汽车前桥的设计【全套5张CAD图纸和毕业论文】【汽车专业】

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汽车前桥的设计【全套CAD图纸+毕业论文】【汽车专业】.rar

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关键词：: 汽车前桥设计全套 cad 图纸毕业论文专业

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摘要
中国改革开放以来，在农村实行家庭联产承包责任制的改革，使农村的经济空前活跃。农村的货运量和人口流动量急剧增加，加快了运输机械化成为农村经济发展的迫切需要，随之小型载货汽车也就应运而生，而前桥作为汽车上一个重要的零部件，也显得尤为重要。前桥一般位于汽车的前部，也称转向桥或驾驶桥。是通过悬架与车架相连，用以承受地面与车架之间的垂直载荷外，还承受制动力和侧向力以及这些力构成的力矩，并保证转向轮作正确的运动。在汽车使用中，转向桥的受力情况比较复杂，因此应具有足够的强度。如何保证转向车轮的正确定位角度，转向桥有足够的刚度，使操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的磨耗、汽车能快速平稳的行驶，就是一个重要问题。于是就有了本课题的研究和设计。本文首先对汽车前桥的发展历史做了相关描述，然后小型载货汽车的特点及国内外的发展现状进行了相关的描述，详细分析了前桥的组成和各部件的作用，之后对转向前桥做了详细的设计计算，主要计算了前梁、转向节等在制动和侧滑两种工况下的工作应力。本次设计的绘图均由CAD绘图完成。
关键字：汽车; 前桥; 前梁; 转向节

Abstract
The implementation of the reform of the household contract responsibility system in rural China since the reform and opening up, the rural economy is more active than ever. The dramatic increase in the volume of cargo in rural areas and population flows, speed up the transport mechanization become an urgent need for rural economic development, also came into being along with a small truck, the front axle as an important vehicle parts, especially important.
The front axle is generally located in front of the car, also known as the steering axle or driving bridge. Is connected to the suspension and the frame to withstand the vertical loads between the ground and the frame, but also to withstand the braking force and lateral force and torque of these forces constitutes, and ensure the correct movement of steering rotation. The use of the car, the steering axle by more complex and therefore should be of sufficient strength. How to ensure the correct positioning of the angle of the steering wheel, steering axle have enough stiffness to make the manipulation of light and reduce tire wear, the car can be fast and smooth driving is an important issue. So there will be the subject of research and design.
This paper first described the history of the development of the car before the bridge, then the characteristics of the small truck and the current development at home and abroad are described in the detailed analysis of the composition of the front axle and the role of the various components of the steering bridge to do the detailed design calculations, the main calculation of the first beam, knuckle and other conditions of work in both braking and skidding stress. The design of the graphics are completed by the CAD drawing.
Keywords: car; front axle; beam steering; knuckle

1、绪论 1
1.1 汽车前桥的发展简史 1
1.2课题的研究现状 1
1.3 前桥的作用与组成 1
1.4 前桥的设计步骤 2
1.4.1前桥的结构形式 2
1.4.2前桥设计 2
2、前桥的概述和设计要求 2
2.1 前桥简介 2
2.2前桥的基本参数 2
2.3前桥的设计要求 3
2.3.1设计要求 3
2.3.2结构参数 3
3、前桥的结构 4
3.1 前桥的结构概述 4
3.2前桥的选择 5
3.3 整车参数 5
4、汽车前桥的设计计算 6
4.1前桥在不同工作条件下的受力分析 6
4.1.1汽车在制动时前梁的应力计算…………......………...………...……………………………...7
4.1.2汽车在侧滑时前梁的应力计算 9
4.2转向节在受力分析 10
4.2.1汽车在制动时转向节的应力计算 10
