安全工程外文翻译.doc

浅析我国煤矿安全现状及对策在充分分析我国煤矿安全现状和所面临形势的基础上，提出了煤矿安全科技的发展方向，并指出了针对我国煤矿现有安全生产形势的对策1 我国煤矿安全生产的现状目前我国的安全生产正在稳定中呈现好转态势，但形势依然严峻，事故多发的势头并没有得到遏制。2009年，全国GDP达到33.54万亿元，同时也有8.97万人死于安全事故，不到4亿GDP就死亡一个人，全国每年因安全事故造成的经济损失高达3000亿元左右，约为全国GDP的近百分之一。煤矿的安全形势更不容乐观，2009年的百万吨死亡率虽比2002年下降了8成，但仍达到0.892，这个数字是美国的近100倍，是波兰和南非的10倍。1.1 煤矿自然条件差 灾害多1.1.1 煤矿瓦斯大，煤与瓦斯突出越来越严重危险性增加我国所有煤矿均为瓦斯矿井。在100个国有重点煤炭生产企业的609处矿井中，高瓦斯矿井占26.8%。煤与瓦斯突出矿井占17.6%，低瓦斯矿井占55.6%。国有地方和乡镇煤矿中，高瓦斯矿井和煤与瓦斯突出矿井占15%左右。部分局矿的情况更严重，如中平能化集团公司所属的13对矿井全部为高瓦斯或突出矿井，淮南煤业集团公司所属11对矿井均为突出矿井，随着开采深度的不断增加，瓦斯涌出量不断加大，煤与瓦斯突出危险也不断增加，高瓦斯突出矿井数量也在增加。1.1.2 自然发火危险性严重，比例大覆盖面广据统计，原国有重点煤矿中有自然发火危险的矿井占51.3%，自然发火危险矿井几乎在所有矿区都存在，因自然而造成煤炭资源的破坏，每年达数10亿元的经济损失。1.1.3 冲击地压危险性增大，个别煤矿十分严重据统计，1999年17处大型煤矿就发生1377次冲击，最大强度达到里氏4级。辽宁省抚顺矿业集团老虎台煤矿每年发生各类冲击地压4000多次，震级达一级以上的1000多次，2002年总次数达到了6127次（其中三级21次），平均每天发生冲击地压十七次，严重威胁煤矿安全生产和城市的公共安全。1.1.4 煤尘爆炸危险性普遍存在，危害性严重我国煤尘具有爆炸性普遍存在。原国有重点煤矿有87.4%的矿井煤尘有爆炸危险，小煤矿中91.35%煤矿的煤尘具有爆炸危险性，其中高达57.71%的具有强爆炸性。1.1.5 水文地质条件复杂，水害制约安全生产我国大中型煤矿中，水文地质属于复杂或极其复杂的煤矿占25.04%。2006年至2009年，全国煤矿共发生水灾事故160余起，死亡近700人，占重特大事故死亡人数的比例仅次于瓦斯事故。1.1.6 煤矿热害已成为矿井新的灾害随着开采深度的增加，围岩温度提高，矿井热害问题越来越突出。据今年的资料统计，70处大中型生产井工煤矿的采掘面最高气温超过煤矿安全规程的要求，其中26处超过30摄氏度，最高达到37摄氏度。1.2 煤矿数量多 大中小并存 差异大我国煤矿数量多，超过世界上其他主要采煤国家的矿井总数，目前全国共有在建和改建矿井3955处，30万吨以下的小煤矿占82.9%其中3万吨以下的有562处。西南一些地区现有新建和改建扩建矿井平均单井能力仅为7万吨。我国煤矿的生产能力分散，全国矿井平均资源回收率为45%左右，其中小煤矿仅为15%左右。目前大中小煤矿安全生产技术与装备水平低下，抗灾能力差，给安全管理带来困难。1.3 矿井机械化程度低 安全技术装备不足据统计，原国有重点煤矿的开采机械化程度75.43%，综采机械化程度59.42%，综合机械化程度15.03%。而原有国有地方煤矿和乡镇煤矿机械化程度普遍偏低，全国平均采煤机械化水平还不到40%。现有煤矿多数矿的监控系统装备不全，尚未实现网络化管理，部分设备功能落后。44处自然发火危险地矿井，尚未建立防灭火系统。66处矿井尚未建立防尘供水管路。不少的矿井没有安设防隔爆设施，即使配备了防隔爆设施的矿井，设置的数量少没达到安全规程的要求。相当一部分国有重点煤矿的甲烷断电仪、光学甲烷检测仪、甲烷传感便携式甲烷检测仪等必备的安全仪器配备不足。有164处矿井50%以上的电气设备超期服役。数量众多的小煤矿安全装备水平更低，有的根本不具备防御灾害的能力，多数小煤矿仍旧沿用落后淘汰的电气设备，电气防爆性能差，失爆率高。1.4 煤矿从业人员结构复杂 管理落后我国煤矿用人过多，农民轮换工等从业人员构成的煤炭生产一线主体，整体文化水平低，素质差，缺乏自我保护意识和能力。许多企业又不进行岗前安全培训，违章作业现象严重。许多小煤矿的经营者没有基本的安全生产管理技术知识，不懂安全，不管安全，不顾安全。根据调查，30万t以上的大中型煤矿中，初中以下文化程度占62.67%，大专以上的只占5.44%，高级工程技术人员占0.3%。30万t以下的小型煤矿中，中专以上职工平均每矿不到3人。另有资料表明，在现代化的大型煤炭企业中，拥有大学本科以上学历的人数仅占职工总数的2.93%。 目前，我国煤矿的安全管理主要由管理人员凭主观意志和经验进行工作，管理技术和手段落后，这种管理模式，由于受管理人员的知识、经验和责任心的限制，很难适应矿井灾害事故的复杂条件，这也是煤矿灾害事故多发的原因之一。2 我国煤矿安全生产面临的形势2.1 安全生产越来越突显其重要地位和作用煤炭是国民经济和社会发展的基础。目前煤炭在我国一次能源生产和消费结构中占60%左右，预测2050年将占50%以上，因此，煤炭在相当长的时期内仍将是我国的主要能源。2000年全国煤炭总量为9.9亿t，2001年11.01亿t，2002年13.9亿t，2004年19.56亿t，2007年达到了25.23亿t，今年将达到31亿t，年增长12.38%。当前，快速增长的经济对煤炭工业的发展提出了更高的要求。为此必须确保煤炭工业持续、稳定、健康的发展。2.2 煤炭工业“走新型工业化道路”，实现煤矿的信息化和现代化，对煤矿的安全生产技术提出了更高的要求党的十七大报告，在阐述立足社会主义初级阶段这个最大实际时，指出要“全面认识工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化深入发展的新形势新任务”，突出了“信息化”在这一进程中不可替代的地位。安全生产是煤炭工业“走新型工业化道路”，实现可持续发展的前提条件，科学技术是第一生产力，安全生产的各项工作要转移到依靠科技进步的正确道路上来，通过科技创新，提高煤矿的安全管理技术水平，煤矿灾害事故的预警能力和防治水平，煤矿安全生产的监察技术水平。3 针对我国煤矿现有安全生产形势的对策3.1 切实加强煤炭管理采取有力措施，推动政府行政首长和企业法定代表人两个负责制落实到位。加强监管人员队伍的建设，完善地方监管法规，建议各地相关部门联合执法，避免执法活动中出现的违法行为，树立良好的政府监管形象。坚决关闭政府责令整顿关闭的小煤矿，杜绝事故发生的隐患。3.2 切实加快推进煤炭企业整合国家要通过资金投入、资源转让等政策，鼓励地方政府支持大企业和中央企业发展，充分发挥大企业和骨干企业的技术、管理和人才优势，以煤炭资源整合、安全整治、技术改造等为契机，将部分有潜力的小煤矿改造成大煤矿，建成一批效率高、规模大、装备精良的现代化矿井，带动全行业安全水平的提高。通过多企业组建集团化大企业的思路实现更专，更精的行业龙头性企业，为保障安全生产提供更加夯实的基础。鼓励强势企业采取金融手段整合小规模企业，即实施管理强矿战略。3.3 实施科技兴安战略用科技创新引领和支撑安全发展煤矿瓦斯重大事故防控、煤矿事故应急救援等重大研究项目，研发集成先进技术装备，为隐患治理和安全技术改造提供技术支撑。推广先进、适用技术和装备，建立安全技术示范工程，提升企业安全生产技术水平；研发、集成和推广新工艺、新技术、新设备和新材料，提高企业安全保障能力。发展教育、加强培训，化解安全专业人才危机。继续扩大煤炭院校煤矿主体专业招生规模。同时，还要加强安全培训教育，特别是小规模煤矿企业从业人员技能培训，并对这些企业管理者进行先进的科学系统化煤矿安全生产管理培训。