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De ce mb e r 物理化学学 W u l i Hu a x u e Xu e b a o A ct a P 一 C S in 2 0 1 0 2 6 1 2 3 1 9 3 3 1 9 8 3 1 9 3 A r t icl e w ww wh x b p k u e d u cn 具有高活性和突出的抗中毒性能的 P t 修饰 R u C催化剂的制备和表征 高海丽 廖世军 曾建皇 梁振兴 谢义淳 华南理工大学化学与化工学院 广州 I 5 1 0 6 4 1 摘要 采用两步浸渍 还原法制备了一种具有高P t 利用效率 高性能的P t 修饰的R u C催化 U R u P t C 对 于甲醇的阳极氧化反应 该催化剂的单位质量铂的催化活性分别为P t C 自制 P t Ru C和商业J M P t R u C催化 剂的 1 9 1 5 和 1 4倍 其电化学活性比表面 积分别为 P t C和 自制 P t R u C的 1 6 和 1 3 倍 尤为重要的是该催化 剂对 甲醇氧化中间体具有很好的去除能力 其正向扫描的氧化峰的峰电流密度 与反向扫描氧化峰的峰电流 密度 b 之比可高达 2 4 为P t C催化剂的 f b 的2 7 倍 表明催化剂具有很好的抗甲醇氧化中间体毒化的能力 另外 R u P t C催化剂的稳定性也高于 P t C 自制 P t R u C和商业J M P t Ru C催化剂的稳定性 采用X射线衍 射 XR D 透射电镜 T E M 和X射线光电子能谱 X P S 对催化剂进行了表征 P l 在 R u 表面的包覆结构得到了印 证 R u P t C的高铂利用效率 高性能和高抗毒能力使其有望成为一种理想的直接甲醇燃料 电池 电催化剂 关键词 直接 甲醇燃料 电池 P t 修饰 R u C 电催化剂 甲醇氧化 抗中毒能力 中图分类号 06 4 3 Pr e p a r a t i on a n d Ch a r a ct e r i z a t iO n o f Pl a t in um De c or a t e d Ru C Ca t a l y s t wit h H ig h Pe r f or m a n c e a n d Su pe r ior Poi s on T ol er a n c e GAO Ha i L i L I AO Sh i J u n ZENG J i a n Hu a n g L I ANG Zh e n Xi n g XI E Yi Ch u n S ch o o l o fC h e mi s t r ya n dC h e m ica l E n g in e e r i n g S o u t h C h i n a U n i v e r s ityof T e ch n o l o g y G u a n g z h o u 5 1 0 6 4 1 P R C h i n a Ab s t r a c t A p l a t i n u m d e cor a t e d Ru C ca t a l y s l wi t h h i g h p l a t i n u m u t i l i z a t i o n e f fi ci e n cy h i g h p erf o r man c e a n d h i g h p o i s o n i n g t o l e r a n ce wa s p r e p a r e d u s in g a t wo s t a g e l mp r e g n a t i o n r e d u c t i on me t h o d We f ou n d t h a t f or a n o d i c me t h a n o l o x i d a t i o n t h e ca t a l y s t a ct i v i t y i n t e r ms o f t h e Pt l o a d wa s 1 9 an d 1 5 t i me s a s t h a t o f P t C a n d Pt Ru C al lo y ca t a l y s t s r e s p e c t i v e l y Th e s e v a l u e s a r e a l s o h i gh e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o mme r c i a I J M P t Ru C ca t a ly s t T h e e l e c t r o c h e mi c a l l y a ct i v e s u rfa ce ar ea o f Ru P t C was f o u n d t o b e 1 6 a n d 1 3 t i me s a s t h o s e o f P t C an d Pt Ru C a l l o y ca t a l y s t s r e s p e c t i v e l y Fu r t h e r mOr e we f o u n d t h a t t h e r a t i o o f t h e f o r wa r d p e a k cu r r e n t d e n s i t y t o t h e b a ck w a r d p e a k cu r r e n t d e n s i t y b r e a ch e d 2 4 wh i ch w a s 2 7 t i me s a s t h a t o f t h e P t C c a t aly s t T h i s i mp l i e s t h a t t h e Pt d e c o r a t e d Ru C ca t a l y s t p o s s e s s e s a h i g h t o l e r a n c e f o r t h e i n t e r me d i a t e p o i s o n i n g s p e ci e s I n a d d i t i o n t h e s t a b ili t y o f R u P t C wa s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f P t C P t R u C a l l o y a n d J M P t Ru C T h e ca t a ly s t wa s ch a r a ct e r i z e d b y X r a y d i ff r a ct i o n XR D t r a n s mi s s i o n e l e ct r o n mi cr o s co p y T E M a n d X r a y p h o t o e l e ct r o n s p e ct r o s co p y XP S T h