4.2.2汽车在侧滑时转向节的应力计算 11
4.3其他零部件的选用 11
5、结论 12
6、参考文献 13
7、致谢 14

1 绪论
1.1 汽车前桥的发展简史
100多年前，汽车刚刚诞生初期，其转向操纵是仿照马车和自行车的转向方式，即用一个操纵杆或手柄来使前轮偏转，从而实现转向。由于操纵费力且不可靠，以至于时常发生车毁人亡的事故。第一辆不用马拉的四轮车问世时，已经把前桥和前轮组成一个总成，此总成安装在曲轴上，可以绕前桥的中心的一个点转动，利用一个杆柱,连接前桥的重点，通过地板往上延伸，方向盘就紧固在杆柱上端，以此操纵汽车。这种装置在汽车车速不超过马车的速度时，还是很好使的，但当车速提高后，驾驶员就要求提高转向的准确性，以减少轮胎的磨损，提高轮胎的使用寿命。1817年，德国人林肯斯潘杰提出类似于现代汽车、将前轮用转向节与前梁连接的方式，他研制了一种允许汽车前轮在主轴上独立回转的结构，这就是把车轮与转向节连接起来，转向节又用可转动的销轴与前轴连接，从而发明了现代转向梯形机构。

1.2课题的研究现状
中国改革开放以来，在农村实行家庭联产承包责任制的改革，使农村的经济空前活跃。农村的货运量和人口流动量急剧增加，加快了运输机械化成为农村经济发展的迫切需要，也正是这一市场的需要使具有中国特色的运输机械——小型载货汽车的应运而生。它解决了农村运输的急需，填补了村际、乡际，城镇及城乡结合部运输网络的空白，活跃了农村经济，为农村富裕劳动力找了一条出路，从而使数以万计的农民走上了小康之路。
小型载货汽车制造工艺简单，价格便宜，购车农户一般在一年左右就可收回成本。另外，公路的快速建设也促进了小型载货汽车的发展，目前全国98%的乡村都通上了公路，使得全国小型载货汽车有了用武之地。
我们要开发的小型载货汽车要多进行优化设计，使产品新颖化，品种多样化以适应多种需要。在小型载货汽车的设计中，如何在复杂的路况下保证汽车能快速平稳的行驶，就是一个重要问题。于是就有了本课题的研究和设计。

1.3 前桥的作用与组成
汽车前桥是行驶系统的重要组成部分，它通过悬架与车架相连，两端安装汽车的转向车轮，用于支持车架并传递车轮与车架之间的各种作用力，并驱使转向节的摆动来实现汽车的转向。利用铰链装置使车轮偏转一定角度，以实现车辆转向的车桥称为转向桥，一般汽车都以前桥为转向桥，本题前桥即为转向桥。转向桥不仅能使装在前

内容简介：: 中国地质大学长城学院毕业设计任务书学生姓名袁云东学号05208315班级机制3班指导教师于建波职称高级工程师单位中国地质大学长城学院毕业设计题目汽车前桥的设计毕业设计主要内容和要求：前桥是汽车上一个重要的部分，主要包括转向节，转向主销，前轴等零部件，由于汽车的行驶过程中，前桥所处的工作环境恶劣，工作情况复杂，其承受的载荷也多为交变载荷，从而其零部件也容易出现疲劳裂纹甚至断裂现象。这就要求其在结构上必须有足够的强度、刚度和抗疲劳破坏的能力。车桥通过悬架与车架连接，支撑着汽车的大部分重量，并将车轮的牵引力或制动力，以及侧向力经过悬架传给车架。按照其使用功能划分，车桥可以分为转向桥、专项驱动桥、驱动桥和支撑桥。本次课题的主要内容就是要设计一个结构优良的非驱动桥，即转向桥整车参数：汽车总质量M（kg）前桥轴载重量(N)汽车质心至前桥中心线距离(mm)汽车质心至后轴中心线距离(mm)轴距L(mm)前轮距B(mm)前钢板弹簧座中心距s(mm)250085001800100028001350650主销中心距 (mm)汽车质心高度(mm)车轮滚动半径(mm)主销内倾角主销后倾角前轮外倾角前轮前束(mm)12008503506212毕业设计（论文）主要参考资料：1银金光王宏主编机械设计课程设计北京：中国林业出版社，20062 黄余平主编.汽车构造教学图解.北京：人民交通出版社，20053 濮良贵纪明刚主编机械设计北京：高等教育出版社，20064 肖永清杨忠敏主编汽车前桥及转向系统结构与维修北京：国防工业出版社，20045 刘涛主编汽车设计北京：北京大学出版社，20006 陈家瑞主编汽车构造北京：机械工业出版社，20057 小林明主编汽车工程手册北京：机械工业出版社，19968 成大先主编机械设计手册北京：化学工业出版社，1993毕业设计（论文）应完成的主要工作：1、阅读设计任务书，明确设计要求、工作条件、内容和步骤；了解设计对象；阅读有关资料，明确课程设计的方法和步骤，初步拟定设计计划。2、根据任务书中所给参数和工作要求，设计前桥整体结构。3、通过设计计算，确定各零件的主要参数和尺寸，一般包括前轴、转向节、转向节臂，转向节主销等。4、绘制主要零部件的图纸。毕业设计（论文）进度安排：序号毕业设计（论文）各阶段内容时间安排备注 1确定毕业设计题目，查阅并收集整理相关资料2010.11.-2010.12 2确定研究方法，分析处理数据，撰写论文大纲2011.1-2011.2 3构思论文内容，设计开题报告，完成论文初稿的撰写2011.3.-2011.4 4论文修改润色，完成论文终稿，送交指导老师评审，进行答辩2011.4.-2011.5课题信息：课题性质：设计论文课题来源：教学科研生产其它发出任务书日期：指导教师签名：年月日教研室意见：教研室主任签名：年月日学生签名：中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：袁云东学号：05208315 2012年 3 月 1 日外文资料翻译译文前桥一般位于汽车的前部，也称转向桥或从动桥。前桥是汽车上一个重要的总成件，主要包括转向节、转向主销、前梁等零部件。前桥是通过悬架与车架相连，用以承受地面与车架之间的垂直载荷外，还承受制动力和侧向力以及这些力所构成的力矩，并保证转向轮作正确的运动。车桥通过悬架与车架连接，支撑着汽车大部分重量，并将车轮的牵引力或者制动力，以及侧向力经过悬架传给车架。在汽车使用中，转向桥的受力状况比较复杂，因此应具有足够的强度。为保证转向车轮的正确定位角度，使操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的磨耗，转向桥也应有足够的刚度。此外，还应尽量减轻转向桥的重量。总之，由于在汽车的行驶过程中，前桥所处的工作环境恶劣，工况复杂，其承受的载荷也多为交变载荷，从而其零部件易出现疲劳裂纹甚至断裂现象。这就要求其在结构设计上必须有足够的强度、刚度和抗疲劳破坏的能力。前轴：是前桥的主要承重零部件，我公司有管式和锻打式两种结构形式，但主要以锻打式为主。前轴两端各有一呈拳形的加粗部分作为安装主销的部位。中间部分的两侧为板簧支座面，用以安装钢板板弹簧及其附件。在此需要说明的是： U 型螺栓穿过前轴的安装孔需要打紧下方的背紧螺母在时，往往会出现套筒跟前轴背筋发生干涉的问题。为什么会出现该问题呢？一是设计问题，因为前轴的背筋影响到前桥的载荷，因此必须保证一定的尺寸要求，而如果前后 U 型螺栓的距离设计的过小，没有留出足够的间隙装配便会出现以上问题。