华科大考博英语写作(学生用).doc

考 博 作 文考博英语考试大纲实际英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中硕士研究生英语教学与考试规定的要求。考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。一、考试设计本考试共分为四部分：完形填空（10）、阅读理解（40）、英汉互译（30）和英语写作（20）。1.完形填空（10） 语言知识及综合运用能力。测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。使短文的内容和结构完整合理。2.阅读理解（40）阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。3.英汉互译（30） 原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识.准确地翻译成通顺4.英语写作（20） 书面表达能力。要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，约200单词的短文。要求作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。写作评分标准说明写作测试总分为20分，评分标准采用6个档次计分方法，即从内容和语言表达进行全文总体评分。具体如下：1720分内容切题，清楚表达其内涵；文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。1316分内容切题，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。912分内容切题，基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。58分内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。14分基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。0分文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。写作知识及技巧A理想的段落要求是什么?1）主题（Topic）2）统一（Unity）3）连贯（Coherence）4）清晰（Clarity）5）完整 （Completeness）6) 多样化 （Variety）7) 有效性 （Effectiveness）B写作技巧（Methods of Paragraph Development）1) Description2) Exemplification / Illustration3) Definition4) Classification5) Cause and Effect6) Comparison and Contrast7) Listing8) Progression C. Pre-writing skills1) Free-writingSome people simply need to start writing to find a focus. Take out several sheets of blank paper, give yourself at least ten to fifteen minutes, and begin writing whatever comes to mind on your subject. Dont change, correct, or delete anything. If you run out of things to say , write “I cant think of anything to say” until you can find a new thought. At the end of the time period you may discover that by continuously writing you will have written yourself into an interesting topic.2) BrainstormingBrainstorming is a prewriting activity in which two or more people get together to exchange ideas on a given topic. During the brainstorming, there is usually one person who takes notes as others are engaged in conversation.Brainstorming can be done alone if no other person is available for discussion. In this case, a person makes free associations around the given topic, i.e. makes a random list of ideas associated with the topic as they speed through his mind.In many ways brainstorming is very similar to free-writing because both enable writers to explore what they truly feel about a topic. However, when several people come together to do brainstorming, ideas often come out much faster than any pen can write, so the notes taken or the list made can only be very sketchy. The note-taker may only have time to jot down single words or phrases summarizing facts, statistics, episodes, descriptions, feelings, attitudes and opinions related to the subject. For example, the following list is the outcome of a brainstorming session that discusses Chinas educational system:D. How to achieve coherenceIn order to have coherence in writing an argumentative essay, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be NO sudden jumps. Since this coherence does not occur naturally, you should take pains to establish it. One of the main ways to achieve coherence is to use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next. The following are the most common transition signals grouped according to the kinds of connections they establish.1) Introducing an additional point or idea (递进)2) Introducing an opposite point or idea (转折)3) Moving from general to specific (演绎)4) Emphasizing a point (强调)5) Restating a point (重述)6) Showing sequence (顺序)7) Showing cause and effect (因果)8) Showing connections in time (时间连接)9) Introducing a conclusion or summary (结论)E分析作文写作对策 重点放在三段式的写作（1） 文章开头（2） 扩展段写法（3） 文章结尾1） 开篇的写法写好文章或段落的开头很重要。一般来讲， 文章开头既要写出文章的主题，又要能够引起读者阅读的兴趣。不同的文章开头的方式不同， 常见的有以下八种：引语法(Quotation)、设问法(Questions)、数据法(Figures and statistics)、背景法(Relevant background information)、定义法(Definition)、主题句法(Topic sentence)、现象法 （phenomenon）。（1）引语法（Quotation）：指通过在开头段引用一些与主题相关的名人名言、成语或谚语等来开始一篇文章。引语法可应用于各种文体。（2）提问法（Questions）: 只用提出问题的方法来引出文章的主题，以激起读者的兴趣。设问法可用于各种文体。 问句开头，激发兴趣（3）数据法(Figures and statistics)数据法就是用数字或数据开头来引出文章的主题。数据法多用于描写文、说明文和议论文。（4）定义法（Definition)（5）主题句法（Topic sentence) （6）现象法 列出现象或背景-Nowadays more and more people are showing their concern over-With the advent of the new phase of knowledge economy, the terms “” “” and “” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. No one can deny the fact that -Recently the issue of has aroused wide concernl - Nowadays there is a growing concern over the issue/probleml - In recent years, manyhave been faced/confronted with the problem l - One of the most popular topics people often talk about today isl - With the (rapid) development of the society/science and technology, more and more l - With the improvement of peoples living condition/standard, more and more2）扩展段的写法扩展段是一篇文章的主体段。文章的主题在扩展段展开，常用的展开段落的方法有下面九种：列举法（Listing）举例说明法（Examples）因果关系法（Cause and effect）定义法（Definition）分类法（Classification）比较对照法（Comparison and contrast）时间顺序记叙法（Time order）空间顺序描述法（Space order）过程描述法（Process description）(1) 列举法（Listing）列举法 列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲， 所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。列举法常用的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相对呼应，不混用。