儿童心理的发展.doc

儿童心理的发展 0-11 ()、12-18（）：孩子如何告诉你他们内心的世界好不好 (Child Development 0-11, 12-18, by Dr. Josephine Joy Wright) 年龄 好（OK） 不好（Not OK） 0- 2 Bonding and growth 关系建立和成长 Learn through doing and seeing etc 会由操作与观察学习 Does not have the ability to lie or manipulatefact and fantasy are equal 尚未发展说谎和作弄他的能力: 现实和幻想对他(她)而言是相同的 Lives in the presentno concept of time 活在现在: 没有时间概念 Responds to simple questions by looking and pointing 对于简单的问题可以注视或用手指出的方式来响应 Points to and names some body parts 可以指出和说出身体的某些部位 Learning how the world reacts to them 开始学习外界对他们的反应方式 Can play alone but likes to be near an adult 可以单独玩,但玩的时候还是喜欢有大在附近 Copy adults play 模仿大的游戏 Play alongside other children but reluctant to share toys or people 可以和其它小孩起玩, 但不太愿意与分享玩具或大 Gradual development of a sense of themselves as separate from care givers/environment 逐渐发展出自己与他和周围环境是互相独立的概念 Inability to make sense of fear 不了解害怕 Initially bond to one main care giver (fear of stranger) 开始黏个主要照顾者(害怕陌生) Behavior depends on immediate consequences Changing in sleep pattern 睡眠型态改变 Poor appetite/ food fads 食欲明显大增或减低 Excessive crying 过度的哭泣 withdrawn 展现退缩的行为 行为表现受到立即结果之影响 2-4 Rapid change 快速改变 Self-center not selfish 自我心但不定自私 Short attention span 注意力短暂 Cooperates if giving a good reason to do so 如果有好的理由叫他（她）这么做他（她）会合作 Developing a sense of past and future in respect to their own action 发展出有关自己行为的前因和后果的概念 Cannot answer open-end questions （e.g.why） 不会回答开放式问题，例如为什么 Developing use of questions of what?-where?-who?-why? 发展出使用开放问句，例如什么、 哪里、为什么 发展出使用开放问句来提出问题，例如什么? 哪里? 谁? 为什么? Strong emotions quickly aroused 快速激起强烈情绪 Sense of wonderthe age of happenings 开始会有疑惑对于发生的事情有感觉的年纪 Make some sense of fear with help of a patient adult 懂得恐惧时找有耐心的大协助 Plays together with other children 和其它小孩玩在起 Development of fantasy and pretend play 发展幻想与想象性的游戏 Beginning to understand that others think and feel differently to themselves 开始了解别的想法或感觉不同于自己 Make snap judgment based on appearance (eg. Food) 以物品的外表很快的判断，例如食物 Bed wetting 尿床 Soiling 粪便弄脏身体 Clinging 十分粘 Separation anxiety 产生分离焦虑 Aggressive 有攻击意图或行为 Head banging (selfharm) 有撞头等自我伤害的行为 Not wanting to play 对游戏不感兴趣 Defines self in terms of age and sex (aware of genitals) 由年龄和性别认定自己（开始察觉自己的性器官） May not know stealing is wrong 可能不知道偷窃是错的 5-7 Entering the world of school 进入学校世界 Ability to use past learning when making decision 能够使用过去经验做决定 Cannot consider more than one aspect of things-no compromise 不会由不同的角度来考虑件事情，不懂得妥协 Understands and use yesterday and the days of the week 了解并会使用昨和星期的数 Understands the concept of death 了解死亡的意义 Developing ability to answer open ended questions 能够回答开放式的句子 Knows color 知道颜色 Understand right/wrong, truth/lie, promise/secret 了解对错、实情和谎言、承诺或秘密 Able to give some descriptive information 可以提供些描述性的信息 Conform to avoid disapprove 会为了避免指责而表现顺从 Difficulty in making decision 难以做决定 Often less mature at home than with outsiders 在家的表现通常比与外在起时来得较为幼稚 Play mainly with own sexbest friends 主要和同性别朋友玩（好朋友主要是同性别） Understand the need for rules； fair Behaving like a baby 行为像婴幼儿 Denial of change 拒绝改变 Nightmares 作恶梦 Flashbacks 倒叙说话 School refusal /related anxiety 排斥学或产生相关的焦虑 Ritualistic play 固着式的游戏 Hiding 躲藏 Bottling up emotion 很容易爆发情绪 play；time keeping. 