二是工艺问题，工艺问题有两种情况。第一种是前轴背筋的对称度不好或安装孔的对称度不好容易造成该问题；第二种就是有些主机厂为避免套筒的易损，没有考虑到产品的实际情况而盲目加大套筒的外径。主销：是影响整车性能的重要零部件。主销上有止动槽，销锁栓通过止动槽将主销固定在前轴的主销孔内，使其不能转动也不能轴向移动。节销的加工精度要求很高，是我公司重点控制的零部件之一。转向节：转向节是前桥上主要的转向件。它利用主销和前轴铰接并经一对轮毂轴承承支撑着轮毂组合，来实现转向的功能。制动器总成：是实现车轮制动的主要元件，有油刹和气刹两种形式。在车辆实施制动命令时，制动器的摩擦片通过扩张与制动鼓的内加工面接触产生摩擦力实现车辆制动。前桥制动器的选择非常关键，如果选择不当，会出现前后制动力不匹配，制动力达不到要求等许多问题。轮毂组合：主要通过两滚动轴承安装在转向节上，带动车轮转动。同时与摩擦片形成摩擦副，实现车轮的制动。节臂：分直拉杆臂、横拉杆臂，分别和直拉杆总成和横拉杆总成相连。形成转向机构和转向梯形机构。转向机构来完成车辆的转向，转向梯形决定了车辆的内外转角是否合理。横拉杆总成：是调整前束的主要零部件。杆身是由无缝钢管制造，两端是球形铰接结构的接头总成，通过螺纹配合后安装在横拉杆臂上，杆身可调，以便于调节前束。前桥承受汽车的前部重量，把汽车的前进推力从车架传给车轮，并与转向装置的有关机件作关节式联系，实施汽车的转向。前桥是利用它的两端通过主销与转向节连接，用以转向节的摆转来实现汽车的方向。为使汽车在行驶中具有较好的直线行驶能力，前桥应满足下列要求：为使汽车在行驶中具有较好的直线行驶能力，前桥应满足下列要求： 1足够的强度，以保证可靠的承受车轮与车架（或承载式车身）之间的作用力。 2正确的车轮定位，使转向轮运动稳定，操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的磨损。前轮定位包括主销内倾，主销后倾，前轮外倾和前轮前束。 3足够的刚度，使受力后变形要小，保证主销和转向轮有正确的定位角度保持不变。 4转向节与主销，转向节与前桥之间的摩擦力应尽可能小，以保证转向操作的轻便性，并有足够的耐磨性。 5转向轮的摆振应尽可能小，以保证汽车的正常，稳定行使。 6前桥的质量应尽可能小，以减少非簧载质量，提高汽车行驶平顺性。1.微型汽车前轴 1.微型汽车前轴微型汽车前悬架普遍采用了独立悬架的结构。前轴的载荷相对较小，结构也较为简单。微型汽车前轴一般多为断开式活动关节的结构，由前轴本体，左右横摆臂，加强杆臂等组成。 2.轿车前桥 2.轿车前桥轿车前桥采用麦弗逊式悬架。它承担着驱动及转向的双重功能，悬架上端与车身相连，下端与车轮轴承壳体相连，车轮的外倾是通过悬架与轴承壳体的连接螺栓来调整的，副车架利用弹性件通过控制臂，球铰与悬挂相连，提高了行驶的稳定性和乘坐的舒适性。 3.越野车前桥 3.越野车前桥越野汽车的前桥负有转向和驱动两种任务，故称为转向驱动桥。它和一般驱动桥一样，具有主传动器、差速器和半轴。不同之处是，由于转向的需要，半轴被分为内，外两段而用万向节连接起来，同时主销也因而做成上下两段。 4.载重汽车前轴 4.载重汽车前轴载重汽车前轴采用工字形断面主要用以提高前轴的抗弯强度。上部有二处加宽平面，用以支承钢板弹簧。前轴两端各有一个拳形部分，其中有通孔，作为装转向节主销只用。主销与左右转向节铰接，用带有螺纹的楔形锁销横穿过与主销孔垂直通孔，靠锁销楔面将主销固定在前轴孔内，使它不能转动。一般情况下，常见材料所需定义的材料特性包括：弹性模量、泊松比、密度、比热、热膨胀系数等。前桥主要由两部分材料组成，即前轴和转向节等零部件材料。前轴的材料采用 45 号钢，转向节的材料采用 40Cr。扭杆是汽车前独立悬架中的关键件，属细长杆件，其感应淬火处理是生产中的工艺难点，该文介绍了扭杆的淬火感应器及其工艺试验结果，确定采用半圈式感应器连续淬火工艺，这种处理方法能满足扭杆技术要求和批量生产。该类锻件在锻造成型时，不仅需要较大的变形能，而且尚需一定的变形力，因此选用 J53 系列双盘摩擦压力机比较经济，该系列压力机采用组合打滑飞轮，组合打滑飞轮既能为高度变形较大的锻件提供足够的交形能，又能为锻件提供必需的变形力，且不致超负荷，该系列压力机的设备投资、模具成本和锻件成本均比模锻锤和热模锻曲柄压力机便宜一半多。目前，国内汽车前轴机加工工艺流程主要有以下几种： (1)铣两钢板弹簧座平面；钻两钢板弹簧座平面十孔；粗铣两主销孔上下端面；精铣主销孔上下端面；钻扩铰主销孔；拉削主销孔；锪主销孔上下端面；钻铰锁销孔。在该方案中，存在以下问题：采用主销孔定位锪上下端面，端面与主销孔的垂直度不易保证，主销孔高度尺寸不易保证；以主销孔定位钻锁销孔时，钻头经过十字相贯孔时，易出现单边切削现象，生偏移，造成主销孔与锁销孔中心距不易保证。 (2)铣两钢板弹簧座平面；钻两钢板弹簧座平面十孔；钻铰锁销孔一粗铣主销孔上下端面；精铣主销孔上下端面；钻扩铰主销孔。在该方案中，存在以下问题：因该工艺方法是采用先钻锁销孔后钻主销孔，而主销-fL：fL 径及位置尺寸为关键尺寸，主销精度不易保证；采用先精铣主销孔上下端面后加工主销孔，端面相对主销孔的垂直度难以保证。 (3)铣两钢板弹簧座平面；钻两钢板弹簧座平面十孔；钻铰锁销孔；粗铣主销上下端面；钻扩铰主销孔；精铣主销孔上下端面。在该方案中，存在以下问题：主销孔与锁销孔十字相贯孔尺寸公差01mm 不易保证；采用铰削主销孔，其尺寸公差不易保证；最后精铣主销孔上下端面。主销孔与上下端面垂直度不易保证；主销孔长度尺寸不易保证。随着我国交通运输事业的迅速发展，汽车运输的承载重量和运行速度都在不断增加。于是人们对汽车的安全运行也越来越重视，所以对汽车车桥的设计也提出了更高的要求。由于国外汽车发展起步早，技术投入大，因此在技术上远远领先国内市场，当然也还有很多不足的地方，还需要改进，技术也还需要有所突破。汽车工业作为我国重点发展的支柱产业，其前景相当广阔。目前汽车零部件的生产有一定的潜力，但大多数企业在产品研究，开发等环节存在一定的欠缺，尤其缺少产品的自主开发能力，不能适应系统配套，模块供货，难以参与国际分工。因此，在今后的发展中，我国企业应积极吸收国际汽车先进技术，不断完善自主体系，如制动系统，转向系统等，扩大该产业的产品品种，提高整体技术水平，增强技术开发能力，促使企业更快的发展，适应汽车行业全球化趋势。100多年前，汽车刚刚诞生初期，其转向操纵是仿照马车和自行车的转向方式，即用一个操纵杆或手柄来使前轮偏转，从而实现转向。由于操纵费力且不可靠，以至于时常发生车毁人亡的事故。第一辆不用马拉的四轮车问世时，已经把前桥和前轮组成一个总成，此总成安装在曲轴上，可以绕前桥的中心的一个点转动，利用一个杆柱,连接前桥的重点，通过地板往上延伸，方向盘就紧固在杆柱上端，以此操纵汽车。这种装置在汽车车速不超过马车的速度时，还是很好使的，但当车速提高后，驾驶员就要求提高转向的准确性，以减少轮胎的磨损，提高轮胎的使用寿命。