Analysis on coal mine safety situation in China and CountermeasuresThe analysis of coal mine safety situation and faced on the basis of the situation, put forward the development direction of coal mine safety technology, and pointed out that in the light of our country current coal mine production safety situation Countermeasures1of Chinas coal mine production safety situationAt present our countrys safety in production is stable in improving state, but the situation is still grim, accident-prone momentum has not been curbed. In 2009, the GDP reached33.54 Yuan, and89700 people died in the accident, less than 400000000 of GDP on the death of a person, the whole nation is annual because safety accident economic loss caused by high amounts to 300000000000yuan, about the GDP nearly one percent.Coal mine safety situation is not optimistic; the death rate per million tons, than20092002fell into 8, but still achieved 0.892, this figure is nearly 100 times the United States, Poland and South Africa10 times.1.1 coal mine disaster many poor natural conditions1.1.1coal mine gas, coal and gas outburst is becoming more and more serious dangerAll of our coal mines are gas mine. In 100state-owned key coal production enterprises of609 mines in26.8%, high gas mine. Coal and gas outburst accounted for 17.6%, accounting for 55.6% of low gas mine. State-owned place and colliery of villages and towns, high gas coal mine and coal and gas outburst accounted for about 15%. Part of bureau of mine of the situation is more serious, such as Zhong Ping group company place belongs to13 pairs of mine all high gas or outburst mine, Huainan coal industry group company place belongs to11 pairs of mine are outburst mine, with the increase of mining depth, the gas emission quantity increasing, coal and gas outburst risk also increases ceaselessly, high gas and outburst mine the number is increasing.1.1.2of spontaneous combustion danger is serious, a large proportion of wide coverageAccording to statistics, the original state-owned key colliery in spontaneous combustion dangerous mines accounted for 51.3%, spontaneous combustion dangerous mines in almost all areas are present, because of the natural resource damage caused by coal, the number of annual economic loss of 1000000000 Yuan.1.1.3rockburst risk increases, individual coal mine is very seriousAccording to statistics, in 199917 large coal mine has1377 shock, maximum magnitude of 4. Liaoning province Fushun Mining Group in Laohutai Coal Mine rock burst happens each year all4000 times, a magnitude of one level above1000 times, in 2002 the total number to6127(of which three grade21), average daily burst seventeen, a serious threat to the mine safety production and city public security.1.1.4coal dust explosion hazard exists generally, severe hazardOur country coal dust explosive prevalence. The original state-owned key coal mine87.4% mine coal dust explosion, small coal mine91.35% coal mine coal dust explosion hazard which has high amounts to 57.71%, with strong explosive.1.1.5complex geological conditions, water restricts safe productionOur country is large and medium-sized coal mine, hydro geological belongs to complex or complicated coal mines accounted for 25.04%. From 2006 to2009, the national coal mine flooding accident occurred a total of more than 160, the death of nearly 700 people, accounts for the major accidents the proportion of deaths after the gas accidents.1.1.6mine thermal damage has become a new disaster in coal mineWith the increase of mining depth, the temperature of surrounding rock mine thermal damage increased more and more problems. According to this years statistics,70 large and medium scale production of underground coal