e C O r e s h e l I s t r u ct u r e o f t h e ca t a l y s t wa s d e t e r mi n e d b y X RD a n d T E M T h e h i g h p e r f o r ma n ce a n d h i g h p o i s o n i n g t o l e r a n ce o f Ru P t C d u r i n g t h e a n o d i c o x i d a t i on o f me t h an ol ma k e i t a p r o mi s i n g e l e ct r O ca t a l v s t f b r di r e c t me t h a n oI f u e l ce l l s Ke y W or d s Di r e ct me t h a n o l f u e l c e l l Pl a t i n u m d e cor a t e d Ru C E l e c t r o ca t a l y s t Me t h a n o l o x i d a t i o n Po i s on t o l er a n c e Re ce ive d M a y 2 5 20 1 0 Re v is e d S e p t e mb e r 2 9 2 01 0 P u b l is he d o n W e b No v e mb e r 3 2 01 0 Co r r e s p o n d in g a u t h o r E ma i l ch s j l i a o s cu t e d u cn T e 1 F a x 8 6 2 0 8 7 1 1 3 5 8 6 T h e p r o j e ct wa s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e Na t i o n a l Na t u r a l S cie n ce F o u n d a t i o n o f C h i n a 2 0 6 7 3 0 4 0 2 0 8 7 6 0 6 2 a n d Na t i o n a l Hig h T e ch Re s e a r ch a n d De v e l o p me n t P r o g r a m o f C h i n a 8 6 3 r 2 0 0 9 AA0 5 Z1 1 9 国家 自然科学基金 2 0 6 7 3 0 4 0 2 0 8 7 6 0 6 2 和 国家高技术研 究发展计划项 目 8 6 3 2 0 0 9 AA0 5 Z 1 1 9 资助 9 Ed i t o r ia l o ffi ce o f Act a P h y s ico Ch i mica S i n i ca 31 9 4 Act a P s 一 C h i m S i n 2 0 1 0 VO 1 2 6 L o w t e mp e r a t u r e f u e l ce l l s in cl u d i n g t h e Hi 02 p r o t o n e x ch a ng e me mb r a ne f ue l ce l l dir e ct a l coh ol f ue l ce l 1 a nd dir e ct f o r mic a cid f u e l ce l l h a v e a t t r a ct e d co n s id e r a b l e a t t e n t io n in r e c e n t y e a r s f o r t h e ir p o t e n t ia l u s e in t r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d o t h e r mo b il e a p p l ica t io n s 一 T o t h is d a y p l a t in u m h a s b e e n t h e mo s t co mmo n e l e ct r o ca t a l y s t for l o w t e mp e r a tur e f u e l ce l l s Ho we v e r it is r e a d il y p o i s o n e d b y ca r b o n mo n o x id e in t h e r e f o r ma t e g a s o r b y t h e in t e r me d ia t e s g e n e r a t e d d u ri n g t h e o x id a t io n o f me t h a n o l o r f o rm ic a cid I n a d d it io n t h e s ca r cit y a n d h ig h co s t o f P t h a v e p r e e mp t e d l a r g e s ca l e f ue l ce l l d e ve l o pme n t The r e f o r e e n ha nce d p o is o n t o l e r a n ce a n d in cr e a s e d P t u t il iz a t io n e ffi cie n cy a r e cr it i ca l f o r t h e d e v e l o p me n t a n d co mme r cia l iz a t io n o f l o w t e mp e r a t u r e r u e 1 ce l l s J Eno r mo us e ffo r t ha s be e n pu t in t o in cr e a s ing Pt ut il iz a t io n e ffi cie n cy i n fue l ce l l s l 2 J T h e f o rm a t io n o f P t a l l o y s i s ce r t a in l y on e wa y t o e n ha nce P t u t il iz a t io n a nd n u m e r o us r e po rts h a v e focu s e d o n t h is t o p icl l 3 I n a d d it io n t o P t b a s e d a l l o y ca t a l y s t s P t d e co r a t e d M M P t ca t a l y s t s M d e n o t e s i n e x p e n s iv e me t a l s o r P t s k i n P t M ca t a l y s t s h a v e p r o v e n e f