1817年，德国人林肯斯潘杰提出类似于现代汽车、将前轮用转向节与前梁连接的方式，他研制了一种允许汽车前轮在主轴上独立回转的结构，这就是把车轮与转向节连接起来，转向节又用可转动的销轴与前轴连接，从而发明了现代转向梯形机构。中国改革开放以来，在农村实行家庭联产承包责任制的改革，使农村的经济空前活跃。农村的货运量和人口流动量急剧增加，加快了运输机械化成为农村经济发展的迫切需要，也正是这一市场的需要使具有中国特色的运输机械小型载货汽车的应运而生。它解决了农村运输的急需，填补了村际、乡际，城镇及城乡结合部运输网络的空白，活跃了农村经济，为农村富裕劳动力找了一条出路，从而使数以万计的农民走上了小康之路。小型载货汽车制造工艺简单，价格便宜，购车农户一般在一年左右就可收回成本。另外，公路的快速建设也促进了小型载货汽车的发展，目前全国98%的乡村都通上了公路，使得全国小型载货汽车有了用武之地。我们要开发的小型载货汽车要多进行优化设计，使产品新颖化，品种多样化以适应多种需要。在小型载货汽车的设计中，如何在复杂的路况下保证汽车能快速平稳的行驶，就是一个重要问题。于是就有了本课题的研究和设计。汽车前桥是行驶系统的重要组成部分，它通过悬架与车架相连，两端安装汽车的转向车轮，用于支持车架并传递车轮与车架之间的各种作用力，并驱使转向节的摆动来实现汽车的转向。利用铰链装置使车轮偏转一定角度，以实现车辆转向的车桥称为转向桥，一般汽车都以前桥为转向桥，本题前桥即为转向桥。转向桥不仅能使装在前端的左右车轮偏转一定的角度来实现转向，还应能承受垂直载荷和由道路、制动等力产生的纵向力和侧向力以及这些力所形成的力矩。因此，转向桥必须有足够的强度和刚度。车轮转向过程中内部件之间摩擦力应该尽可能小，并且保证汽车转向轻便和方向的稳定性。转向桥一般由前轴、转向节、转向节臂，转向节主销及轮毂组成。前桥一般位于汽车的前部，也称转向桥或驾驶桥。是通过悬架与车架相连，用以承受地面与车架之间的垂直载荷外，还承受制动力和侧向力以及这些力构成的力矩，并保证转向轮作正确的运动。在汽车使用中，转向桥的受力情况比较复杂，因此应具有足够的强度。为保证转向车轮的正确定位角度，使操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的磨耗，转向桥也应有足够的刚度。此外，还应尽量减轻转向桥的重量。前桥承受汽车的前部重量，把汽车的前进推力从车架传给车轮，并与转向装置的有关机件作关节式的联系，实施汽车的转向。越野汽车的前桥同时还承担着与驱动后桥同样的驱动任务。一般载货汽车采用发动机前置后桥驱动的布置形式，故其前桥为转向桥。汽车前桥设计时应保证有足够的设计强度，以保证可靠的承受车轮与车架之间的作用力；保证有足够的刚度，以使车轮定位参数不变；保证转向轮有正确的定位角度，以使转向轮运动稳定，操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的摩擦；转向桥的质量尽量小，以减轻非簧上质量，提高汽车行驶平顺性。外文原文Front axle general is in the front of the bus, also known as steering axle or drive bridge. Automobile front axle is the last important assemblies, including the steering knuckle kingpin, steering, front beam and other components. Front axle through the suspension and frame, used to support the ground and the frame between the vertical load, but also bear the braking force and lateral force and the force of torque, and ensure that the steering rotation right movement. The axle is connected with the frame through the suspension, support most of the weight of vehicle, and wheel traction or braking force, as well as the lateral force after suspension to frame. In the car used in the steering bridge, the stress condition is more complex, so it should have enough strength. In order to ensure the wheel turns to the correct positioning of angle, make manipulation of light and reduce tire wear, steering bridge should have enough stiffness. In addition, should also try to reduce the weight of the bridge. In short, because of the automobile in the running process of the front axle, the abominable working environment, complicated working condition, the load is alternating load, thus the parts easy to fatigue cracking and even rupture phenomenon. This requires that the structural design must have enough strength, stiffness and resistance to fatigue failure of the ability.The front axle is the main load-bearing parts: the front axle, my company has a tubular and forging type two structural forms, but mainly to forging type mainly. The front ends of each with a fist shape bold part as the kingpin of the site installation. In both