Entomology4昆虫的胸部Thorax.ppt

昆虫形态学insectmorphology,headofinsectcompoundeyesoneto3simpleeyes(ocellus,pluralocelli)antennaeheadregionsmouthparts,review,review,2.5mouthpartsofinsect,review,lp,review,review,昆虫形态学insectmorphology,chapter2headofinsects第二章昆虫的头部2.6cervix（neck）昆虫的颈,2.6cervix(neck)昆虫的颈,containsbothlabialandprothoraciccomponents部分来源于下唇节，部分来源于前胸cervicalsclerites颈片颈部骨片的统称supportingtheheadandarticulatingitwiththeprothorax,muscleofcervix,controlsheadmovementariseonthepostoccipitalridge次后头内脊andareattachedtotheantecosta前内脊ofthemesothorax中胸,chapter3thoraxofinsects第三章昆虫的胸部,insectmorphology昆虫形态学,whystudytheinsectthorax?,structuredetermineshowaninsectmovesthroughitshabitat.wingsdetermineflightcapability.legsdeterminehowitmovesanddigsonland.,leristesleechi(=tibicenleechi),3.1structureofthorax胸部的基本构造,thoraxiscomposedofthreesegmentsthefirstorprothroax前胸,thesecondormesothorax中胸,andthethirdormetathorax后胸,thoraxisthecenteroflocomotionhighlysclerotized;forelegs-midlegs-hindlegsinmostwingedinsectsmesothoraxandmetathoraxenlargedrelativetoprothoraxformedapterothorax翅胸(forewings+hindwings),i.prothorax前胸withoutwingsstructureusuallysimple1）pronotum前胸背板maybesimpleinstructureandsmallincomparisonwithothernotasomeinsectswithsecondarysulcusonpronotumwithoutantecosta前内脊（前脊沟内陷）,-butinsomeinsectsthepronotumarehighlymodified.locusts,molecricketsoforthoptera直翅目treehoppersofhemiptera半翅目rhinocerosbeetlesofcoleoptera鞘翅目,treehoppers,leafhopper,生气呢？眼dou红了,treehoppers,我很丑吗,浆头叶蝉,2)propleuron前胸侧板inprimalinsectorinsectwithundevelopedprothoraxthepropleuronisalsoundevelopedusuallydividedintoepisternum前侧片andepimeron后侧片bypleuralsulcus侧沟pleuralarticulation侧基突theprocessatthebottomofthepleuralsulcus侧沟下端与胸足相抵的关节突articulateswiththebasalsegmentofforeleg,propleuron前胸侧板inprimalinsectorinsectwithundevelopedprothoraxthepropleuronisalsoundeveloped,e.g.,thatofalocust,eps,episternumt,protergumcx,coxaofprothoraciclegtn,trochantintr,trochanter,3)prosternum前胸腹板usuallyundeveloped,andsometimeswithsomespecialstructurese.g.,jumpingorganofclickbeetles叩头虫的关键,ii.pterothorax翅胸twophasesassociatedwiththedevelopmentofthethoraxasthelocomotarycenterintheevolutionofthetypicalinsectanbodyplanwalkinglegsbecamerestrictedtothethreethoracicsegmentsarticulatedwingswereformedonthemeso-andmetathoracictergathensecondarychangeshappenedtostrengthentheregionforincreasedmuscularpower,1)tergumofpterothorax具翅胸节背板threesulciantecostalsulcus前脊沟-内陷为前内脊（多扩大为悬骨phragma）prescutalsulcus前盾沟scutoscutellarsulcus盾间沟,tergumofpterothoraxisdividedintoacrotergite端背片后胸端背片常向前扩展与中胸的背板紧接，成为中胸后背片postnotumprescutum前盾片scutum盾片scutellum小盾片notalwingprocess背翅突(anterior/posteriornotalwingprocess),acrotergite端背片(=后背片postnotum)prescutum前盾片scutum,sct盾片scutellum,scl小盾片notalwingprocess,np背翅突,anp,anteriornotalwingprocess;scl,scutellum;sct,principalpartofscutum;sct,posterior,lateralsubdivisionsofscutum;spt,spinosetubercleoflateralpresuctalareaofmesotergum,anexample!,hemiptera半翅目、coleoptera鞘翅目昆虫中胸和后胸背板常被翅