毕业论文——凄郁荒原上的复仇——《呼啸山庄》希刺克里夫人格分析.doc

本文档系作者精心整理编辑，实用价值高。2012届 分类号：I106 单位代码 ：10452临沂大学毕业论文（设计）凄郁荒原上的复仇呼啸山庄主人公希刺克厉夫精神分析姓 名 学 号 年 级 专 业 英语 系（院） 外国语学院 指导教师 2012年4 月 20 日本文档系作者精心整理编辑，如有需要，可查看作者文库其他文档。本文档系作者精心整理编辑，实用价值高。The Revenge on the Dreary MoorPsychoanalysis of Heathcliff in Wuthering HeightsA Thesis Submittedto Foreign Languages School of Linyi Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsBySupervisor： April 20, 2012Acknowledgements In the course of my studying and writing this paper, I would like to express my devout gratitude to all those who have assisted me. First of all, I should give my deepest and sincerest appreciation to Ms Miao. She facilitates my work in rich collections of materials and accompanies me in each step on my thesis writing. Without her enlightening and invaluable instructions, this paper would not have achieved its present shape.And Im grateful to all my teachers in this university. In the four years when I study here, they treat me with warmth and patience; provide me with illuminating comments and encouragements. Last but not least, Im greatly indebted to my classmates and friends, and they also have brought me some precious suggestions and confidence to accomplish this paper.AbstractEmily Bront devoted her life to Wuthering Heights, which represented the reality of the 19th century. As the sole novel in Emily Brontes life, Wuthering Heights enjoys a great fame in literature. This novel shows the readers not only deep love between Heathcliff and Catherine, but also strong hatred and revenge in Heathcliff resulting from such profound love. Employing Freuds theory of psychoanalytic personality, the paper, from the perspectives of three-level personality structure, thoroughly and deeply analyzed the causes of Heathcliffs insanity and reveals the inevitable doomed tragedy of his life and the social implications of Wuthering Heights.Key words: Freud; theory of psychoanalytic personality; tragedy; social implications摘要艾米利勃朗特毕生致力于呼啸山庄，它是十九世纪英国现实的体现。作为艾米丽勃朗特的唯一一部作品，呼啸山庄在英国文学史上备受关注。这部小说不仅展现给读者希刺克厉夫和凯瑟琳之间的深刻的爱情，更包含了希刺克厉夫由至深的爱演变而来的疯狂的恨与复仇。本文运用弗洛伊德精神分析人格理论，从三重人格结构方面，较为全面、深刻剖析艾米利勃朗特的代表作呼啸山庄男主人公希刺克厉夫心理变态和人格扭曲的成因，揭示其悲剧的必然性及作品的社会启示。关键词：弗洛伊德；精神分析人格理论；悲剧；社会启示Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstractii摘要iiiTable of ContentsivIntroductionivChapter One Brief Introduction of Wuthering Heights31.1Background of Wuthering Heights31.1.1 England in the early of 19 Century31.1.2 Content of Emily Bront41.2 A Brief Summary of Wuthering Heights4Chapter Two A Brief Introduction of Freuds Theory of Psychoanalytic Personality8Chapter Three Psychoanalysis of Heathcliff113.1 The Self-indulgent Id of Heathcliff113.2 The Torturous Ego of Heathcliff123.3 The Lethal Superego of Heathcliff13Conclusion15Works Cited16 IntroductionAs the sole novel in Emily Bronts life, Wuthering Heights enjoys a great fame in literature. There are so many people writing articles about this novel. Some people regard it as a sorrowful love story, and some people say that it is the bloody revenge of Heathcliff. Also many people believe that it is the struggle and tussle of the underdogs who lives in the substrate. Many literature critics make research on the novel based on Marxism, feminism, psychoanalysis, and the research of culture of Christianism. Also there are a lot of scholars making research on the environment and characters in this novel. The England critic Thompson (1997) wrote the book Emily Bront and Wuthering Heights. He made a research about the theme of the novel from the respect of sociology. In his view, Wuthering Heights tells not the love story between Cathy and Heathcliff, but reveals the enthusiasm of the people alive, the ownership of the property, the arrangement of marriage, the importance of education, and the relationship between the poor and the rich. In a word, Wuthering Heights presents readers the psychological pressure and conflict of people lived in the 19th century of capitalistic society.The England critic Davis Cecil (2001) wrote the book Emily Bronte and Wuthering Heights. In this book, the writer remarked on the living environment of Emily Bront and the imagination, the tongue and depiction style in Wuthering Heights. What is more, he analyzed the personality in the book. Literature critic Virginia Woolf compared Jane Eyre to Wuthering Heights. She said that Charlotte Bront used her eloquence and passion to express her love , hatred, and agony (Woolf 167). However, there is no “I” in Wuthering Heights. Emily Bront was illumed by universal conception, so what drove her to write was not her own love and sorrow, but the reality that she would overlook the whole world.In our country, there are also many scholars research the novel from different respect. Professor Chen Maolin (2005) in Nankai University wrote the article Return to Nature, he believed that nature in the novel was an independent subject; it protected peoples spirit and soul. So only people returned to nature, returned to humanity, could we solve our mental problems. He emphasized the importance of the relationship between civilization and nature. Professor Ma Kun (2008), Shanghai Normal University, wrote the article Return of Humanity, pointed out that socialization and symbolization is the inevitable fate of human beings in the respect of self-identity.In consideration of the research production and trend of Wuthering Heights at home and abroad, most articles are talking about the theme, writing technique, and character in Wuthering Heights. Although scholars in our country have widened the depth and enrich the content of research, there is still much disparity