飞机起落架机构设计及安全性分析

飞机起落架机构设计及安全性分析

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飞机起落架机构设计及安全性分析,飞机,起落架,机构,设计,安全性,分析
编号:32477568    类型:共享资源    大小:1.76MB    格式:ZIP    上传时间:2019-12-18 上传人:好资料QQ****51605 IP属地:江苏
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飞机起落架机构设计及安全性分析,飞机,起落架,机构,设计,安全性,分析
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Av a i l a ble o n l i n e a t www。 s c i e n c e d i r e c t 。 c om S c i e n c e Di r e c t C h in e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u ti c s 2 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) I 8 7 1 9 2 Chi nes e J our naI of Aer onaut i c s ;=; ww w e l s e v i e r c o m l o c a t e c j a Op t i m a l De s i g n o f Co mp l i a n t T r a i l i n g Ed g e f o r S ha pe Ch a n g i n g L i u S h i l i , Ge We n j i e , L i S h u j u n S c h o o l o f Me c h a t r o n i c s , No r t h w e s t e r n P o l y t e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i ty , X i a n 7 1 0 0 7 2 , Ch i n a Re c e i v e d 1 9 J u l y 2 0 07 ; a c c e p t e d 2 J a nu a r y 2 0 0 8 Abs t r a c t Ad a pt i ve wi n g s h a v e l o n g us e d s mo o t h mo r p hi n g t e c h ni q u e o f c o mp l i a n t l e a d i ng an d t r a i l i n g e d g e t o i mpr o v e t h e i r a e r o d y na mi c c h a r a c t e ris t i c s Th i s p a p e r i n tro d u c e s a s ys t e ma t i c a p p r o a c h t o d e s i g n c o mp l i a n t s t r u c t u r e s t o c a r r y o u t r e qu i r e d s ha pe c han g e s u n de r di s t r i b u t e d p r e s s u r e l oa ds I n or de r t o mi ni mi z e t he de vi a t i on o f t h e de f o r me d s h a p e f r om the t a r g e t s h a pe ,t hi s me tho d us e s M ATLAB and A NS YS t o o p t i mi z e the d i s t r i b u t e d c o m p l i a n t m e c h ani s ms b y w a y o f t h e g r o u n d a p p r o a c h and g e n e t i c a l g o ri t h m ( G A ) t o r e mo v e the e l e me n t s po s s es s i v e o f v e r y l o w s tre s s e s I n the o p timi z a tio n p r o c es s , man y f a c t o r s s h o ul d b e c o ns i de r e d s u c h a s a i r l o a d s ,i n pu t d i s pl a c e me n t s ,a n d g e o me t r i c n o n l i n e a rit i e s 。Di r e c t s e a r c h me tho d i s u s e d t o l o c a l l y o p t i mi z e the di me ns i o n an d inpu t d i s p l a c e me nt a f t e r the GA o p t i mi z a t i o n。Th e r e s u l t a n t s t r u c t u r e c o ul d ma ke i t s s h a p e c h a n ge fro m 0 t o 9 3 de g r e e s 。Th e e x p e rime nt a l da t a o f the mo d e l c o n firm s t h e f e a s ibi l i t y o f thi s a p pr oa c h Ke ywo r d s a d a pt i ve wi ng ;c o mp l i an t me c ha ni s m;g e n e t i c a l g orit h m ; t o po l og y o p t i mi z a t i o n; di s t r i bu t e d pr e s s u r e l o a d ;g e o me t r i c no n l in e a r i ty 1 I n t r o d uc t i o n As c o nv e n t i o n a l a i r f o i l c o nt o u r s a r e u s ua l l y d e s i g n e d wi t h s p e c i fi c l i f t c o e ffic i e n t s a n d M a c h n umbe r s ,t h e y c o ul d no t c h a n g e i n a c c o r d a n c e wi t h t h e e n v i r o n me n t c h a n g i n g S i c l a r i a n d Au s t i n 【 ”i n d i c a t e d t ha t t h e v a r i a b l e c a mb e r t r a i l i ng e d ge wo u l d pr o d uc e t he d r a g a bo