f e ct i v e i n a chie ving h ig h Pt u t il iz a t ion e ffi cie ncy s ince t h e e l e ct r oca t a l yt ic r e a ct io n o ccu r s o n l y o n t h e e l e ct r o ca t a l y s t s u r f a ce F o r e x a mp l e An d o e t a 1 p r e p a r e d a n e l e ct r o ca t a l y s t wit h u l t r a l o w Pt con t e n t v ia g a l v a nic dis pl a ce m e n t o f Pb b y Pt an d Ru in t h is ca s e t h e ma s s a ct iv it y o f P t for t h e me t h a n o l o x id a t io n r e a ct i o n MOR wa s a b o u t 1 0 t i me s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f co rn me r cia l Pt Ru C Al l o y e d P t Ru C ca t a l y s t s h a v e b e e n e x t e n s iv e l y in v e s t ig a t e d a n d it is g e n e r a l l y a cc e p t e d t h a t Ru e f f e ct iv e l y imp r o v e s t h e p o is o n in g t o l e r a n ce o f ca t a l y s t s f o r d ir e ct m e t h a n o l f u e l ce l l s DMF C a n d r e f 0 r ma t e f u e l ce l l s C o mp a r e d wi t h P t R u is fou r t i me s a s a b u n d a n t I n a d d it io n Ru is j u s t o n e s e v e n t h t h e co s t o f p l a t in um a n d p o s s e s s e s g o o d t o l e r a n ce t o ch e m ica l a n d e l e ct r o ch e mica l co r r o s io n Ba s e d o n t h is k n o wl e d g e we s p e cia l l y d e s ig n e d a c a t a l y s t wit h R u a s t h e co r e a n d P t a s t h e s he l l t o cr e a t e a l ow cos t ca t a l ys t wit h high pl a t inu m u t il iz a t io n a n d h ig h p o is o n t o l e r a n ce T o d a t e o n l y a f e w r e p o rts o n p l a t in u m d e co r a t e d Ru C ca t a l y s t s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d Al a y o g l u e t a 1 p r e p a r e d R u P t C e l e ct r o ca t a l y s t a n d t h e ir e x p e ri me n t a l r e s u l t s in d ica t e d it h a d h ig h p e r f o r ma n ce fo r o x id iz in g CO in H2 C h e n e t a 1 p r e p a r e d P t d e co r a t e d Ru n a n o p a rticl e s wit h l o w P t co n t e n t u s in g a r e d o x t r a n s me t a l a t i o n p r o ce s s a n d t h e s e ca t a l y s t s h a d h i g h e r a ct iv it y t o wa r d me t h a n o l o x id a t io n t h a n co mme r cia l P t Ru b l a ck ca t a l ys t I n t h e p r e s e n t wo r k a p l a t in u m d e co r a t e d Ru C wit h h ig h p e r f o rm an ce an d h ig h p o is o n t o l e r a n ce wa s s u cce s s ful l y p r e p a r e d u s in g a t wo s t a g e imp r e g n a t io n r e d u ct io n me t h o d T h e a ct iv i t y o f a n o d i c me t h a n o l o x id a t i o n o n th e R u P t C ca t a l y s t wa s s tud ie d 1 Ex p e r ime n t a l Al l t h e r e a g e n t s we r e o f a n a l y t ica l p u r ity a n d u s e d a s r e ce iv e d wit h o u t f u r t h e r p u r ifi ca t io n Ch l o r o p l a t in ic a cid a n d r u t h e n iu m ch l o ri d e we r e p u r ch a s e d f r o m S h e n y a n g J in k e Re a g e n t F a ct o r y C i t r i c a ci d 9 9 5 w a s p urch a s e d f r o m S i n o p ha r m Ch e m ica l Re a ge n t Limit e d Co r po r a t io n S ul f ur ic a cid 9 5 9 8 wa s p r o v id e d b y G u a n g d