when comparing to the overseas. So we should give the research of Wuthering Heights a more multidimensional space. Therefore, this paper will analyze the main character of Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff, from the perspective of Psychoanalysis. Apart from the introduction and conclusion part, the main body of this thesis consists ofthree chapters. Chapter one is about the background of Wuthering Heights which mainly tells about the author and the society of the novel. In chapter two, this paper introduces Freuds theory of Psychoanalytic Personality, which will be used to analyze the protagonist of the novel, Heathcliff, in the later chapter. At last, this paper uses Freuds theory to analyze Heathcliff specifically and to reveal the realistic meaning of Wuthering Heights. Chapter One Brief Introduction of Wuthering HeightsLove plays a needful role in many literary outputs, so does it in the novel Wuthering Heights, which is called “Sphinx in literature” written by Emily Bronte. As the sole novel in Emily Brontes life, Wuthering Heights enjoys a great fame in literature. The tragic love between two main characters Heathcliff and Catherine is the most fascinating factor in this novel and has been under dispute since the novel was published, and this novel shows the readers not only deep love between Heathcliff and Catherine, but also strong hatred and revenge in Heathcliff resulting from such profound love.1.1Background of Wuthering Heights1.1.1 England in the early of 19 CenturyThe story happened in the early 19 century, the Victoria period, when UK was a classic patriarchy society with a strong sense of hierarchy and class contradiction, divided people into several levels. Their working people not only were exploited and oppressed by the corrupt landed aristocracy, but also ruled by the emerging bourgeois nobles. Meanwhile women and proletariates were oppressed too, whose personal rights had been deprived.At law women were equal to male criminals, madman and minors, in whichever class they were. The middle class were in worse condition, because their wives and daughters were not regarded as the symbol of estate or status, who had to cling to man-farther, husband, brother or son for life and became others dolls. As far as they were concerned, marriage was the best home they turned to, on which their all success or failure depended. But women were equivalent of jetton that was used for consolidating their rank of families and promoting their families wealth. It was the wooers wealth and status that decided the success or failure of ones marriage, which should be well-matched rather than allowed by families (James 49).If the marriage was opposed by families, it was more likely to be failure .To elope with his/her lover was the last choice for youth who loved each other so much and wouldnt abandon each other forever. While elopement means lost everything, they not only had to break with their own families and give up the right of inheriting the rank of families and wealth, but also they had to bear heavy society pressure.In Victoria times, elopement and adultery were regarded as shameful thing, which would be condemned by society at that time. As a result, the lovers had to live a incognito life, struggling to themselves against the ruthless and furious life. Family owned so many rights on marriage that man should pay more attention to it. The rich youth would better not to proposal when he took a fancy to the woman under lower class, unless he would be expeled out of family.1.1.2 The Introduction of Emily BrontEmily Bront was an English novelist and poet, now best remembered for her novel Wuthering Heights, a classic of English literature. Emily Bront lived an eccentric, closely guarded life. She was born in 1818, two years after Charlotte and a year and a half before her sister Anne, who also became an author. Her father worked as a church rector, and her aunt, who raised them up after their mother died, was deeply religious. Emily Bront did not take to her aunts Christian fervor; the character of Joseph in Wuthering Heights, a caricature of an evangelical, may have been inspired by her aunts religiosity (James 56).The Bronts lived in Haworth, a Yorkshire village in the midst of the moors. These wild, desolate expanseslater the setting of Wuthering Heightsmade up the Bronts daily environment, and Emily lived among them her entire life. She died in 1848, at the age of thirty.1.2 A Brief Summary of Wuthering HeightsHeathcliff is an orphan. The kind-hearted Mr. Earn Shaw finds him on the way to Liverpool. At that time, he is extremely hungry, has no home to live, also he cannot speak. Then Mr. Earn Shaw takes him to home and give him the name “Heathcliff”. Though all of the people in the home do not like him, Mr. Earn Shaw treats him as his own son.Heathcliff is rough, hot-tempered, and is full of wild, energetic child. When he is taken to Wuthering heights, he is attracted by boundless grassland, sparkling rock, and bare stone. He has a good relationship with Catherine and they have something in common. Both of them are the son of heavy storm (James 98). They like to run on the barren wildness with their bare feet in the heavy storm. He has amazing endurance and never surrender. Hindley Earn Shaw hates him very much and often tortured him and every time he shows a greatly tolerance to endure it. He often hit by Hindley Earn Shaw, but he never blinks and shed a single tear. His amazing tolerance makes him revenge more crazy and cruel. We can know the love between them likes a heavy storm. What makes them love so deeply? At the