mining surface maximum temperature over the coal mine safety regulations requirements, including 26more than 30 degrees Celsius, reached a maximum of 37 degrees c.1.2 coal mine number difference and coexistOur country coal quantity, than the rest of the worlds total state of main coal mining mine, at present the whole nation shares in the construction and reconstruction of mine 3955,300000 tons of the following small coal mines accounted for 82.9% of the30000tons of the following562. The southwest of the existing construction and reconstruction and extension of coal mine average single-well capacity is 70000tons.Chinas coal production capacity in the average dispersion, mine resource recovery rate is about 45%, which is only about 15% of small coal mine. Current medium and small coal mine safety production technology and equipment level is low, the ability that fight calamity is poor, bring difficulties to safety management.1.3mine low mechanization degree insufficient safety technology and equipmentAccording to statistics, the original state-owned key coal mining mechanization degree 75.43%, fully mechanized mining of degree 59.42%, integrated mechanization level 15.03%. While the original local state-owned coal mine and coal mine of villages and towns mechanization level is generally low, the national average level of coal mining mechanization is less than 40%.Most of the existing coal mine monitoring system equipment failure is not yet implemented network management, part of the equipment function behind. 44spontaneous combustion danger to mine fire prevention and extinguishing system has not yet been established. 66mine has not yet been established dustproof water supply pipeline. Many of the mines did Ann fortification explosion-proof facilities, even equipped with anti explosion-proof facilities mine; set the number less to safety regulations. A considerable part of the state-owned key coal mine methane power device, optical methane detector, methane sensing portable methane detector and other necessary safety instrument equipped with deficiency of. There are164 mines in50% in electrical equipment extended service. A large number of small coal mine safety equipment level is lower, some does not have the defense capability, and the majority of small coal mines still follows the backward out of the electrical equipment, explosion-proof electrical performance, and high loss rate.1.4 coal mine workers of complex structure of backward managementIn the coal mines of our country people too much, farmer rotate workers practitioners constitute the main coal production line, the overall cultural level is low, and quality is poor, lack of self-protection awareness and ability. Many enterprises are not pre-job safety training, exercise of violate the rules and regulations seriously. Many small coal mine operators do not have basic safety production management and technical knowledge, do not know whether the safety, security, disregard for safety. According to the survey, more than 300000 t of large and medium-sized coal mines, the following junior high school education accounted for 62.67%, college degree or above accounted for only 5.44%, senior engineering and technical personnel accounting for0.3%. 