i. First, second, third, lastii. firstly, secondly, thirdly, finallyiii. the first , the second , the third , the lastiv. to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then, next, in addition (to),besides, also, moreover, furthermore, what is more, finally运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topic sentence Detail 1Detail 2Detail 3, Concluding sentence(2) 举例说明法（Examples） 举例说明法是指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的中心思想，举例说明法常与列举法结合使用。使用这种写作方法要注意所选事例应与文章主题密切相关，具有典型性和代表性。举例法常用的句型句式和词语有：This can be illustrated by An example of this is/involves can be illustrated/shown by the following examples/instances.There are many examples to show that One example is . Another example is The shows/illustrates For example, for instance, say, suppose, such as, such as, to provide a specific example, as an illustration运用举例法展开段落常用的模式如下：Topic sentenceExample 1Example 2, Concluding sentence (3) 分类法（Classification） 当要说明的事物比较复杂或包括的内容比较多时， 常常将其分成更小的类别， 这便是分类法。使用这种写作方法要注意分类的标准一定要明确，而且标准只有一个。分类法常用的句型句式有：1. may be classified into several types according to divided the following kinds on the basis of categorized two categories depending upon put three main groups2. consists of comprises 3.The classification is based upon 4. may be divided sub-divided further sub-divided分类法的写作模式如下：主题句+所分类别+各个类别的具体事例+结束句(4) 比较对照法（Comparison and contrast） 比较法是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其相似之处， 比较的目的在于表现不同事物的相似之处；对照法则是将人们熟悉的事物与其他事物放在一起分析其不同之处，其目的在于表现同类事物的不同方面。两者强调的重点不同，但结构相似。常用的结构有两种：第一种称之为块式结构， 假如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完， 再转入B事物。第二种结构称之为点式结构， 即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后在比较或对照A和B的第二个方面， 比较与对照法1. Obviously, it has both negative effects and positive effects.2. However, like many other things, has both advantages and disadvantages.3. Many argue that , while others maintain that 4. There is much controversy nowadays over . Some people are of the opinion that , but there are others who .5. While there is a great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of , its drawbacks should not be neglected. For one thing, . For another, 6. There is certainly some truth on both sides. But neither nor holds the key to the problem. In my opinion, we should 比较：Both A and B are A and B seem to have much in common.A and B seem to have some features in common.A is similar to B in There are a lot of similarities between A and B.A has something in common with B.A and B share similar A shares some common features with B.A is like B in A is the same as B in Both, too, compare with, similarly, likewise, also, in comparison, just like, just as, also, both and, similar to对照：A is different from B in A differs from B in There are many differences between A and B.A has nothing (little) in common with B.The difference between A and B lies in Compared with A, B Unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas, however, although块式结构模式：Topic sentenceSubject A Subject BFeature 1 Feature 1Feature 2, Feature 2,Concluding sentence点式结构模式：Topic sentenceFeature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3, Subject A Subject A Subject ASubject B Subject B Subject BConcluding sentence （5）因果法因果关系法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。如果是一果多因的情况，一般先写结果后分析多种原因；如果是一因多果， 一般实现写原因后写结果。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在开头，这种段落展开方法的结构常见的有两种：即分块法和连环法。分块法指的是先说原因后说结果（一个原因引起一个或多个结果）；或者先说结果后说原因（多个原因引起一个结果）。连环法指的是先叙述的一个原因及结果，再叙述第二个原因及结果，以此类推。形象一点表示，运用因果关系法展开段落常见的模式有3种：模式1 Topic sentence Effect 1 Effect 2, Concluding sentence模式2 Topic sentence Cause 1 Cause 2, Concluding sentence模式3 A Cause B Effect C (Cause) Effect D (Cause) Effect E (Cause) Effect因果关系常用的句型句式和词语有：原因：The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is The reasons for are is the result of is caused by/ due to/ because of because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result from结果：The result/ effect/ consequence of is will result in Therefore, As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of 文章结尾 结论1. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that2. In a word, it is important3. All in all.4. As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that some effective steps should be taken in no time. For example, . In addition, 5. In my opinion,6. From this point of view, 号召性和意义1. It is high time that we urged an immediate end to2. Only by doing so, can we 展望, 后果1. We rest assured that 2. We only hope that some day there can be a solution to this problem.F作文经典句型1) It + 被动语态 + that1)It is widely acknowledged ( recognized ) that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding. 2)It is reported that 800000 applicants sat for the National Masters Entrance Test in 2003.3)It is estimated that two thirds of the cities of our countries will be in acute shortage of fresh water by 2010. 4)It is generally accepted that to practice euthanasia on a patient who is still alive is inhuman. 5)It must be admitted that the price war will disturb the normal order of the market. (admittedly) 6)It cannot be denied that the overgrowth of tourism may destroy the ecological balance of some scenic resorts.7)It is known to all that physical exercises can improve and enrich our physical and mental well-being. 2) It is + 形容词 + that (形容词+ly，也可) 1)It is obvious ( evident, clear, undeniable, apparent) that the situation is caused directly by excessive commercial fishing. 2)It is understandable (inevitable) that peoples attitudes are divergent on this controversial issue. 3)It is unimaginable (incredible / unbelievable ) that such a boy of 17 should have had three novels published.3) It is + 形容词 + for sb (sth ) to do sth 1)It is important (vital) for everyone to participate in physical exercises, for they will do good not only to our body but also to our mind and personality. 