26、延阔——佛教思想与企业管理的融合与借鉴.doc

佛教思想與企業管理的融合與借鑒 延闊 中國佛學院2005級本科生內容摘要：佛教教義浩如煙海，其中包含很多鮮活的理念和實用性很強的思想。這些，對現代企業的管理有著很深的借鑒和指導意義。諸如佛教三法印當中的“諸行無常、諸法無我”都可以很好的應用到企業的管理理念當中，以及僧團的共住的核心思想“六和敬”都可以與企業的組織很好的融合。 關鍵詞：企業文化 六和敬 諸行無常 諸法無我若談到佛教思想和企業管理的融合，就必須首先瞭解何謂企業文化。只有對企業文化做出準確把握，才能更好的從博大精深的佛教教義當中汲取清涼法乳。 對於企業文化，國內外學者從不同的視角給企業文化下了定義，那麼，什麼是企業文化呢？TerenceE.Deal（特倫斯）和AllanA.Kennedy（阿倫）在企業文化（CorporateCulture）一書中給企業文化的定義是，“用以規範企業人多數情況下行為的一個強有力的不成文規則體系。”通過對企業文化的定義，可以看到佛教與企業文化的許多共通點。首先，“諸行無常”所涵蓋的道理企業發展過程當中的最真實的寫照 佛教教義當中的黃金準則之一，諸行無常，又作一切行無常印、一切有為法無常印，略稱無常印。一切世間有為諸法概皆無常，眾生不能了知，反于無常中執常想，故佛說無常以破眾生之常執。“諸行無常漢譯雜阿含經有類似說法”說的是一切有為法，皆生滅變異，不可常住。意思是講世界萬物，每一刹那都處在生滅變異之中，沒有什麼東西是常存不變的。 世間唯一不變的就是變化。正如雜阿含經雲：“當觀知所有色，若過去、若未來、若現在，若內若外、若粗若細、若好若醜、若遠若近，彼一切皆無常。如是觀受想行識，若過去、若未來、若現在，若內若外、若粗若細、若好若醜、若遠若近，彼一切皆無常”。在佛教看來，不論物質現象還是精神現象、不論過去、現在、還是未來、不論內部還是外部、不論宏觀還是微觀、不論近處還是遠處，一切都在變化之中，世界上沒有常存不變之物，無物不變、無時不變、無處不變，變化普遍存在於一切時間和空間。對於企業來講，要將這種“諸行無常”的發展變化觀運用到企業的經營管理當中。我們所處的市場環境在時刻變化著，市場需求在變化、競爭對手在變化、經濟環境在變化、宏觀政策在變化、世界格局在變化、小環境在變化、大環境也在變化。面對這紛繁複雜的變數，就要求我們的企業管理能夠因時而變，因勢而變，以變應變，以變制變，不能有一絲一毫的懈怠和放鬆，正如海爾總裁張瑞敏所說“每天我都如臨深淵，如履薄冰”。唯有戰戰兢兢地為生存和發展努力，不斷努力適應外界和內部的變化，才能塑造出百年的企業和世界級的企業。其次， “諸法無我”彰顯了佛教的的無邊智慧和至高境界對企業管理具有導航作用 佛教講“諸法無我 電子版佛光大辭典摘錄”，謂一切有為、無為法中，並無我之實體，“無我”即是無自性，就是性空。即一切法皆依因緣而生，相互依存，無實體性。這一點，深刻體現了佛教“空”的思想。它告訴人們，只有不執著於“我”，才能與宇宙萬象的一切東西，共榮共生。由此可知，佛教強調要達到“合于諸法”，就必須首先進入“無我”，因為“無我”而“法現”，因為“有我”則“蔽法”。古人雲“由無我，方能經世；由利生，方見無我”。也就是說，心中破了“我相”，方能治理國事、世事，要知道自己是否達到“無我”的境地，就要看自己的所作所為是否符合眾生的切實利益。 “無我”是人生的一種大境界和大智慧，企業管理也應該充分運用這種“無我”的大智慧、大境界。一方面從企業的行銷管理看，現實的市場是客觀存在的，並不以我們的意志為轉移，所以我們應探究市場的發展規律和需求，從而設定我們的戰略方法和戰術手段，而不能主觀地臆斷和盲目決策。比如一個產品能否在市場上打開銷路，關鍵在於這一產品能否滿足消費者的真實需要，適應他人的消費心理，應以“顧客為中心”，而不是簡單地“以產品為中心”。只關注企業本身能夠生產什麼，而不關心消費者需要什麼，“閉門造車”的產品是不可能被市場所接納的。另一方面，無論是企業外與客戶和消費者的溝通，還是企業內上級和下級、平級間的溝通，同樣應以對方為中心。放下“自我”，去掉“我執”，在溝通中體現眾生平等，要以感恩的平等的心對待每一個消費者、每一個同事，去掉“我”，體現“無我”的境界。根據市場調查的不完全統計，企業管理者當中2/3的人群。在處理和判斷問題時都是以自我為中心。所以我們只有心存“無我”的心態，才有“利他”的結果，才能使客戶在接受我們產品的同時，接受我們和我們的公司，才能在企業內部，形成積極進取、團結敬業、精誠合作的氛圍。 再次，佛教對僧團的管理理念“六和敬精神” 可以提高企業發展的向心力 佛教從產生到現在已經兩千多年了，僧團隊伍作為承載佛教的載體組織，能夠歷經千年而不衰，經數代而不竭，並且佛教能夠不斷發揚光大。我想，這與佛教圓滿和諧的“六和敬”精神密切相關。作為一個團體組織，它向它的成員傳達了人人成佛的理想目標，指出必須按照“眾惡莫做，眾善奉行”的思想行事，並在日常的行為規範上做出了明確的規定，這樣才能達到修行的最終目的。 這些，對於企業團隊建設亦頗有啟示，將六和敬精神引入團隊建設中來，對建設一支和諧的團隊是有重大幫助的。什麼是六和敬 電子版陳義孝佛學常見辭彙摘錄？即身和同住，口和無諍，意和同悅，戒和同修，見和同解，利和同均。這裏面牽涉六個對象，即身，口，意，戒，見，利。身即員工的行為儀錶，口即員工的語言表達，意即員工的情感態度，戒即公司的規章制度，見即員工的見解判斷，利即員工的自身利益。這六點都是建設一支和諧團隊所不可缺少的。身和同住講究的是禮儀，優秀的企業必然有優秀的禮儀，禮儀的作用就是用來規範員工的行為，讓他們以一種良好的儀錶展現在客戶面前，使企業獲得良好的公眾形象。同住是員工之間的和平共處，鬧內訌的企業肯定不能長久，內部的團結是企業發展的前提，怎麼做到這些呢？首先就得靠禮儀，禮儀是外部的規約，無規矩不成方圓，方圓就是內在的精神氣質，需要靠規矩才能形成，沒有禮儀的團隊就會鬆散就沒有戰鬥力，所以身和同住是第一步。 口和無諍不是說員工之間不能有不同的看法，而是要求員工不能因為私利而去諍。口和無諍需要企業有共同語言，有了共同語言，員工之間，員工與企業管理者之間就容易溝通了，不會因為語言不通而產生誤會乃至矛盾。企業管理者可以批評員工，但絕不能罵員工，和氣生財，有了和氣就會有財運，天理如此。意和同悅是要培養員工的共同心理。企業管理者要關心每一位員工，員工也是人，員工也有感情，你關心他，幫助他解決生活工作上的困難，讓他感受到企業大家庭的溫暖，他就願意為企業付出汗水。戒和同修是說企業的規章制度一定要制定得合理，得人心，要讓大家都願意接受，而且在執行過程中要公正平等，絕不徇私舞弊。只有這樣，員工才願意共同遵守規章制度。當然，在規章制度實施過程中要避免死板僵化，不合理制度的要及時修改。當然不能以企業管理者個人意志為尊，而要徵求員工的意見，進行修正。只有最合理的規章制度，才能最充分最大程度上提高員工的工作效率。 見和同解是企業要有近期和遠期的發展目標，要讓員工朝著共同目標努力，而不是各持己見，各自為政。思想決定行動，在原則問題上統一思想還是很有必要的，見解相同合作才能順利進行。企業管理者要經常利用員工大會等形式給員工做思想工作，貫徹企業既定方針，防止員工思想上的紊亂，治企的根本在治心，員工心齊了，沒有辦不好的企業。利和同均在企業中並非平均主義。而是利益的分配必須按照統一的原則，依照員工貢獻的大小進行分配，不偏不倚，均是如此，沒有特殊對待。這樣員工才會滿意，才會有積極性為爭取更多的報酬而努力工作。 六和敬是同時進行的，缺一則其餘也必不久立。有了六和敬精神，企業團隊的和諧就能夠實現，但此時的和諧還並非最高層次的和諧。在團隊建設中，企業管理者如果志向高遠，才華卓絕的話，那麼他就可以將六合敬發揮到最高境界，使團隊成員達到高度的融和。多化為一，團隊成了超人，擁有比眾多員工組織而成的普通團隊，人心所向，將產生出數倍於前的能量，這樣的團隊將無往而不勝。正如觀音菩薩，雖有千手千眼，本體卻一如。雖然，千變萬化、千百億化身，卻各個都稟賦著團隊的核心精神。這樣，實在是不可思議的境界！結語 綜上所說，佛教當中的“諸行無常”、“諸法無我”以及僧團共住的核心思想“六和敬”，對企業來說猶如一鼎之三足。“諸行無常”可以很好的幫助企業在社會大環境當中審時度勢；“諸法無我”可以很好的幫助企業在紛繁複雜的商業環境當中的自我調整；“六和敬”作為調動團隊的協作的指揮棒。這樣，相信佛教在充分發揮對和諧社會的積極作用的同時，對企業發展也是一種指導和借鑒。