欧洲文化入门总复习题

精品文库欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章）一：选择（51）1:Hebrew-Israelite-Jew Jew-Jewish-Judaism Judaism-Christianity2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记)3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden4: Noahs Ark 5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、 40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion.7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒 死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地各各地 Baptism: 30 years、John baptist9:Diocletian destroyed、 Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、 teaching、 death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、 resurrection of Jesus11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare12:228 years13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732.16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低)18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 years By 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold.19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝)20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries. Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research. Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则）22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛） Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事)23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱二：简答（6道）1:Two Major Elements in European Culture European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.However, there has been a complex interplay between the two, which adds to the richness of the culture.2:Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture? Well, English culture is a part of European culture and language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture Behind it. Further, European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world, particularly when our country is going ahead with modernization and taking an active part in world affairs.3：Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)1）You shall have no other gods before me. 除了我以外，你不可有别的神。2）You shall not make for yourself an idol.不可为自己雕刻偶像。4）Observe the sabbath day and keep it holy. 守安息日为圣日。5）Honor your father and mother. 孝敬父母。6）You shall not murder. 不可杀人。7）Neither shall you commit adultery. 不可奸淫。8）Neither shall you steal. 不可偷盗。9.）Neither shall you bear false witness against your neighbor. 不可作假见证陷害人。4:为什么基督教是西方最大的宗教？Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. Every phase of mans life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture.5: Why are Judaism and Christianity closely related?In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.6: 为什么叫中世纪？7:为什么叫dark ages?8:为什么叫the age of faith?9:why could the “Christian Church” become the only central of power.10:the Code of Chivalry(骑士公约)：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth.三：论述（5道）1: What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization ?About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. Their history was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still late became the first part of the christian Bible. Though a minor tribe in ancient Middle East with a small population, the Hebrews made one of the greatest contribution to the word civilization.2:Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written ?The Bible is the most popular book in the culture of mankind. It is the essential of western civilization, having shaped the western civilization more decisively than anything else ever written.3:What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire ?(1) In 476 A.D. a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. A great many Germanic kingdoms began to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. (2) Between the 5th to 11th centuries, Western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives; towns and villages fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. (3) During the medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. In the late Middle Ages, Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of year. 4: What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance ? (1) Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Form Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. (2) Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy to accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature. (3) For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poet, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.5:What is the significance of the Reformation in European civilization ?The significance of the Reformation in European civilization is profound. (1) Before Reformation. It was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Economically, peasants all over Europe had to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope. The Reformation brought changes to all these. (2) In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the Church was broken. (3) In religion, Protestantism brought into different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. (4) In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a rule of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular. (5) In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered of the Roman Catholic Church and Europe was to take a new course of development, a sci