o n g Gu a n g h u a C h e mi ca l F a ct o ry C o L t d a n d me t h a n o l 9 9 5 wa s p u r ch a s e d f r o m Gua ng z h ou Do ng ho ng Che mical Fa ct o ry 1 1 Ca t a l y s t p r e p a r a t i on Vu l ca n XC7 2 ca r bo n b l a ck wa s pr e t r e a t e d u s ing a p r e viou s l y d e s cr ib e d p r o ce d ure B r ie fl y t h e carb o n b l a ck wa s fi r s t p r e t r e a t e d a t r o o m t e mpe r a t ur e in a ce t on e Ne x t t h e ca r bo n p o wd e r wa s a d d e d t o a mix t ure s o l u t io n o f n i t r ic a cid a n d h y d r o g e n p e r o x id e an d t h e n r e f l u x e d a t 8 0 f o r 5 h t o in d u ce h y d r o p h il iz a t io n a n d r e mo v e me tal r e s id u e s Pt d e co r a t e d Ru C ca t a l y s t wa s p r e p are d u s in g a tw o s t a g e imp r e gn a t io n r e d u ct io n me t h o d I n t h e fi r s t s t a g e R u C wa s p r e p a r e d b y imp r e g na t in g t h e ca r b o n b l a ck wit h mt h e n iu m ch l o ri d e s o l u t io n f o l l o we d b y h y d r o g e n r e d u ct io n a t 2 0 0 for 2 h I n t h e s e co n d s t a g e p l a t in u m d e co r a t io n wa s a ch ie v e d b y imp r e g n a t in g Ru C wit h a s o l u t io n o f ch l o r o p l a t in ic a cid a n d ci t r i c a ci d t h e l a t t e r b e i n g u s e d a s a co mp l e x in g a n d s t a b i l i z in g a g e n t t h e n r e d u ci n g it i n a h y dro g e n fl o w a t 9 0 for 5 h T h e n o min a l P t a n d R u p e r ce n t a g e s in the r e s u l t in g ca t a l y s t we r e 5 a n d 2 0 ma s s f r a ct io n r e s p e ct i v e l y F o r co m p a r is o n a l l o y e d P t R u C a t o mic r a t i o o f P t R u i s 1 1 me t a l l o a d in g 2 0 w a n d P t C 2 0 w we r e p r e p a r e d v ia t h e s a me me t h o d T h e p r e p are d ca t a l y s t i s d e n o t e d a s R u P t C a l t h o u g h t h is d o e s n o t n e ce s s a r il y m e a n t h a t the a ct iv e p a r t icl e s s u p p o r t e d o n t h e carb o n p o s s e s s a p e r f e ct co r e s h e l l s t r u ct u r e 1 2 Ch ar a c t e r i z a t i on T h e mo r p h o l o g y o f t h e ca t a l y s t wa s o b s e r v e d u s in g a t r a n s mis s i o n e l e ct r o n mi cr o s co p e T E M J E O L J E M一 2 0 1 0 H R o p e r a t in g a t 2 0 0 k V C o mp o s it io n a n a l y s is o f t h e ca t a l y s t wa s ca r r ie d o u t u s in g t h e e n e r g y d is p e r s iv e X r a y micr o a n a l y s is E DX a t t a ch e d t o t h e T E M T h e p r e p ara t io n o f s a mp l e s f o r T EM a n d E DX o b s e r v a t io n wa s a s fol l o ws a s ma l l a mo u n t o f e l e ct r o ca t a l y s t s a mp l e wa s a d d e d t o a we ig h in g b e a k e r co n t a in in g e th a n o l a n d p l a ce d in a n u l t r a s o n ic b a th for a p p r o x ima t e l y 2 0 mi n C a r b o n co a t e d co p p e r g r id 3 mm 2 0 0 me s h w a s t h e n imme r s e d in t h e a b o v e s o l u t io n an d 也e s o l v e n t wa s a l l o we d t o e v a p o r a t e fro m t h e g r id X r a y p o wd e r d i衢a ct io n X R D wa s ca r r i