u t s i xt y pe r c e n t l e s s t h a n t he c o n ve nt i o n a l fixe d c a mb e r a i r f o i l The r e a r e t h r e e me t h o ds us e d t o d e s i g n va il a b l e c a mbe r wi ng s Of t he m o ne i s c o n ve nt i o n a l h i n ge d me c ha ni s m, wh i c h,ho we v e r , wi l l c r e a t e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s o v e r t h e wi n g s s u r f a c e l e a d i n g t o e arl i e r a i r f l o w s e p ar a t i o n an d dr a g i nc r e a s eTh e o t h e r s a r e s ma r t ma t e r i a l a nd t h e c o mp l i a n t me c ha n i s m,of wh i c h b ot h c o ul d r e a l i z e s mo ot h s ha pe Co r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r T e l 。 : +8 6 - 2 9 - 8 8 4 9 3 9 2 9 E - m a i l a d d ms s g w j n w p u e d u c n F o u n d a t i o n i t e m: Na t i o n a 1 Na t u r a 1 S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n o f Ch i n a ( 5 0 6 7 5 1 7 5 ) c h a n g i ng Ne v e rthe l e s s ,c o mpa r e d t o t h e c o mpl i a n t me c h a ni s m,t h e s m a r t ma t e ria l ma d e a c t ua t or s ha ve ma n y d i s a d v ant a g e s ,s u c h a s d e fi c i e n t i n e n e r g y , s l o w i n r e s po ns e ,s t r o n g i n h y s t e r e s i s ,l i mi t e d b y t e mp e r a t u r e ,and d i ffi c u l t t o c o n t r o l t o o ma n y a c tua t o r s Mu s o l fft f r o m I n d u s t r y Un i v e r s i ty o f Be r l i n us e d Ni Ti s ha pe me mo r y a l l o y wi r e t o ma ke a n a da p t i ve v a ria bl e c a mbe r wi ng , wh i c h c o u l d q ui c kl y c h a n g e i t s s h a p e , b u t c o u l d n o t p e r f o r m h i g h l y f r e q u e n t a l t e r a t i o n b e c a u s e o f i t s r e s i l i e n c e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e he a t e x c ha ng e wi t h t h e ou t s i de e nv i r o n m e nt Co mp l i a n t me c h a n i s m i s a k i n d o f o n e - p i e c e fle x i bl e s t r u c t u r e ,whi c h c a n t r an s f e r mo t i o n a nd po we r t h r o ug h i t s o wn e l a s t i c d e f or ma t i o n I t i s no t o n l y fle x i b l e e n o u g h t o d e f o r m, b u t a l s o h a s e n o u g h s t i ffne s s t o wi t h s t a n d e xt e r n a l l o a d s Tha n ks t o i t s j o i n t fr e e n a t u r e , i t d o e s n o t h a v e t h e t r o u b l e s o me p r o bl e ms c o n f r o nt e d b y c o n ve nt i o n a l me c ha ni s m 燮一 维普资讯 1 8 8 L i u S h i l i e l a l C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u t ic s 2 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 1 8 7 - 1 9 2 s u c h a s f ric t i o n , l u bric a t i o n,n oi s e a nd r e c o i l i ng , t h e r e b y a c h i e v i n g s mo o t h s h a p e c h a n g i n g I n 1 9 9 4 , Ko t a 【 j J , a p r o f e s s o r f r o m Un i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , fi r s t l y p o i n t e d o u t t h a t c o mp l i a n t me c h a ni s m c ou l d be us e d t o c o n t r o l s t a t i c s h a pe c ha n gi ng u nd e r t h e s p o ns o r s hi p o f t he Ai r Fo r c e Offi c e of S c i e n t i fic Re s e a r c h i n U S ASa g ge r e a nd Ko t a 】 s ug g e s t e d a ne w me t h o d t o d e s i g n c o mp l i a n t a da p t i v e s t r uc t u r e s ,whi c h m a de t he l e a s t s q u a r e e r