2)It is currently difficult for a university student to find an ideal job upon his graduation, especially those majoring in fundamental courses such as history and mathematics. 3)It is highly necessary for our government to stop the corruption of government officials. 4)It is imperative that something urgent be done to combat the widespread use of illegal drugs among teenagers.4) with/as “随着”句型1)With the rapid growth of economy, the living standards of the Chinese people have greatly improved. Many of them can now afford to buy houses and cars.2)With the growing number of college graduates being turned out each year, the situation in the job market is getting tighter and tighter.3)As industry and agriculture develops, the problem of water shortage will be the more serious.4)As the reform process of state enterprises speeds up, more and more workers are likely to be laid off, entering the competition in job market.5) There be句型1)In the past ten years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children.2)Recently, there has been a strong debate on whether human beings should be cloned.3)There are still quite a number of children who cannot afford to go to school because of poverty.4)As the Internet industry develops, there will be more and more people surfing on the web.5)Now there is a growing concern over the heavy burden, both academic and psychological, our children have to bear.6)There is no doubt that space exploration will greatly influence our way of life and way of thinking. 7)There is no need for people to worry about the possible effects of donating blood.6) 图画主题句型 1)The pictures indicate that there has been significant changes in the ways of communication in the last 30 years. 2)By showing , the examiner tries to convey the message that 3)Through the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals. 4)The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean resources. 5)The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that. 6)The cartoon ridicules/criticizes some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the advertisement of their products. 7)The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinations-hiring ringers, those who take tests for others. 8)It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other. 9)As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market. 10)At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters, which reads “Like a lamp love burns most brightly in the darker places.”7）图表句型1) From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to 10 square meters in 2000.2) As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed countries and that in the developing countries.3) According to the charts, Chinas higher education has been developing rapidly with the growth of the gross domestic product.4) The number of single people establishing their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000.5) From the table we can see that within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffic accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 killed.6) From the graph we can see that there were a total of 142 fire accidents in the city in 1999, most of which were caused by defective electrical appliances, smokers and children playing with fire.7) From the chart we learn that the proportion of part-time education has increased substantially in the last 5 years.8) The curve graph shows that the percentage of family income has declined sharply, accounting for only 13 percent of the total.9) Forest coverage was reduced from 28 percent of total land area in 1954 to 12 percent in 1998.10) There is a sharp increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively.11) Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents. Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one. 12) The number of death and injury was more than 3 times greater than that of the July.13) And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the number of January.14) The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.15) Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1930.16) After a steady decline for a whole decade the countrys fertility rate shows signs of leveling off.8）表示“使.变得”的句型 ； make 宾语 形容词 ； make 形容词 for sb to do sth 1) The widespread introduction of information technology will make our work and life more convenient and more beautiful.2) Most importantly, we should increasingly heighten our environmental awareness and make our world a better place to live in.3) Modern transportation means make it very convenient for people to travel far away from home.4) Advanced medical science has made it possible for human beings to lead a much longer life and suffer less from different kinds of diseases.9）so that 句型 1) They are so eager to master new skills so that they can be qualified to the job market. 2) There are so many people, bicycles, cars in the streets that you will sometimes feel it difficult to move along.10）非限制性定语从句 1) Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs their physical and mental health. 2) Lakes and rivers are becoming seriously polluted, which aggravates (worsens) the shortage of fresh water. 3) The increasingly high divorce rate will cause a series of problems, which deserves great public attention.11）用分词结构扩展内容1) People, not realizing that water resources on the earth are limited, waste a great amount of water every day.2) Citizens have the right to know the truth and supervise the celebrity, thus