sides of the spring support for partial surface, used for the installation of steel plate spring and accessories. Need note here is: U type bolt passes through the front mounting holes need matter beneath the back nut in, often can appear with the front axle sleeve back band interference problem. Why can appear such problem? Design is a problem, because the front dorsal ribs affects front axle load, therefore must have a certain size requirements, and if both before and after the U bolt distance design is too small, not enough gap assembly will appear above problem. Two technical problems, technical problems in two cases. The first is the front dorsal rib symmetry is not good or mounting hole symmetrical degree and easy to cause the problem; the second is that some host plant in order to avoid the vulnerable, without taking into account the reality of the product and blind to the sleeve outer diameter. Kingpin: is the impact of vehicle performance of main parts. Kingpin has stop groove, pin lock bolt through the stop groove masterPin fixed on the front axle kingpin bore, so that it cant move can not move axially. Knuckle pin machining accuracy is very high, my company is one of the parts of key control. Steering knuckle: steering knuckle is the main steering part of front axle. It uses the main pin and the front axle is hinged by a pair of axle bearing supporting hub combination, to achieve the function of turning. Brake assembly: is the realization of the wheel brake main component, a brake oil and gas brake two forms. Implemented in the vehicle brake command, brake friction plate through the expansion and brake drum machining surface contact friction realization of vehicle brake. Front axle brake option is very critical, if the choice is undeserved, can appear before and after the brake force is not a match, the braking force is not up to the requirements of many problems. Hub combination : by two rolling bearings mounted on the steering knuckle, drive the rotation of the wheels. At the same time with the friction plate to form a friction pair, to realize the brake wheel. Arm: straight rod arm, tie rod arm, respectively, and a straight rod assembly and the tie rod assembly. Formed a steering mechanism and a steering trapezoidal mechanism. The steering mechanism to complete the vehicle steering, steering trapezoid determines the vehicle inside and outside corner is reasonable. The tie rod assembly: is to adjust the beam before the main parts. The rod body is made of seamless steel tube manufacturing, both ends of the spherical hinge joint structure is the joint assembly, by a thread after the installation of the tie rod arm, the rod body is adjustable, so as to adjust the toe. Front axle under the front of the car weight, the car forward thrust from the frame to the wheel, and with the steering device arranged on parts make joint type connection, the implementation of the automobile