r o r s b e t w e e n t h e s h a p e c h a ng e d c u r v e a n d t he t a r g e t c u r v e a s t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n f o r o p t i mi z a t i o n Ba s e d o n t he i r wo r k,Lu p u t f o r wa r d a l o a d pa t h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n me t h o d Ho we v e r , he r wo r k wa s l i m i t e d t o o nl y l i ne a r a na l ys i s u nd e r c o ns i d e r a t i o n o f n o d a l l o a d s Go o d fro m Vi r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e o f S t a t e Un i v e r s i ty u s e d t h e c o mp l i a n t m e c h a n i s m a nd t h e M o v i n g As y m p t o t e s me t ho d t o de s i gn t h e fu s e l a g e t a i l wi t h i n t h e a l l o wa b l e r a n ge o f i t s t i p ma x i ma l d e fl e c t i o n Ko t a a n d He t r i c k i n 2 0 0 4 d e s i gn e d a c o mp l i a n t t r a i l i n g e d g e o n t h e b a s e of t he F1 6 s d a t a ,whi c h c a n c ha n ge fro m 0。t o 1 5 。 a n d o bt a i ne d a D a t e nt Ca mp a n i l e 8 】fro m Ge r ma n Ae r o s p a c e Ce n t e r p r e s e n t e d a mo d a l p r o c e d u r e t o d e s i gn s y nt h e t i c fle x i bl e me c ha n i s m s for a i r f o i l s h a p e c o n t r o l ,a n d p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e fut u r e r e s e a r c h s h o ul d t a k e i nt o a c c o u n t t h e a i r l o a d a n d t h e g e o me t r i c n o n l i n e a ri tyBu h l 】fro m Ri s o Na t i o n a l La b o r a t o r y o f t h e W i n d En e r g y De p a r t me n t i n De n m a r k u s e d t he S I M P me t ho d a nd g e ome t r i c a l l y n on l i n e a r fin i t e e l e me n t me t ho d t o d e s i g n c o mpl i a n t t r a i l i n g e d g e fla ps F l xS ys I nc i n 20 0 6 pr o d u c e d a n a d a p t i v e c o mp l i a n t wi n g , wh i c h s t o o d t h e t e s t o n t h e W hi t e Kni g h t a i r p l a n e The r es ul t s i n di c a t e d t ha t t h e c o mpl i a nt t r a i l i ng e d g e c o ul d c ha ng e+1 0 叭I n Chi na ,t he r e s e a r c h of a d a p t i v e wi n g h a s be e n c o n c e n t r a t e d o n s ma r t ma t e r i a l a n d c o n v e n t i o n a l me c ha ni s mFe w p e o p l e ,i t s e e m s ,h a ve wo r ke d o n d es i gn i ng a d a p t i ve wi n g s wi t h t he c o mpl i a n t me c ha ni s mYa ng i s a n e xc e p t i o nHe a n a l y z e d t h e a c t i ve a e r o e l a s t i c wi ng s ba s e d o n t h e a e r o s e rv o e l a s t i c i ty t e c h n o l o g y C h e n a n d Hu a n g s e p a r a t e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e mo rph i n g o f t h e c o mp l i a n t l e a d i n g e d g e fro m t he vi e wp oi n t s o f d i s c r e t e ne s s a nd c o n t i n un V 1 2 _ l 3 1 Thi s p a p e r p r e s e n t s a me tho d t o d e s i gn t h e s ha pe c ha ng e a b l e s t ru c tu r e b y M ATLAB a n d AN S YS a s s o c i a t e d wi t h d i s t r i bu t e d c o mp l i a n t me c h a n i s m o n t h e b a s e o f t he g r o u nd s t r u c t ur e a p pr o a c h a n d g e n e t i c a l g o r i t h m ( G A) t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e e x t e r na l d i s t r i bu t e d l o a d s a n d ge o me t ric n o nl i ne a r i t y 2 Op t i mi z a t i o n P r o c e s s 2 1 De