完型课堂讲义-李玉枝..ppt

2015年考研英语完形临场救命技巧主讲老师：李玉技新浪微博,一、完形填空的灵魂原则完形填空考取3分左右的技巧英语（一）历年完形填空真题答案答案年份1-56-1011-1516-202001DADBACDBBABCBACADCDC2002ADCBBADDCBDAACBDACBC2003ABCDCBDCADADBDCDBACA2004CDADABCDABACDBABBDAC,2005CBACBADADBCADCDBCDAB2006ABDADCBCAACBDCCABCAD2007BDACCDBABCADACBDCABD2008BDACCABDBCBDACDDCABA2009BADBCADCBDDBCDACBAAC2010ABCBCBDACDCAADBADCBD2011CDBBABADCABCDCBDADAC,2012BABDCBDBABACCDACACDD2013ADCABBADDADCBDBCACBC2014ABDBAACBDCDABADBDCCB历年完形填空真题选项个数分析年份个数ABCD200155552002555520035456,2004654520055555200664642007555520085555200955552010555520115555,201255552013555520145555英语（二）历年完形填空真题答案答案年份1-56-1011-1516-202010ABCBCBDACDCAADBADCBD2011ACBDDBACCADBACACDACD,2012BBAACDCACBDBCDDACBBD2013ADBDCBBDBAADCCCCABAD2014BACADACCDBABCDCDADCB历年完形填空真题选项个数分析年份个数ABCD20105555201255552013555520145555,二、完形填空解题步骤1.利用“红花绿叶”原则红花词(往往入选的词)：however，although，yet，because，while，available,availability做好的方法是：先选择再检查。,大纲样题Duringthe1980s,unemploymentandunderemploymentinsomecountrieswasashighas90percent.Somecountriesdidnot31enoughfood;basicneedsinhousingandclothingwerenot32.Manyofthesecountrieslookedtotheindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednations33solutions.,34,problemscannotalwaysbesolvedbycopyingtheindustrializednations.Industryinthedevelopednationsishighlyautomatedandvery35.Itprovidesfewerjobsthanlabor-intensiveindustrialprocesses,andhighly36workersareneededto37andrepairtheequipment.Theseworkersmustbetrained,38manynationsdonothavethenecessarytraininginstitutions.Thus,the39ofimporting,industrybecomeshigher.Studentsmustbesentabroadto40vocationalandprofessionaltraining.41,justtobegintraining,thestudentsmust42learnEnglish,French,German,orJapanese.Thestudentsthenspendmanyyearsabroad,and43donotreturnhome.Allnationsagreethatscienceandtechnology44beshared.Thepointis:,countries45theindustrialprocessesofthedevelopednationsneedtolookcarefully46thecosts,becausemanyofthesecostsare47.Studentsfromthesenationsshould48theproblemsoftheindustrializedcountriesclosely.49care,theywilltakehomenottheproblemsofscienceandtechnology,50thebenefits.,31.A)generateB)raiseC)produceD)manufacture32.A)answeredB)metC)calculatedD)remembered33.A)forB)withoutC)asD)about34.A)MoreoverB)ThereforeC)AnywayD)However35.A)expensiveB)mechanicalC)flourishingD)complicated,36.A)giftedB)skilledC)trainedD)versatile37.A)keepB)maintainC)retainD)protect38.A)sinceB)soC)andD)yet39.A)chargeB)priceC)costD)value40.A)acceptB)gainC)receiveD)absorb,41.A)FrequentlyB)incidentallyC)DeliberatelyD)Eventually42.A)soonB)quicklyC)immediatelyD)first43.A)someB)othersC)severalD)few44.A)mightB)shouldC)wouldD)will45.A)adoptingB)conducting,C)receivingD)adjusting46.A)toB)atC)onD)about47.A)opaqueB)secretC)sealedD)hidden48.A)tackleB)learnC)studyD)manipulate49.A)InB)ThroughC)WithD)Under50.A)exceptB)norC)orD)but,准红花affect,forexample,suchas,something以及some的合成词，turnout，tend，against，raise，maintain，as绿叶词since，ifonly，unless，lest=forfearthat=incasethat，only，about,2.逻辑关系题通过前后句的意思确定真确答案定义通过前后句的意思及其内在关系，判定答案的题目。(本质上是阅读题)类型选项是连词以及部分介词、副词、动词。逻辑关系题先做的理由:a.选项都认识b.范围确定c.往往不用通读全文，只需要通读前后句,近年考研完形填空考查的逻辑关系词统计转折however，yet，nevertheless，instead，though,infact,but,against,insteadof,instead,ratherthan,ignoring,onthecontrary,bycontrast,让步evenif,although,while,eventhrough,muchas,as,whereas,forall因果because,as,since,for,inthat,nowthat,becauseof,asaconsequenceof;so,sothat,suchthat,hence,therefore,thus,consequently,对比whereas，while并列关系and，or,similarly，ononeside.ontheotherside.,equally,meanwhile,while,similarly,atthesametime,ononehand.ontheotherhand.,one.another.,foronething.foranother.,one.theother.another.,some.others.stillothers.,theformer.thelatter.,say.add.，notonlybutalso，eitheror,neithernor等。,递进indeed，furthermore，even，aboveall，still，also，moreover举例forexample(2013,4;2010,15);forinstance(2009,14);suchas(2005,20)总结sofar(2009,20)条件when(2012,2；2014，1);if(2013,7；2014，,3.尽量做对“单句单题”1.“单句单题”往往是指文章中一个句子只出一道题的情况，这种题目相对来说比较简单。2.在大部分情况下，“单句单题”的答案往往与前后句的意思或者全文的中心思想关系不大。,Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycantremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintancesname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesasseniormoments.3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.,1.AwhereBwhenCthatDwhy2.AimprovesBfadesCrecoversDcollapses3.AIfBUnlessCOnceDWhile4.AunevenBlimitedCdamagingDobscure5.AwellbeingBenvironmentCrelationshipDoutlook6.AturnsBfindsCpointsDfigures7.AroundaboutsBresponsesCworkoutsDassociations8.AgenreBfunctionsCcircumstancesDcriterion,9.AchannelBconditionCsequenceDprocess10.ApersistBbelieveCexcelDfeature11.AThereforeBMoreoverCOtherwiseDHowever12.AaccordingtoBregardlessofCapartfromDinsteadof13.AbackBfurtherCasideDaround14.AsharpnessBstabilityCframeworkDflexibility15.AforcesBremindsChurriesDallows,16.AholdBtrackCorderDpace17.AtoBwithCforDon18.AirregularlyBhabituallyCconstantlyDunusually19.AcarryBputCbuildDtake20.AriskyBeffectiveCidleDfamiliar,考研英语新题型最后充分必须知道的救命词主讲老师：李玉技新浪微博李玉技老师,段落句子填空题与排序题一、段落句子填空题与排序题的解题步骤1.