steering. The front axle is the use of both ends of it through the main pin and the steering knuckle is connected to the steering knuckle, swing to realize vehicle direction.In order to make the running vehicle has good linear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements: in order to make the running vehicle has good linear driving ability, front axle should meet the following requirements:1sufficient strength, in order to ensure the reliable bearing wheel and frame ( or monocoque ) between the work force. 2 correct positioning of the wheels, so that the steering wheel movement stability, convenient operation and reduce tire wear. Front wheel positioning includes kingpin inclination, caster, camber and toe-in. 3sufficient rigidity, the force deformation small, ensure the main pin and a steering wheel positioned right angle remains constant. 4knuckle and master pin, steering and front axle between the friction should be as small as possible, to ensure that the steering operation for portability, and has sufficient abrasion resistance. 5 steering wheel shimmy should be as small as possible, in order to ensure the vehicle normal, stable exercise. 6 front axle quality should be as small as possible, in order to reduce unsprung mass, improve vehicle ride comfort.1mini car front axle 1mini car front mini car front suspension generally adopt the independent suspension structure. Front axle load is relatively small, the structure is simple. Mini car front axle usually disconnected movable joint structure, which is composed of a front axle body, strengthen the transverse swing arm, arm etc. 2 car front axle2 car front axle front axle suspension with Mcpherson car. It bears the driving and steering functions, the suspension is connected with the vehicle body, and the lower end of the wheel bearing housing connected, wheel camber is through the suspension and the bearing shell of the connecting bolt to adjust, auxiliary frame through the elastic part by controlling the arm, ball hinge connected with suspension, improve the driving stability and ride comfort. 3off-road vehicle front axle3off-road vehicle front axleOff-road vehicle steering and driving front axle has two tasks, it is known as the steering driving axle. And it generally drive the movable bridge, with a main driver, differential and the axle shaft. The difference is, due to the need, half shaft is divided into two segments, and by a universal joint, while the main pin are made under paragraph two. The 4truck front axle 4truck front axle truck front axle with I-shaped cross section is mainly used to improve the front bending strength. The upper two plus wide plane, to support the steel plate spring. The front ends each having a fist shape portion, which has a through hole, as a kingpin only. Main pin and left steering knuckle hinge, with a threaded wedge pin crossed with the main pin hole of vertical through holes on the