fini ng t he t r a i l i ng e d ge mo de l a nd o b- j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n A s s ho wn i n Fi g 1 ,b ot h c u r ve s r e pr e s e nt tw o i d e a l s h a p e s o f t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e i n t h e d i ff e r e n t fl y i n g s t a t e s O n e s i d e p o i n t )o f t h e s t ruc tur e i s s u p p o s e d t o b e fi x e d , a n d t h e o t h e r s i d e p o i n t ) t o be s l i d i n g ho r i z o nt a l l y F i g 1 I n i t i a l s h a p e a n d t a r g e t s h a p e Fi r s t l y , t he d e s i g n d o m a i n s ho u l d b e d e fin e d by t h e i n i t i a l c u rv e s h a pe t h e i np u t l o c a t i o n a n d t h e bo u n da r y c o n di t i o ns Th e n i t i s di vi d e d wi t h a be a m e l e m e n t n e tw o rk s i mu l a t i ng t he b i r d s f e a t h e r a s s ho wn i n Fi g 2 Th i s i s t e rm e d t he p a r t i a l g r o u nd s t ru c tu r e m e t h od F i g 2 Di s c r e t i z a t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n d o ma i n T h e s i mp l e s t a n d mo s t e ff e c t i v e wa y t o ma n u f a c t u r e t h e p l a n a r c o mpl i a n t me c ha ni s m i s t o us e wi r e c u t t i n g t e c hn o l o g y I n t h e o p t i mi z a t i o n p r o g r a m , a l l t h e e l e me nt s a r e o f r e c t a ng u l a r be a ms wi t h 维普资讯 L i u s h 啦e t a L C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u t i c s 2 1 ( 2 o o 8 ) 1 8 7 - 1 9 2 t h e s a me wi d t h e q ua l t o t he t hi c k ne s s of t h e m a t e ria l , e ve r y b e a m s h e i g h t b e i ng a de s i g n va r i a bl e I n o r d e r t o m a k e t h e s t r u c t ur e s de f o r m a t i o n c o me c l os e t o t h e t a r g e t s ha pe c u r v e , t h e l e a s t s q u a r e e r r o r ( L S E ) b e t we e n t h e d e f o rm e d c u r v e a n d t h e t a r g e t c u rve i s d e fi n e d a s t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n LS E i s the s u m o f s q u a r e s o f p os i t i o n d i ffe r e n c e s o f v a rio us po i nt s a l o ng t he c urv e s I t s e x p r e s s i o n i s mi n ) : ( 1 ) f =1 w h e r e i ( = 1 , 2 , , P )i s t h e n u m b e r o f t h e p o i n t s a l o ng the c u r v e s ,P i s t he t o t a l n umb e r of p oi nt s T a 叻 J , T a r , i ) a n d D e f , i , Y D e f ,i )a r e t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f i t h n o d e o n t he t a r ge t a n d de f o rm e d bo u nd a ry c u r ve r e s pe c t i ve l y Th e c o ns t r a i nt s a r e h m i n h i h m h minhbh m d 0 , 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) wh e r e J( = 1 , 2 , , ) i s t h e n u mb e r o f e l e me n t s , m i s t h e t o t a 1 n u mbe r o f e l e me n t s ,h f t h e d i me n s i o n v a ri a b l e , n a n d m a x a r e t h e l o we r a n d u p p e r b o u nd s of t he e l e me n t be a m he i g ht f o r a l l e l e m e n t s wi t h t h e v a l ue de pe nd e nt o n ma n uf a c t u r i ng ,h b t he he i g ht o f t he bo u nd a ry e l e m e n t s , t he ma xi mum no d a 1 d e f o rm a t i o n o f t he no d e s o n t he c u rv e b o un d a ry wh e n t he i n p ut po i n t i s i na c t i v e ,a n d s ho u l d b e s ma l l e r t h a n 明 t o e n s u r e s t ruc t u r e