段落句子填空题阅读选项以及空前空后的17个地方，排序题阅读每个选项的段首与段尾句的14个地方，寻找简答题的线索词。包括代词、并列递进词、转折让步词、数字、引号、专有名词、冠词以及其它常见名词、动词、形容词等。2.通读复现词的关键句以及前后句，确定答案是否正确。,3.通读全文，检查答案是否合理。二、段落句子填空题与排序题的注意事项以及解题技巧1.最长的选项入选的可能性较大。2.转折让步命题原则but,however,yet,nevertheless,although含有转折让步词的选项容易成为正确答案文章中含有转折让步词的句子容易成为答案所在句,3.利用指示代词做题this、that、these、those和such等。以2012年真题为例：,Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoodspaintings,sculptureandarchitectureandsuperfluousexperiencesmusic,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)_.AOfcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.oneselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.,Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)_.-.,FOnereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalfcentury,muchoftheworldsmediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemediumtelevisionandtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.,Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)_,CNotonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.,Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)_.Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.DThisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploadingbetweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreationwhoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.,4.利用第三人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格做题he(him/his）或she(her/her)，they(them/their),it(it/its),5.利用并列递进关系词解题or,ononeside.ontheotherside.,equally,also,meanwhile,while,and,indeed,furthermore,moreover,still,similarly,atthesametime,ononehand.ontheotherhand.,one.another.,foronething.foranother.,one.theother.another.,some.others.stillothers.,theformer.thelatter.,say.add.等。,ANodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.BHisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Theseare,disciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldpossess.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”theyformasortofsocialglue.,CEquallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelorsdegreesin197071thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheseswriting,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhich,再以2005年真题为例：Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswerson,44._.PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanowsreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”,45._.SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.AQuebecsresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.QuebecsDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!,BOrtheycouldreadMr.Kirbysreport:“Thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescriptiondruginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”CWhatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.,6.利用引号做题注意带引号的单词、短语或句子处的前后文衔接以2005年真题为例：紧接42题的段落第一句说：But“national”doesnthavetomeanthat.由此可知，42题所选段落应提到了“national”，并给出了“national”的定义。各选项中只有选项C提到了“national”所以42题选C。,如果整篇文章都是用第二或第三人称来叙述，而选项中确出现了表第一人称的人称代词I或we，则表明该选项往往放在文章中的直接引语内。例如：AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.41._Theycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartoftheday,saidShaneFarritor,anassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska.,Forexample,ifworkersarrivedat6a.m.,theconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwaytoblockoffthelaneatthattime.42._“Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots,”Farritorsaid.“Theroboticconeswouldalsohelpremovepeoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplace,”Farritorsaidinareportonhiscreation.43._ThisfundallowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard.,Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandaresmallenoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.“Itwouldlookexactlythesame,”Farritorsaid.“Normallytheresakindofrubbery,blackbasetothem.44._”FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemostusefultowhattheymightneed.,Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperation,likepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt,wherenowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperationproceeds.“Thatwayyoudonthavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperation.”Farritorsaid.Whileprototypeshavebeenmade,theyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehasappliedforapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.45._Heisalsothinkingaboutmarketingtherobotstoroads,departmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomaybenefitfromthem.AAndtheycanreturntotheoriginalplaceattheendoftheday.BHeisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.CFarritorwas“InventoroftheYear”in2003.DWorkontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.EWereplacethatwitharobot.,FTheseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutoftheway,orintoplace,fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.GTheymakethoseorangeconesandhelpupgradewaterinfrastructure.,题目若设置在直接引语中，其答案选项中的文字不应有双引号。如果原文某段的直接引语句以逗号结尾,表明说话的人还没有把话说完,题目若紧随其后,答案也应是带双引号的直接引语句。,例如：Anearthscientisthasreignedtheperiodictabletomakechemistrysimplertoteachtostudents.41._ButBruceRailsbackfromtheUniversityofGeorgiasaysheisthefirsttocreateatablethatbreakswithtraditionandshowstheionsofeachelementratherthanjusttheelementsthemselves.“Igottiredofbreakingmyarmstryingtoexplaintheperiodictabletoearthstudents,”hesays,criss-crossinghishandsintheairandpointingtodifferentbitsofatraditionaltable.42._Buthehasaddedcontourlinestocharge,density,helpingtoexplainwhichionsreactwithwhich.“Geochemistsjustwantanintuitivesenseofwhatsgoingonwiththeelements,”saysAlbertGalyfromtheUniversityofCambridge.43._44._Heexplainsthatsulphur,forexample,showsupinthreedifferentspotsoneforsulphide,whichisfoundinminerals,oneforsulphite,andoneforsulphate,whichisfoundinseaslat,forinstance.Hehasalsoincludedsymbolstoshowwhichionsarenutrients,andwhicharecommoninsoilorwater.45._,ATherehavebeenmanyattemptstoredesigntheperiodictablesinceDmitriMendeleevdrewitupin1871.BRailsbackhasstillorderedtheelementsaccordingtothenumberofprotonstheyhave.C“Iimaginethiswouldbegoodforundergraduates.”DRaisbackhaslistedsomeelementsmorethanonce.,EAndthesizeofelementssymbolreflectshowmuchofitisfoundintheEarthscrust.FThetraditionalperiodictablewaswelldrawn.,7.利用数字做题相同性质的数字本身可以排大小或先后我们以2006年的试题为例：Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswerson,ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasino(aplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed).Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.,Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a“FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheusersgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecamewhathecalls“electronicheroin.”,(41)_.In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.,InMarch1998afriendofWilliamssgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliamsgamblingproblem.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthe“medical/psychological”natureofproblemgamblingbehavior,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresent,medical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42)_.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas24signswarning:“Enjoythefun.andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williamssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedto,gambling”,intentionallyworkedto“lure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill.”Well.(43)_.ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44)_.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45)_.Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependentonyoumightsayaddictedtorevenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblersdollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtual,casinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWebsmostprofitablebusiness.AAlthoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasinosmarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.BItisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?,CBythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.DGamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.EDavidWilliamssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdontbetonit.FItisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningas,addictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.GTheanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconducivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?,8.利用冠词做题对于同一个单数可数名词，第一次出现时，往往用不定冠词a或an修饰.第二次或第二次以上出现时，用定冠词the修饰。,匹配题一、匹配题的解题步骤1.在左右两列中寻找最有特点的复现词或者挑出复现词最多的选项或者题目，或者所考段落中的复现词，在文章中寻找答案所在句。2.阅读答案答案所在句，确定真确答案3.在正确答案前后句寻找转折让步并列词,二、匹配题的注意事项1.复现原则复现词往往是数字、专有名词、引号、斜体、连字符、小括号、黑体、名词、动词、形容词2.转折让步原则however，but，yet，nevertheless，although3.并列原则and，also，or,41.PetrarchAemphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribusOnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.,43.JamieOliverseemedtobelievethatC“lecturing”wasaneffectivewaytoimproveschoollunchesinEngland.线索：Hehasalsocriticize