覆盖，仅三角形的中胸小盾片在翅基部露出半翅目的龟蝽、盾蝽中胸小盾片后延，可将翅和整个腹部盖住,盾蝽,2)pleuronofpterothora具翅胸节侧板episternum,eps前侧片epimeron,epm后侧片pleuralarticulation,pa侧基突pleuralwingprocess,wp侧翅突trochantin,tn基前转片,ba,basalarsclertie;sa,subalare;sp,spiracle;wp,pleuralwingprocess;epm,epimeron;eps,episternum;pls,pleuralsuture;,prealare翅前桥（前侧片+前盾片）postalare翅后桥（后侧片+后背片）precoxale基前桥（足基节臼前的侧板+腹板）postcoxale基后桥（足基节臼后的侧板+腹板）epipleurites上侧片：侧翅突前后的膜质区中的骨片，包括前上侧片basalare和后上侧片subalare,generalizedmetathorax,lateralview,3)sternum具翅胸节腹板acoupleofsulcipresternalsulcus前腹沟sternacostalsulcus腹脊沟isdividedintopresternum前腹片eusternum主腹片(furcasternum具叉腹片)basisternum基腹片sternellum小腹片intersternite间腹片(spinasternite具刺腹片)withspina内刺突inside,前,后,anexample,bs,basisternum;fs,furcalsuture;pss,pleurosternalsuture;sa,rootsofsternalapophyses;sl,sternellum;spn,depressionmarkingthesiteoftheinternalspina,presternalsulcus前腹沟sternacostalsulcus腹脊沟presternum前腹片eusternum主腹片(furcasternum,具叉腹片)basisternum,bs基腹片,sternellum,sl小腹片intersternite间腹片(spinasternite,spn具刺腹片),ventralviewofthoraxofanunidentifiedgrasshopper,中胸基腹片,中胸小腹片,后胸基腹片,后胸小腹片,棉蝗腹板,tergum背板phragma(pl.phragmata)悬骨前内脊内陷扩展形成的1对板状脊pleuron侧板pleuralapophysis侧内突侧内脊内陷扩展形成的臂状内脊sternum腹板ventralapophysis腹内突spina内刺突腹脊沟内陷形成,approx.positionsoffurcalpits,dorso-ventralflightmuscles,iii.endoskeletonofthorax胸部的内骨骼,3.2legsofadultinsects昆虫的足,3.2.1structureoflegs胸足的构造,eachlegcontainsfivestructuralcomponents(segments)coxa基节trochanter转节femur股节、腿节tibia胫节tarsus跗节,generalizedleg,coxatrochanterfemurtibiatarsus,thoracicbodywall,pretarsus前跗节ungues(claws)跗节爪pulvillus爪垫unguitractorplate掣爪片-陷入末跗节的小骨片，为爪的缩肌着生处arolium中垫-爪基部的瓣状突起empodium爪间突-掣爪片端部中央的突起,3.2.2legadaptationsandmodifications足的特化和适应,typicallythelegsareconcernedwithwalkingandrunning,buttheymaybespecializedforavarietyoffunctionsjumpingswimminggraspingdiggingsoundproductioncleaning,walking(cursorial)leg步行足groundbeetles,tigerbeetlesandcockroachesadaptedforrunningconsistoffivepartscoxa：基部与侧基突相接处形成关节窝articularsockettrochanter：较小，仅蜻蜓的转节分成两节femur：最粗最长tibia：细长，常具刺tarsus：常分2-5个亚节(跗分节tarsomere),具有典型步行足的甲虫,jumping(saltatorial)leg跳跃足grasshoppers,fleabeetlesadaptedforjumpinghindfemurwelldevelopedhindtibialongandnarrow,宋玉九辩：独申旦（通宵达旦）而不寐兮，哀蟋蟀之宵征诗经召南草虫：喓喓草虫（蝈蝈），趯趯阜螽（蚱蜢、螽斯）。未见君子，忧心忡忡。亦既见止，亦既觏止，我心则降,grasping(raptorial)leg捕捉足prayingmantids螳螂,mantispid螳蛉adaptedforcatchingandholdingpreycoxaelongated,tibiaandfemurofforelegareequippedwithspines腿节腹面有槽，胫节可以嵌于其中,mantispid螳?,digging(fossorial)leg开掘足molecrickets蝼蛄,cicadas蝉，variousbeetles某些甲虫(?)adaptedfordigginginsoilforelegsarelarge,heavilysclerotized,andpossesstoutclawstibiaareflattened,withteethtarsomeresarereducedinnumberormaydisappearentirely,swimming(natatorial)leg游泳足divingbugs负子蝽,waterbeetles水龟甲andpredaceousdivingbeetles龙虱adaptedforswimmingtibiaandtarsusofhindlegs(occasionallyalsothemiddlelegs)areflattened,bearrigidhairsaroundtheperiphery,claspingleg抱握足forelegsofpredaceousdivingbeetlesadaptedforgraspingusedforhangingontothefemaleduringmating（龙虱雄性前足跗节特别膨大、宽扁，有吸盘构