s t i ff n e s s , 明 t h e a l l o wa bl e ma x i mum d i s p l a c e me n t whe n t h e i n pu t p o i n t i s i n a c t i v e ,O m a x t h e ma x i mu m s t r e s s o f a l 1 t h e e l e me n t s whi c h mus t be s ma l l e r t h a n ff s t o p r e ve nt y i e l d i n g , 乃t h e t o p o l o g y v a ri a b l e e q u a l t o 1 , o r e l s e 0 whe n t h e e l e m e n t i s e l i mi na t e d 2 2 GA o pt i mi z a t i on GA i s a n o p t i mi z a t i o n me t h o d wh i c h s i mu l a t e s t h e he u r i s t i c s e l e c t i o n ru l e i n na t ur e ,wh e r e t h e fit t e s t l i v i ng t h i n gs ha ve t he mos t c ha nc e t o s ur v i ve , b ut t he i n f e rio r o ne s a l s o h a v e t he o p po r t u n i t y t o e xi s t Di ffe r e n t f r o m th e c o n t i n uo us o p t i mi z a t i o n 1 8 9 me t ho d,i t do e s no t r e q ui r e t h e g r a d i e n t - ba s e d i n f o rm a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t i v e fun c t i o n Ev e ry e l e m e nt c o ul d be e x p r e s s e d a s a t o p o l ogy v a ria bl e a n d a di m e ns i o n va ria bl e 5 The r e f o r e ,e a c h i n d i v i d u a 1 c o u l d b e c o d e d a s f o l l o ws U= 一 岛 一 】 ( 7 ) wh e r e , 2 i s t h e n u mb e r o f e l e me n t s e x c e p t t h e bo u n da ry o ne s W i t h the s a me he i g ht s , t he b o u nd a ry e l e me nt s t h r o u g ho u t t he o pt i mi z i ng pr o c e s s a r e r e pr e s e n t e d by o n l y o ne va ria bl e , h b Th e fit ne s s i s t h e c rit e rio n o f t h e GA o pt i mi z a t i o n I t c o u l d b e t r a n s f o rm e d fr o m t h e o b j e c t i v e fun c t i o n i n t o F i t ( f ( x ) ) =e x p ( - fl -厂 ( ) ) ( 8 ) wh e r e 8 i s a c o e ffic i e n t d e c i d i n g t h e c o mp u l s i v e s e l e c t i o n of t h e be t t e r i nd i v i d ua 1 The s ma l l e r th e v a l u e , t he mo r e d i ffe r e nt wo u l d be b e tw e e n t he tw o i n d i v i d u a l s fit n e s s t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e c o mp u l s i v e ne s s o f c ho os i ng t he i nd i v i d ua l o f hi g h e r fitnes s The s e l e c t i o n o f c o nt r ol pa r a me t e r s pl a ys a n i mpo r t a nt r o l e i n t he c o n ve r g e n c e o f t h e GAGe n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g t h e c r o s s p r o b a b i l i ty r a n g e s 0 4 0 0 9 9 ; t h e mu t a t i o n p r o b a b i l i ty i s 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 0 0 1 a n d t he n umbe r o f i n di vi d ua l s 1 0 2 00 Th e va ria bl e wo ul d b e up da t e d t hr o u g h t he c r os s o ve r a n d mut a t i o n, s o t h e po s s i bl e d e s i g n c o u l d g e n e r a t e i n t he GA p r o c e s s 2 3 F i n i t e e l e me n t a n a l y s i s( F E A) Be c a us e o f t h e l i mi t e d d e s i g n v a ria bl e s a n d t he t a r g e t f u nc t i o n,t he o p t i m i z a t i o n mo d ul e of F EA s o f tw a r e c o ul d no t be us e d t o de s i g n t he c omp l i a nt mor ph i ng m e c h a n i s m The r e f o r e ,t hi s pa pe r p r o gr a mme d t h e GA i n M ATLAB a n d t he FEA i n AN S YSI n t h e FEA,t a k i n g o nl y a c c o un t o f g e o me t ric no nl i ne a rit i e s a n d t h e ma t e r i a l b e i ng o f l i ne a