lock pin wedge surface, the main pin is fixed in the axle hole, so that it cannot rotate.In general, common material needed to define the material properties including: elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, density, specific heat, thermal expansion coefficient. The front axle is mainly composed of two parts, material composition, i.e., front axle and steering knuckle such as zero Department of materials. The front axle is adopted as the material of45 steel, steering knuckle materials using 40Cr.Torsion bar of automobile front independent suspension is the key component, is a slender rod, the induction quenching process is the manufacturing process difficult point, this paper introduces the torsion bar quenching inductor and its process test results, determined using half ring type inductor continuous quenching technology, this method can meet the technical requirements and the quantities of torsion bar production.The forging forging molding, not only greater deformation, but also requires a certain deformation force,Therefore the selection of J53series double disc friction press comparative economics, this series press combined slipping flywheel, combined slipping flywheel can provide highly deformed large forgings with enough to form, and can provide for forgings will required deformation capacity, and not to overload, the series press equipment investment, the cost of the mold and forging cost than die forging hammer and the forging crank press cheap cheap host. At present, the domestic automobile front axle machining process are the following: (1) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the rough milling of two main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the fine mill main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the drilling and reaming main pin hole; the broaching the main pin hole; the main pin hole on the lower end of the countersink reaming pin holes;. In this scheme, the following questionQuestions:1 adopting main pin hole positioning countersink on the lower end, and the end surface of the main pin hole verticality can not be guaranteed, the main pin hole size height can not be guaranteed to the main pin hole; the positioning of the drill pin hole, drill through the cross intersection holes, easy cutting phenomenon, students offset, causing the main pin hole and the locking pin hole center distance can not be guaranteed. (2) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes on the rough milling of a main pin hole on upper end; the fine mill main pin hole of upper and lower end surfaces; the drilling and reaming main pin hole. In this scheme, there are the following problems: the process is used to drill the locking pin hole after the drill main pin hole, and the pin - fL: fL size and position size is the key size, kingpin is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the first; fine mill main pin hole of the