beginning, there are same elements in their spirit. They are the son of the storm and they love each other through whole body and soul (James 108). Only the same character can make their love more deep. When Heathcliff hears that Catherine accepts Lintons marriage proposal, he cannot stand her betrayal. Catherine regrets for accepting Lintons marriage proposal. She cries in the rain so as to search for Heathcliff. Three years past, Heathcliff looks for Catherine when he comes back. Three years separation makes them realize that they are a closely linked whole, they can not separate from each other for a minute. On the other hand, they share the same spirit of resistance. When Mr. Earn Shaw passes away, they live in a cruel world without sympathy and they feel lonely and hopeless. They are brutally oppressed by Hindley. In this circumstance, the two heart get together more close.Heathcliff has no status, has no stand-by, so all the people in the heights look down upon him except Mr. Earn Shaw and Catherine. When he is taken to the heights, Mrs. Earn Shaw wants to kick him out of the heights. She allows her son to torment him, and she never stops his son to do so. Hindley torment him, because he thinks that Heathcliff snatches his paternal love. After Mr. Earn Shaw dies, Hindley becomes the ruler of the heights, he torments Heathcliff cruelly. He drives him to the servants and he does not allow him to learn pastors lessons. Moreover he asks him to do the heavy works like other servants and he prevents him to meet Catherine. Heathcliff is locked in the door when they visit the Linton. Nelly says no one notices him except her. They treat him so badly which enough to make him be an evil. Hindley treats him as an animal which makes him lose the most fundamental dignity of a man (James 167). In Wuthering Hights Heathcliff has been tormented so much. The most painful is Catherines betrayal. She is married with Linton, who is a young man. He has high position and possesses of abundant properties. That causes the first unfortunate marriage. Heathcliff loses best love and he leaves home. After three years, he comes back to the height with a lot of properties, and he decides to carry out the plan of revenge.After Hindleys wife died, he drinks a lot and gambling makes him lose his much money. Heathcliff lures Hindley and soon gets Wuthering Heights from Hindley. Hindley gets into despair, soon he dies from alcohol abuse. And he only leaves his son debt. Then Heathcliff becomes the owner of Wuthering Heights. After that Heathcliff lures Lintons sister Isabella to marry him in order to revenge Catherines betrayal, and makes the second unfortunate marriage. He plots to seize the property of Thrushcross Grange and realizes the reprisal of Linton family. He torments his wife Isabella cruel and she feels pain so that she leaves Wuthering Heights. Isabella gives birth to a baby Small Linton-a weak child-he dies abroad lonely.Fifteen years has passed, Hindleys son Hareton, Heathcliffs son small Linton and Catherines daughter Cathy grows up. And Heath cliff begins to revenge the next generation Hareton and Cathy. He makes Hareton be aimless and rude boy. He conducted ruthless destruction of his spirit over years. He lures Cathy to go to the Wuthering Heights and she is put under house arrest and he forces her to marry Small Linton who is near dying. Small Linton is selfish, cold-hearted and ruthless. He makes Cathy suffer from great pain. She takes care of Linton day and night; Heathcliff does not allow anyone to help her (Michael 194).After Small Linton dies, Heathcliff occupies the Thrushcross Grange. At present, he has the whole property of Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights and his reprisal reaches to its peak. Wuthering Heights has becomes a hell on earth, people seems to live in a frozen world. Emotion among people drop to freezing point. Heathcliff lives likes an evil, the action of reprisal hardly reaches to the peak. Though he revenge more crazy, he feels more pain in his heart and he cannot receive the happiness from the reprisal.When the action of reprisal reaches the peak, the situation suddenly changed, Heathcliff wants to give up the plan of reprisal. He finds that he lose his will power, he can do nothing. Why does it happen? The pure love between Cathy and Hareton moves him. This two young men dares to resist any person who against their love. From them, he sees the shadow of himself and Catherine. He realizes that his reprisal is fails, there is no significant. Living is continuing and nobody can stop it. And at last, Heathcliff can not bear the torture of Catherine, and dies in despair. Chapter Two A Brief Introduction of Freuds Theory of Psychoanalytic PersonalitySigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic method of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an “analysand”, and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. He was an early neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, and a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the history, interpretation and critique of culture.In order to understand psychoanalysis, namely the analysis of the psyche, it is necessary to distinguish at the outset between the three similar concepts: brain, mind and psyche. Brain is the physiological head of the body, often used as a medical term for its anatomical structure and function (Freud 176). Mind, however, has remained a topic among literary critics for thousands of years. The mind refers basically to the subjective feeling, which is so difficult to generalize for scientific analysis. Psyche is