r e l a s t i c i ty,ANS YS c o u l d s o l v e t h e n o d e d i s p l a c e me n t s a n d t h e e l e me n t s t r e s s e s Th e n by d e l e t i ng t he e l e me n t s wi t h l o w s t r e s s , t h e fit n e s s c o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d F i g 3 s h o ws t h e d e t a i l e d p r o c e s s 维普资讯 I 9 0 L i u s h e t a 1 C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u t ic s 2 1 0o o 8 ) 1 8 7 - 1 9 2 I n i t i a l s h a p e a n d t a r g e t s h a p e Di s c r e t i z e t h e d e s i g n d o ma i n I n i t i a l i z e t h e v a r i a b l e De f i n e t h e t arg e t f u n o t i o n Ge n e r a t e s o l u t i o n s r a n d o ml y 一一一f 一一 Co n d u c t F EA f 0 r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l Ou t p u t n o d a l s t r e s s a n d n o d a l d i s p la c e me n t I De l e t e t h e l O W s t r e s s e l e me n t Ca lc u l a t e t h e fit n e s s I GA g e n e r a t e n e w g r o u p l Ma Y口 P n e r a t i 0 n l l Di r e c t s e a r c h o p t i mi z a t i o n l t Op t i ma l s o l u t i o n P r o g r a m v d t h MAT LAB a n d g e n e r a t e ANSYS l o gfil e M ATI AB ma in p r o c e d u r e : ( DCa l 1 ANS YS f 0 r FF A GA o p t imi z e Dir e c t s e a r c h O pt l m 1 Ze Fi g 3 Fl owc ha r t oft h e s t r uc t ur a l o pt i mi z a t i on pr o gr a m 2 4 Se c o nd o pt i mi z a t i o n Al t h o u g h t he GA c ou l d o p t i mi z e t he t o po l o g y a n d d i me n s i o n s i mu l t a ne ou s l y i n a l a r ge s o l u t i o n s pa c e , t h e di m e ns i on u s u a l l y c o ul d no t di r e c t l y c o nv e r g e t o t he o p t i mi z a t i o nI n o r de r t o s ol v e t h i s p r O b l e m,a fte r t h e GA,t h e Di r e c t S e a r c h me t ho d s h o u l d b e u s e d t o fi n d t h e b e s t v a l u e s o f t h e i n p u t di s pl a c e me nt a nd t h e di me ns i o n s o f t h e e l e m e n t s whi c h r e ma i n i n t he r e s ul t s a fte r t h e GA Fo r mo r p h i ng of c o mpl i a n t me c h a n i s m ,Fi g 3 d e s c r i be s t he who l e o p t i m i z a t i o n p r oc e s s I t ma i nl y c o n t a i n s i n i t i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n d o ma i n ,F E A, GA o pt i m i z a t i o n a n d s e c o nd o p t i mi z a t i o n 3 P r e s e nt a t i o n o f Re s ul t s Ad o p t e d f r o m Re f 5 , t h e s i z e s o f t h e i n i t i a l a n d t he t a r g e t t r a i l i ng e d ge a r e r e d u c e d b y s i x t y pe r c e n t ,I 1a b1 e 1 l i s t s t he d e s i g n p a r a me t e r s Be c a u s e t h e d i s p l a c e me n t i S u s e d a s t h e i n p u t , t h e n o nl i ne a r a na l ys i s c o u l d ha r d l y c o n ve r g e a nd t h e s t r e s s o f t h e i n i t i a 1 s o l u t i o n s i S v e r y l a r g e wh i c h s h o ul d be c o n s i d e r e d a fte r t h i r t i e t h g e ne r a t i o n Ta b l e 1 De s i g n p a r a me t e r s P ar T l e t e r s Va l u e s Ma t e r i a l T h i c k n e s s mm Pla s t i c mo d u l u s GP a P o i s s o n r a t i o Yi e ld s t r e s s 脚a m m , 咖 瞳 ,腿 , mm I n p u t d i s p l a c e me n t mm Di s t r ib u t e d p r e s s u r e l o a d s ( Nll l ln ) M a x g e n e r a t i o n Cr o s s p r o b a b i l i t y Mu t a t e p r o ba b i l i ty A l u mi n o u s a l l o y ( 2 A1 2 一 T 4 ) 2 5 71 0 3 3 3 7 9 l 0 l 5 l Of I l 。 ) l 5 0 0 8 0 O 2 Fi g 4 a nd Fi g 5 i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e s ul t s fro m t h e GA o p t i mi z a t i o n a nd t he s e c o n d o p t i mi z a t i o n r e s p e c t i ve l y 2 0 0 J 5 O l 0 0 5 0 0 5 O l O O 0 5 0 1 O 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 Fi g 4 Re s ul t s a f t e r t h e GA o pt i mi z a t i on F i g 5 Re s u l t s a fte r t h e s e c o n d o p t i m i z a t i o n F o r m T a b l e 2 , i t c o u l d b e f o u n d t h a t t h r o u g h t h e s e c o n d o p t i mi z a t i o n o f t h e i n p u t d i s p l a c e me n t a nd t h e di me n s i o n,t he LSE i s r e d uc e d b y 1 3 5 2 8 维普资讯 L i u s h m e t a L C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u t i c s 2 j ( 2 o o 8 )1 8 7 - 1 9 2 i n n l a nd i mp r o ve d b y 3 1 3 The a l t e r e d a ng l e i s 4 i n c r e a s e d b y 1 0 4 9 3 。 3 T a b l e 2 R e s u lt s a f t e r t h e t w o o p t im iz a t io n s i 一 2 Fi g 6 s h ows t he i n flue nc e s o f t he pa r a m e t e r s wh e n t h e o u t s i de d i s t r i bu t e d p r e s s u r e l o a d c h a n ge s f r o m 0 t o 1 0 N mm a nd t h e i n pu t d i s pl a c e me nt r e m a i ns 1 1 38 9 7 I I I l T I o n t he o p t i ma l s t r u c t u r e I t c ou l d be s e e n t h a t t he o p t i m a l s t r u c t u r e ha s a go o d s t a b i l i t y i f t he l o a d i s k e p t i n t h e r a ng e Of 0 5 N mm As t he e x t e r na l l o a d e x c e e d s 5 N mm , t h e ma x s t r e s s i S l i k e l y t o e x c e e d t h e yi e l d s t r e s s Be c a u s e t h i s o p t i mi z a t i o n p r o g r a m i s b a s e d o n t h e M ATLAB a n d ANSYSi n o r de r t o ve r i f y t h e r e s ul t s a n a t t e mp t i s ma d e t o i nt r od u c e t h e a na l y t i g 姜 一 4 2 4 0 3 9 9 2 9 1 9 O 8 , 9 8 8 6 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 7 O 2 4 6 8 】 0 q ( Nmm 1 f 一 - -一 0 2 4 6 q ( N i n m 1 。 厂 一 一 。 0 2 4 6 8 q ( N,r n m ) 巷 羔 , 。 O 2 4 6 8 q ( N , mi ll ) F i g 6 S t a b i l i t y o f fi n a l o p t i m a l s t r u c t u r e 1 91 c a l r e s ul t s o f t he o pt i mi z e d s t r u c t ur e i n t o ANS YS a n d P AT RAN r e s p e c t i v e l y , a n d t h e n a c o mp a ris o n i s ma d e b e t we e n t h e mAs s h o wn i n F i g 7 a n d F i g 8 , t he tw o a l t e r e d s ha pe s a r e i n go o d a gr e e me n t : f o r i n ANSYS t h e t i p d i s pl a c e me nt i s 5 4 9 7 n q l T l a n d i n R RAN 5 4 5 0 I I I l T I T h e mi n o r d i ffe r e n c e b e t we e n t he m i s f r o m t he s of t wa r e F i g 7 Re s u l t s o f F EA i n ANS YS F i g 8 Re s u l t s o f F EA i n P ATR AN On t he o t he r h a n d,a mod e l i s ma d e by wi r e c u t t i n g t e c h n o l o g y t o v e ri fy t h e a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s T h e ma t e r i a l o f t h e mo d e 1 i d e n t i c a l wi t h t h a t o f t h e d e s i g n ,i s 5 n q lT l t h i c k I n t h e e x p e ri me n t ,the d i s t r i b u t e d p r e s s u r e l o a d i S a s s u me d t o b e z e r o t h e i np u t d i s pl a c e m e n t 11 38 9 7 I I I l T 1 wi t h t he r e q ui r e d i n p u t l o a d 1 4 6 N F i g 9 s h o ws t h e mo d e l a n d t h e e x p e rime n t a l r e s u l t Th e a l t e r e d a n g l e i s me a s u r e d 9 3 。 