了解遵守规矩的重要，可以公平的玩和遵守时间 Likes to participate in planning purposeful play 喜欢参与有计划有目标的游戏 Developing a concept of what they would like to be 对于他们喜欢的样子开始有概念 Some interest in what other thinkcan be compassionate 对于他的想法有兴趣，可以同情别 Tendency to imitate others especially flirting and teasing 会模仿别尤其是开玩笑或嘲笑 7-11 Integrating world 融入世界 Still tend to be limited to immediate experience 仍受限于立即的经验 Able to sequence events chronologically 可以依据年代排列事件顺序 Shift away from black and white thinking 思考在黑白两极间摇摆 Ability to give more exact information 能够提供比较精确的信息 Answers include more abstract thought. 可以利用抽象的概念回答问题 Dependent on/sensitive to the approval of adult 对大的赞许敏感并依赖 Act avoid criticism and punishment 会为了避免批评或处罚而行动 Play within gangs and group 和自己的同党或团体玩 Heroes/strong friendship 强烈的友谊 Allegiance to children rather than adults in conflict 在冲突宁愿选择对朋友(而非对大)忠诚 Greater capacity for self evaluation Feeling everything is their fault 感觉每件事都是自己的错 Peer relationship problems 有同侪关系的问题 Challenging authority 挑战权威 Depression 忧郁 General high level of anxiety 普遍性的高度焦虑 Lack of containment of feelings 缺乏满足的感觉 Obsessively talking about events 强迫性的说某件事 obsessive/compulsive behavior eg. Handwashing 强迫固执性的行为例如重复洗手 Survivor guilt and shame 存有罪恶和羞耻的感觉 Poor concentration 专注力差 Memory problem 记忆力有问题 Finding it hard to think things through 不易把事情想完整 Blaming others for your problem 把自己的问题怪罪他 Denial of problems and events 发展出更好的自我评鉴能力 Increased sense of fairness; responsibility; duty 对于公平、负责与责任有更清晰的概念 Understand that intentions matter, not just consequences 了解到行为的意图与结果都是同等重要的 否认问题和事件 Emotionally numb 情绪麻痹 11-14 Frustrated visions of Adulthood 成长的挫折 Able to understand and use abstract thinking 可以使用抽象概念思考 Able to move between concrete and abstract 可以在抽象和具体的概念间悠游 Explores idea and possibilities-reasoning. 能够探索不同的观点或各种可能性展现推理能力 Extreme emotions 感情强烈 Fighting verbally rather than physically 宁可以语言攻击，较少以肢体攻击 Rapid and uneven growth 快速但不平衡的成长 Awkwardness, restlessness and laziness 鳖扭、静不来、懒惰 Ability to achieve a joint goal through group discussion 可以经由团体讨论的方式达成共同目标 Wide range of differences in maturity level 同侪间成熟程度差异很大 The importance of justice, dignity and equality 重视正义、尊严、平等 Strive to fit into peer group 致力融入同侪团体 Pushing limits 挑战限制 Upholds rules 维护规则 Exceptionally challenging authority 非常挑战权威 Excessive swearing 过度诅咒 Antagonistic 表现出敌对的态度 Behave the opposite to what they want to 表现出与自己心所想背道而驰的行为 Fear of initmacy 害怕亲密 Conflict between emotion and beliefs 情绪和想法冲突 Intrusive thoughts-especially about traumas 有冲动的想法尤其对于创伤 Failure to develop own identity 无法发展出对自己的认同 Eating disorders 饮食异常 Need to succeed 需要成功 Develops personal faith 发展个的信心 14-18 whirlwinds 旋风期 Able to perform and think about more than one task 可以同时思考或作件以的事 More complex abstract reasoning-philosophising 具有更复杂抽象的推理思考能力 Adults do relate well to their reasonings 成可以了解他们的推理 Developing a coded language and rituals to strengthen peer group bonds 发展出套核心语言和仪式强化同侪团体的连结 Return to habits of a younger chi