoming information. on the other hand, it means that the interpreter should have a quick response and quick rendition. of course, it is a misunderstanding that the interpreter should interpret as quickly as possible. actually, an excellent interpreter should have his or her own pie in interpreting, which will impress the listener, that he or she is worthy to be trusted. if the interpreter speaks too quickly or too slowly, listeners will doubt the interpreters capacity. “expressiveness” means that the interpreter should be aware that his or her responsibility is to make the listeners understand what has been said. therefore, his or her rendition should be compatible with the rules of the target language. at any rate, these three principles are interrelates and inseparable. 1.3 previous studies on the research of ci and si as far as interpreting in china during these years is concerned, research is being carried out in the following four areas:1) theoretical research; 2) research on practical interpreting skills and techniques; 3) research on teaching interpreting and interpreter training and 4) introducing interpreting. (hu gengshen, 2000) theoretical research is centered on discussions of the definition, principles, features, laws that govern interpreting activities, mode, process, interpreting psychology, genre of the language used, quality of interpreting, criteria for evaluation, etc. zhong shukong (1997) thinks that “interpretation, essentially, means an extempore oral literature review 1.3 10 reproduction, in one language, of what is said in another language”. he also discusses the forms of interpretation, prerequisites for interpretation, basic qualities required of the interpreter and principles of interpretation. li kuiliu (1994) discusses the features, process, criteria for evaluation and social functions of interpreting. hu gengshen (2000) deals with tile definition, genre of language, quantitative evaluation for interpretation, and he proposes a “credit” model assessing interpretation effects. liu miqing (2003) discusses the function, characteristics,