a nd t he t i p di s pl a c e me nt 5 3 I I I l T I Th e a l t e r e d s h a p e we l l a c c o r d s t o t he o p t i mi z e d r e s ul t I f a d i s 一 【 c 一 黾口 B d s s 0 丧 维普资讯 1 9 2 Li u S h i l i e l a 1 C h i n e s e J o u r n a l o f A e r o n a u t i c s 2 1 ( 2 o o 8 )1 8 7 - 1 9 2 p l a c e me nt o f 1 1 3 89 7 1 T I 1 T I i s i mpos e d o nt he mo de l, t h e t h e o r e t i c a l t i p d i s p l a c e me n t i s 5 4 7 9 6 1T I 1 T IBe c a u s e o f t h e fri c t i o n t h e r e i s b e t we e n t h e mo d e l a n d t h e e x pe rime n t t a bl e a t i n y d i ffe r e n c e wi l l t a ke p l a c e be tw e e n t h e m e a s u r e d d a t a a nd t h e c a l c ul a t e d r e s ul t s F i g 9 Th e m o d e l a n d e x p e r i me n t a l r e s u l t 4 Co nc l u s i o n s Pr o v e d b y t he s i m u l a t i o n a n d e x p e rim e n t s ,t he p r o po s e d m e t h od t o d e s i g n mo r p h i ng c o mpl i a n t me c ha ni s m i s e ffe c t u a l i n t u r ni ng o u t a t r a i l i ng e d ge wi t h r e q u i r e d mo r p h i ng e ffe c t s a nd a bi l i t y of wi t h s t a nd i n g e x t e r na l l o a d s The c o mb i n a t i o n of M AT LAB a n d AN S YS i n t h e o p t i mi z a t i o n r e nd e r s t h e pr o gr a m s i mpl e a nd u ni v e r s a 1 The r e i s n o ne e d f o r fre q ue n t c h a n g e s o f t he r i gi d m a t r i xI t a l s o a vo i ds t h e c o mp l e x i ty o f p r o g r a mmi n g t h e n o n l i n e a r F E A a n d t h e t r a ns f o r m i ng di s t rib u t e d l o a ds i n t o n o da l l o a ds Us i ng t h e mi x e d c o d e ,t he t o p ol o g y a n d t he d i me n s i o n c o ul d s i mul t a ne o us l y be o pt i m i z e d by t h e GARe m o vi n g t h e fre e e l e me nt s a fte r t he F EA c o u l d s pe e d u p t he o pt i mi z a t i o nThe s e c o nd o pt i mi z a t i o n c o u l d i mp r o v e t he GA r e s u l t s Re f e r e nc e s 2 Sic l a r i M J ,Au s t i n F Op t i mi z a t i o n o f a r e a l i s t i c fl a p d e s i g n f o r i n - fl i g h t t r a n s o n i c p e r f o r ma n c e e n h a n c e me n t AI AA P a p e r 9 8 - 0 5 9 6 ,1 9 9 8 Mu s o l ff A Ma o Q D L i u Y Y Ad a p t i v e a i r f o i l w i t h s h a p e me m - o r y a l l o y s J o u r n a l o f E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n 2 0 0 3 ;1 0 ( 1 ) : 2 6 - 3 1 【 in C h i n e s e 3 K o t a S S h a p e c o n tr o l o f a d a p t i v e s tr u c t u r e s u s i n g c o m p l i a n t me c h an i s ms ADA3 7 61 3 1 , 2 0 0 0 4 S a g g e r e L , K o t a S S t a t i c s h a p e c o n tr o l o f s ma r t s tr u c t u r e s u s i n g c o mp l i ant me c h ani s ms AI AA J o u r n a l 1 9 9 9 ; 3 7 ( 5 ) : 5 7 2 5 7 8 5 L u K J S y n the s i s o f s h a p e m o r p h i n g c o m p l iant m e c h a n i s ms P h D t h e s i s , Un i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , 2 0 0 4 6 】 G o o d M G D e v e l o p me n t o f a v a r i a b l e c a mb e r c o mp l i a n t a i r c r a f t t a i l i n g u s i n g s t r u c t u r e o p t imi z a t i o n M a s t e
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