e d o u t o n a S h i ma d z u XD 3 A u s i n g fi l t e r e d Cu r a d i a t io n a n d o p e r a t i n g a t 3 5 k V a n d 3 0 mA T h e 2 0 r e g io n b e tw e e n 2 0 a n d 8 0 wa s e x p l o r e d a t a s ca n r a t e o f 4 f 1 mi n X r a y p h o t o e l e ctr o n s p e ctr o s co p y XP S me a s u r e me n t w a s ca r r i e d o u t in an u l t r a h ig h v a cu u m o n a P e r k i n El me r P HI 1 6 0 0 s y s t e m P e r k i n E l me r US A u s i n g a s i n g l e Mg X r a y s o urce o p e r a t in g a t 3 0 0 W a n d 1 5 k V Th e b in d in g e n e r g ie s we r e ca l l b r a t e d b a s e d u s in g t h e C l s p e ak o f gra p h it e a t 2 8 4 5 e V a s a r e f e r e nce 1 3 El ect r o c h e mi c al me a s ur e me n t s E l e ct r o ch e mj ca 1 me a s ur e me n t s we r e ca r r ie d o u t a t r o o m No 1 2 GAO Ha i Li e t a 1 P r e p a r a t io n a n dCh a r a ct e ri z a t io no f Pl a t i n u m De co r a t e dRu CCa t a l y s t 31 9 5 t e mp e r a t u r e u s i n g a n e l e ct r o ch e mi ca l wo r k s t a t i o n I v i u m N e t h e r l a n d s A co mmo n t h r e e e l e ctr o d e e l e ct r o ch e mica 1 e e l l wa s u s e d f o r th e me a s u r e me n t s T h e co u n t e r a n d r e f e r e n ce e l e ctr o d e s we r e p l a t i n u m wi r e a n d A g Ag C 1 in s a t u r a t e d KC I r e s p e ct iv e l y T h e wo r k in g e l e ct r o d e wa s a t h in l a y e r o f Na ti o n imp r e g n a t e d ca t a l y s t ca s t o n a g l a s s y ca r b o n e l e ctro d e wit h d i a me t e r o f 5 0 mm A t h in fi l m e l e ctro d e wa s p r e p a r e d u s in g s t a n d a r d t h in fi l m me t h o d Bri e fl y 5 0 mg o f ca t a l y s t wa s d is p e r s e d u l tr a s o n ica l l y i n 1 0 mL Na tio n e t h a n o l O 2 5 w Na tio n for 3 0 mi n T h e n 6 g L i n k s o l u t io n w a s p i p e t t e d a n d s p r e a d o n t h e g l a s s y ca r b o n s u r f a ce a n d t h e e l e ctro d e wa s a ir d r i e d C y cl ic v o l t a mme t r y cv e x p e ri me n t s for t h e a n o d i c o x id a t io n o f me t h a n o l we r e p e r f o r me d in a s o l u t io n o f 0 5 0 mo l L一 H2 S04 0 50mo卜L CH3 OH a t as ca nr a t eof 30mV s T h e e l e ctr o ch e mi ca l a ct i v e s u r f a ce a r e a S m g o f P t b a s e d ca t a l y s t s ca n b e e s t ima t e d f r o m t h e in t e g r a t e d ch a r g e o f t h e h y d r o g e n a b s o r p t io n r e g io n o f t h e CV a cco r d in g t o Ga s t e ig e r e t a1 Q H 0 2 1 W t w h e r e QH i s t h e ch a r g e e x ch a n g e d d u r in g h y d r o g e n d e s o rpt io n o n t h e P t s urf a ce me cm 1 is t h e P t l o a d in g o n the e l e c t r o d e mg e m a n d 0 2 1 is t h e ch a r g e r e q u i r e d t o o x i d i z e a mo n o l a y e r o f h y dr o g e n o n the P t s urf a ce 2 Re s ul t s an d dis c u s s i on F i g 1 s h o ws t h e XR D p a t t e ms o f R u C R u P t C a l l o y e d P t Ru C a n d P t C T h e r e fl e ct io n p e a k s for Ru C a t 3 8 4 4 4 0 5 8 I 3 6 9 3 a n d 7 8 3 ca n b e a s cr ib e d t o R u 1 