Combination and Function of Buddhist Thought in Modern Enterprise Management Yan Kuo Abstract: Buddhist doctrines, which include a lot of fresh thinking and feasible philosophy, have great referential significance to modern business management, such as The Three Universal Truths are: All phenomena are impermanent; All dharma are non-self; The eternity is Nivana and stillness, etc. So the thought of Buddhism can be applied to the management in the modern enterprise. Besides, other theory, such as the core philosophy of Six harmonies , also would be a very good inspiration to the modern enterprise.Key words: Corporate Culture All phenomena are impermanent All dharma are non-selfIf talking about the integration of Buddhist thought and enterprise management, firstly we must understand what corporate culture is. Only when grasping the accurate definition of corporate culture can we better know how to learn from the profound Buddhist, and then benefit the modern enterprise. For enterprise culture, the experts either from domestic or from foreign countries give a variety of perspectives to corporate culture. However, what is corporate culture? In the corporate culture (Corporate Culture) written by Terence E.Deal (Terence) and AllanA.Kennedy (Allen), the corporate culture is defined as a way to standardize the business person acts in most cases with a strong system. According to the definition of corporate culture, we can see that Buddhism and the corporate culture have much in common.First of all, that what the sentence - all phenomena are impermanent-says reflects the true picture of modern enterprise in the development.One of the classic theories in Buddhist doctrines is impermanence. In other words, all phenomena in the world due to causes and conditions is changing constantly; however, all sentient beings can be unknowledgeable of what it means, rather than they attach eternality that everything is permanent. That is why by the impermanence eliminating the attachment of sentient beings is placed emphasis on by Buddha. And what “all phenomena are impermanent” means is that everything in the world caused by causes and conditions is changing constantly from moment to the next, with nothing attached. The world is always in constant changing. As Samyuktagama雜阿含經 goes: It is a way to eliminate this attachment that observing all the forms in the world are impermanent whether it is past, future or present, internality or externality, beauty or ugliness, thickness or thinness, and farness or nearness. The same goes to observing the sensation, perception, volition and consciousness that all are also impermanent whether it is past or future or present, internality or externality, beauty or ugliness, thickness or thinness, and farness or nearness. According to the view of Buddhist, it is the changing condition that all the things can not escape in any time and any space, regardless of material or spirit, past or present or future, internality or externality, macro aspect or micro one. Everything is changing, and the world will not keep the same. Therefore, constant change is the truth of things in the world. And it exits in any time and space.For enterprises, if they can learn the essence of the above theory, it would improve their operation and management. Market environment that we live in is changing all the time, such as the relation between offer and demand, competitor, the macro-policy, etc. The fact requires all the enterprises to change regularly and timely in order to cater to the new demands of the market or environment. Just as the president of Haier Zhang said, to run a company is like to walk near the deep cliff and walk on the thin ice everyday. Only concerning about the survival and development cautiously can we make continuous efforts to adapt to external and internal changes in order to shape a hundred years of business and world-class enterprises.Secondly, all dharma are non-self shows great wisdom and high state of Buddhism thought. According to the Buddhas teaching, what All dharma are non-self emphasized on is that everything has No Self. No Self means No Nature, namely emptiness. That is to say, all phenomena arise caused by causes and conditions, dependent with each other but with empty