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无锡太湖学院信 机系 机械工程及自动化 专业毕 业 设 计论 文 任 务 书一、题目及专题：1、题目高速平动冲压装点的设计方法及装置设计 2、专题 二、课题来源及选题依据创新教育是加速培养创造性人才的重要手段和方法，是素质教育的一个重要组成部分，是把创新学、发明学、基础知识等相关学科的一般原理有机综合起来，培养学生的创新思维和提高创新能力的一个重要过程。高速冲压的速度每分钟在几百次到上千次，因此其生产效率要高出普通冲压上十倍甚至几十倍，被誉为是一种质量好、效率高、适合于大规模生产、成本低的先进制造技术，在电子、汽车家电等工业领域的应用越来越广泛。高速冲压技术是集设备、模具、材料和工艺等多种技术于一体的高新技术。主要表现为：实现高速冲压的设备不但本身具有高的加工精度和全自动化数字化功能，其配套的周边设备、材料选用等均需考虑由于高速条件下温度、振动等效应带来的影响。这些也是高速冲压需要达到高生产率、获得高精度零件，并保证模具和设备的使用寿命长、制品的材料利用率高的关键技术。 三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：完成相关的零件图和装配图，其中包括三维图和二维图。 按学校要求完成毕业论文（不少于8000字）。 完成英文翻译（不少于3000字；英文资料翻译要正确表达原文含意，语句通顺。） 设计说明书论文格式满足学校相应的规范要求，内容完整，结构安排合理，语句通顺。 设备性能符合主要技术数据；设备结构合理，易安装、维护；设备运行安全可靠。 三、接受任务学生： 机械92 班 姓名 汤玲 五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日 至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名 签名 签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名 系主任 签名2012年12月1日III无锡太湖学院 毕业设计（论文）开题报告 题目: 高速平动冲压装点的设计方法及装 置设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业 学 号： 0923051 学生姓名： 汤玲 指导教师：陈伟明（职称:教师 ） 2012年11月12日 课题来源本课题主要是因为国内的高速冲压水平还未达到国外水平，冲压的速度以及平稳性还与国外有着很大的差距，所以想利用功能元来进行机构创新，在同步高速冲压机构上有所突破与创新。科学依据工程问题：同步高速冲压。板厚1mm，孔长4.5mm,孔宽1.5mm,孔距2mm,板以50M/m直线匀速。要求工作平稳，噪音小。冲压时工件与冲压机构同步横向运动。创新教育是加速培养创造性人才的重要手段和方法，是素质教育的一个重要组成部分，是把创新学、发明学、基础知识等相关学科的一般原理有机综合起来，培养学生的创新思维和提高创新能力的一个重要过程。可根据世界现有水平进行构造全新的新机构或者对已知机构进行变性创新。研究内容1.制定机械产品方案设计（功能元分析方法）模式、功能元、形态矩阵的建立。2.方案评价、确定3.同步高速冲压机构的设计（机构运动简图、运动特性分析、结构设计、主要零部件的设计计算和强度校核拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析研究方法：图书馆查阅经验资料，书本，上网搜寻有关信息，在数据库里寻找有关研究信息，在图书馆查阅中外文期刊资料等。技术路线：1， 功能元分析方法。利用功能元进行机构创新，利用功能元来对机构进行评价；2， 用CAD制图来画图，进行结构设计3， 用CATIA来绘制机构三维图。可行性分析：此毕业设计课题已在国外得到广泛的应用，但国内还未完全跟上，可以借鉴国外的先进水平，进行创新设计。研究计划及预期成果1.通过查阅大量研究设计相关资料，提出设计方案并进行详细论证，完成开题报告。2.充分了解功能元分析方法。 3.查找资料，结合国外的产品设计创新机构。4.运用CAD来绘制结构简图。 5.撰写详细的设计说明书一份，带有中、英文摘要。预期成果：利用功能元设计出创新机构，使机构切实可行，确实达到预期的构想，并有所突破，达到一定的水平，并在国内申请专利。 特色或创新之处因为国内目前还没有如此高要求的高速同步冲压，所以此机构属于创新机构，其特色就在于机构的平稳与高效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已经了解了机械创新设计的基本方法，以及对冲压的基础知识进行了学习，也了解了如何用功能元分析方法来进行方案分析，在老师的帮助下已经基本确定方案。尚需解决的问题是对内部具体运作不是非常熟悉，还需仔细研究，以及机构内部的相对运动关系还需要仔细琢磨。指导教师意见 指导教师（签名）： 年 月 日系意见 系主任（签名）： 年 月 日机械加工介绍机械加工介绍1 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, andthe leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of thebed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists ofa hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is themaximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distancebetween the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second sizedimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum workpiece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates themaximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted ona bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operators time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies isnumerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has doneso. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they canproduce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. Thedevelopment of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturingtechnology: Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively. However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight linesmaking up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur therdevelopment from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for thepaper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried theprogrammed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried theinstructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape,which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two otherproblems. The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructionsentered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to runthe tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools arestored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in todays production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on theengine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating. In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories;single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines.Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, theautomatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and todayplays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play animportant part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantitiesless than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if theminimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities. Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracerlathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn.中文译文1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、 车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。 车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。 由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。 因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。床身是车床的基础件。 它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。 通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。 有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。 导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。 为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。 导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有812种转速，一般按等比级数排列。 而且在现代机床上只需扳动 24个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。 主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。 主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。尾座组件主要由三部分组成。 底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。 底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。 尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。 尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。 它是一个直径通常大约在5176mm（23 英寸）之间的钢制空心圆柱体。 通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。 车床的规格用两个尺寸表示。 第一个称为车床的床面上最大加工直径。 这是在车床上能够旋转的工件的最大直径。 它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离的两倍。 第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间的最大距离。 车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削的最大工件直径，而两顶尖之间的最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装的工件的最大长度。普通车床是生产中最经常使用的车床种类。它们是具有前面所叙的所有那些部件的重载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具的运动都有机动进给。 它们的规格通常是：车床床面上最大加工直径为305610mm（1224英寸）；但是，床面上最大加工直径达到1270mm（50英寸）和两顶尖之间距离达到3658mm的车床也并不少见。这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部的冷却液循环系统。 小型的普通车床车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过330mm（13 英寸）-被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用的机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。 通常，它们的实际加工时间少于其总加工时间的30%。此外，需要技术熟练的工人来操作普通车床，这种工人的工资高而且很难雇到。然而，操作工人的大部分时间却花费在简单的重复调整和观察切屑过程上。 因此，为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、 螺纹加工车床和其他类型的半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。2.数字控制先进制造技术中的一个基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。 在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。 采用人工控制是，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。 数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、 存储的符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。 一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。 对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工操纵的机器精度更高、 生产出零件的一致性更好、 生产速度更快、 而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生： 电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很多类的零件，每一个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。 数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算的产品生产任务。同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是50年代初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。 在其最初的价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。 构成台阶的每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。 台阶中的每一个线段都必须经过计算。在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具（APT）语言。 这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。APT 语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。最初的数控系统下今天应用的数控系统是有很大差别的。 在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。 指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被塑料带所取代），采用