0 0 R u 1 0 1 R u 1 0 2 R u 1 1 0 and R u 1 0 3 r e s p e ct i v e l y i n d i ca t iv e o f we l l r e d u ce d r u t h e n iu m a t 2 0 0 T h e XR D p a t t e m o f R u P ff C is q u it e d iffe r e n t f r o m t h a t o f t he a l l o ye d Pt Ru C The m a in chara ct e r is t ic o f t he XRD pa t t e m for a l l o y e d P t Ru C is t h e d is a p p e aran ce o f the rut h e n iu m p e a k a t 4 4 0 in a g r e e me n t wit h wh a t h a s p r e v io u s l y b e e n r e p o r t e d T h is is e x p l ica b l e b y t h e in co r p o r a t io n o f s ma l l e r ru t he nium int o t he pl a t inum l a t t ice I n s ha rp co ntra s t fro m the XR D p a R e m o f Ru P t C we can cl e a r l y o b s e r v e t h e i n d e p e n d e n t p e a k s tha t b e l o n g t o p l a t in u m a n d r u th e n iu m r e s p e ct iv e l y T h e r e is n o n o t a b l e s h ift in 2 0 a n g l e imp l y in g t h a t P t d id n o t a l l o y wit h Ru 彤 一 C 0 C 2 0 F i g 1 XRDp a t t e r n s o f Ru P t C a H o y e dP t Ru C Ru C a n d P t C W it h t h e a id o f a c o mp l e x in g a g e n t a n d a n a p p r o p ri a t e s o l v e n t d u r in g p r e p a r a t io n t h e a ct iv e c o mp o n e n t wa s h ig h l y d is p e r s e d o n the s u p p o r t s ur f a ce T h e cr y s t a l s iz e s r e a d f r o m t h e J a d a s o f t wa r e s u p p l ie d b y t h e v e n d o r o f t h e XR D in s t r u me n t w e r e 2 8 a n d 3 0 a m for R u C a n d R u P t C r e s p e ct i v e l y T h e l a r g e r p a r t icl e s iz e o f R u P t C mig h t h a v e r e s u l t e d fr o m t h e d e co r a t io n o f P t o n R u p a r t icl e s a n d t h u s ma y s e rv e a s a n in d i r e ct in d ica t io n o f P t d e co r a t io n o n Ru F ig 2 s h o ws t h e T E M HRT EM ima g e s t o g e t h e r wit h t h e p a r t i cl e s iz e d is t r ib u t io n o f R u P V C ca t a l y s t T E M i ma g e s o f R u P t C i n F ig 2 A B s h o w t h a t t h e a ct i v e co m p o n e n t s a r e we l l d is p e r s e d o n the ca r b o n s u p p o rt s u r f a ce an d t h e p a r t icl e s iz e d is t r ib u t io n wa s q u it e un ifor m EDX me a s u r e me n t s r e v e a l t ha t t he pa rticl es a r e co mpos e d o f e l e me nt a l Ru a nd Pt a nd the ma s s r a t io o f R u t o Pt wa s 3 9 6 q u it e co n s is t e n t wit h t h e p r e p a r a t io n co mp o s it io n in d ica t iv e o f co mp l e t e r e d u ct io n o f Ru a n d P t a t a mil d h e a t in g t e mp e r a t u r e un d e r h y dr o g e n As is g e n e r a l l y a ck n o wl e d g e d EDX an a l y s is ca n o n l y g iv e in f o r m a t io n o n t h e b u l k co mp o s it io n o f t h e n an o p a rticl e s F ig 2 C s h o ws q u it e a n a r r o w s iz e d is t ri b u t io n for t h e m e t a l p a r t ic l e s wit h t h e a v e r a g e d ia me t e r ca 2 9 a m T h e in s e rt in Fig 2 B s h o ws a m a g n ifi e d im a g e o f a p a rt icl e in wh ich t h e cr o s s o v e r o f t h e cr y s t a l l a t t ice ma y r e s u
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