form, which is the deep expression of the “emptiness” thought in Buddhism. Simultaneously, it tells us that those with no self attached are to be unity with everything in the universe. There is without going to say that what Buddhism stressed on is we are told if we want to be unity with all things, the primary goal is to achieve the state of no self. It is because of no self that we can penetrate the original form of all phenomena clearly, while it is due to attaching self that we can not observe the essence of all phenomena clearly. There is an old saying: we are to experience in society owing to no self; we are to attain the state of no self owing to benefiting others. In other words, to break self in our mind will administer a national and humans affairs. It is knowledge about whether we ourselves can achieve the state of no self depends on ourselves whether our behavior brings the benefit to other beings. Non-self is a great status of life and intelligence. So enterprise management should also employ this great intelligence, great perspective. On the one hand, from the outlook of enterprise marketing management, the reality of the market is an objective existence, not changing according to our will, so we should explore the development of the market rules and demand, thus setting our own strategic approach and tactical means, in stead of assuming subjectively and blind decision-making. To take a product for example, the key is that whether it can meet the needs of consumers psychologically. Our products should be based on customer-orientation, rather than simply on the products. Only concerning about the quality of this product is not enough, which is like working behind closed doors. The products made may not be what the markets want.On the other hand, it must be more objective and considerate when undertaking communications between the inside and outside of business, the superior and inferior as well as among colleagues. The mind of equality as well as no self should manifest themselves when interacting with other people, communicating with consumers with gratitude, and the mind of equality is especially important when treating different levels of colleagues. According to a survey, two thirds of people are self-centered when judging and dealing with problems. so if only we had attained the status of no-self could we benefit others, thus making both of our products and us being accepted; creating an active, solid, and cooperative atmosphere among us.Again, Buddhism thought to manage the order is the key to enterprise management and Six Harmonies spirit is the guidance for enterprise culture Buddhism being spread over two thousand years, Sangha, to be an organization, has experienced the millennium from the generation to generation, which is closely related to complete and perfect “Six Harmonies” thought. To be incorporation, it was to convey its members to achieve the goal of being Buddha hood. Whats more, its illustrated that we do everything as what the Buddhist thought says “not to do evil, but to cultivate good”, which help us to attain the ultimate goal of self-cultivation. As whats pointed out will enlighten the team-building business. Introduced into the construction of the team, the spirit of “Six Harmonies” will give great help for a harmonious corporation. And what is the “Six Harmonies” by mean? It means harmonious beings, harmonious speech, harmonious faith, harmonious precept, harmonious view, and harmonious benefit. Harmonious beings-bodily unity in from of worship, it refers to regulate the workers behavior manner. Harmonious speechoral unity in chanting, it is defined as the expression of the worker speech. Harmonious view-mental unity in faith, it means the sensation of workers. Harmonious precept-moral unity in observing the precepts, it is the rule of the company. Harmonious view-doctrinal unity in view, it means the view or idea of the