300000t below the small coal mine, above average each mine is less than 3 people. Other data indicate that, in the modernization of large-scale coal enterprises, has a bachelors degree or above and the number of accounts for only2.93% of the total number of employees.At present, Chinas coal mine safety management by management by subjective volition or experience of work, management means and technology is backward, the management mode, due to managerial knowledge, experience and sense of responsibility to the limit, it is difficult to adapt to the complicated conditions of mine disasters, it is also mine disaster accident reasons.2of China coal mine production safety situation2.1 safe production is increasingly highlighted the important position and roleCoal is the foundation for national economic and social development. At present coal in our country the sources of energy production and consumption structure accounted for about 60%, predict 2050 will account for more than 50%, therefore, the coal in a fairly long period of time will still be the main energy source in china. In 2000countrywide coal gross is 990000000 T, 1101000000 t in 200 12002, 1390000000 T,1956000000 t in 2004, in 2007 reached2523000000 T, this year will achieve 3100000000 T, year of growth 12.38%. At present, the rapid growth of the economy on the development of coal industry has put forward higher requirements. So we must ensure that the coal industry lasts, stable, healthy development.2.2coal industry take new-style industrialized way, realize the informatization and modernization, to coal mine safety production technology has put forward higher requirementsThe report of the 17th Party Congress, in the primary stage of socialism is the most practical, pointed to a comprehensive understanding of industrialized, normalization, town is changed, commercialize, internationalization and in-depth development of the new situation and new tasks, highlighting the informatization in this process status can not be replaced. Safety production of coal industry is to take new-style industrialized way, realize the sustainable development of the premise, science and technology is the first productivity, each job of safe production to be transferred to rely on progress of science and technology of the correct path, through scientific and technological innovation, to improve coal mine safety management level of coal mine disasters, early warning and prevention level, coal mine safety monitoring technology.3in view of our country current coal mine production safety situation Countermeasures3.1strengthening the management of coalTake effective measures, promote the chief executive of the government and the enterprises legal representative two responsibilities is fulfilled reach the designated position. Strengthening the supervision of personnel team construction, perfect the local regulations, suggested that relevant departments across the joint law enforcement, avoid law enforcement activities in the illegal behavior, and establish a good image of the government regulation. The government shall be ordered to rectify firm closure of small mines, eliminate accident hidden trouble.3.2 cogent accelerate coal enterprise integrationCountries through capital investment, resource transfer policy, encourage local governments to support large enterprises and the central enterprise development, give full play to the big enterprises and backbone enterprises of technology, management and personnel, with the integration of coal resources, safety, technical reform as an opportunity, will be part of the small coal mines have the potential to transform large colliery, built a number of high efficiency, large scale, well-equipped modern mine, drive entire industry to raise the safety level.