employees. Harmonious benefit-economic unity in community of goods, deeds, studies or charity, it refers the self benefit of the staff. However, these thought of “Six Harmonious” is indispensible in establishing a harmonious organization. What Harmonious Being stresses on is comity. A good enterprise will have a perfect comity, the role of which is to regulate the behavior of staff that showing their good manner in front of the clients makes the enterprise attain a good public image.Harmonious Being is to show peaceful state between the staff. As we know, infighting enterprise is impossible to last long, development of the enterprise. But what annoys us is how to do it well? First is the comity that is an external ritual. Without rule is difficult to be circumference. And the circumference is an internal spirit, the form of which depends on the rule. So, there is no manner in the corporation to result in loosing. For this, harmonious being is laid on the first step.Oral unity in chanting doesnt mean that different point of view is not allowed among workers. It actually means that one should not quarrel for private interests. When it comes to oral unity in business management, it refers to the shared targets among workers and the management. With the shared ground, any misunderstanding, or even conflicts can be avoided. When directing the workers, the management should correct them instead of cursing them. “The luck of fortune comes from a harmonious group.” People should observe the nature rule.Mental unity in faith is to cultivate the common idea of the staff. Enterprise managers should be concerned about each staff. Obviously, the staff also has feelings or emotions when communication between operators and workers. Therefore, if they are paid more attention and more cared about, or be given a hand to solve the difficulties of life with unknown things. Whats more, they will feel the warmly of the big family business, so they are willing to devote themselves to enterprises. “Harmonious precept” means as enterprises to develop rules and regulations must be reasonable and popular. To do it like this, not only is all the staff willing to accept it, but also the regulated rules in the implementation process must be fair and equal, never playing favoritism and committing irregularities, so that the employees are willing to comply with rules and regulations. In the course of implementing rules and regulations, it is illustrated to avoid the ossification, the out-dated and unreasonable rules, but to timely amend. Of course, whats noticed is not only to respect the enterprise managers will, but also to seek the views of staff members. So the staff will be able to follow up the rules and regulations. Basically, it is the most efficient method to exert the ability of the staff. “Harmonious view”-for enterprises, is to have short-term and long-term development goals of business, let the staff make efforts towards the common goal, rather than stick to their own views. Thought conducts the action, the meaning of which it is necessary to unite the thought on principles because of the same co-operation proceeding smoothly. In addition, Enterprise managers ought to frequently take advantage of the form of meeting, just like General Assembly in brainstorm and implement the established policy of enterprise to prevent staffs thought disorder. In particular, the essence to run the enterprise is how to deal with the staffs mind. Obviously, the common idea of the staff is the key to operating the company. Next is Harmonious Benefit. Seen from the word, we are to define the meaning as egalitarianism. But it is not actually. Other than, benefit allocated need have the unity rules, which means that it comes to assign the work for them depending on the more or less dedication of the workers, not with someone special treated but with fairness and impartialness. There is no doubt that