upper and lower ends after processing the main pin hole, end relative to the main pin hole verticality is difficult to guarantee. (3) of two plane milling plate spring seat; the drill two spring seat plane ten holes; the drilling and reaming pin holes; the rough milling kingpin on upper end; the drilling and reaming main pin hole; the fine mill main pin hole on the lower end surface. In this scheme, there are the following problems : the main pin hole and the pin hole cross intersecting hole size tolerance of0.1mm is not easy to maintain; to adopt the reaming main pin hole, the dimensional tolerances are not easy to be ensured; the final finish milling main pin hole on the lower end surface. The main pin hole and upper and lower end verticality is not easy to guarantee; the main pin hole size can not be guaranteed.Along with our country transportation enterprise rapid development, auto transport carrying capacity and running speed are continually increasing with. So people to the safe operation of the automobile is more and more attention, so the automobile axle design also raised taller requirement. As a result of foreign automobile development starts early, technical inputs, thus technically far ahead of China market, but also there are many insufficient places, still need to improve, technology also needs a breakthrough. Steam car industry as our focus on the development of pillar industries, its prospect is very wide. At present, auto parts production has certain potential, but most enterprises in product research, development and other aspects of the defect, especially lack of less product independent development capacity, can not adapt to the system support, delivery of modules, to participate in international division of labor. Because of this, in the future development, Chinese enterprises should actively absorb the international advanced automotive technology, and constantly improve the self body lines, such as braking systems, steering systems, expand the industry of product variety, improve the integral technology level, increase the strong technological development capability, urges the enterprise faster development, adapt to the trend of globalization of automobile industry.100 years ago, the car was just beginning, the steering is modelled on the carriage and bicycle steering mode, using a joystick or a handle to make the front wheel deflection, thus realizes the steering. Due to the manipulation of effort and unreliable, so often fatal accident. The first horseless pull four wheel vehicle comes out, have a front axle and a front wheel assembly, the assembly being mounted on the crankshaft, front axle center around a point of rotation, using a rod connecting the front axle, focus, through the floor and extends upward, the wheel is fastened on the rod end, in order to manipulate the car. This device in a vehicle speed not exceeding the speed, or very good, but when the vehicle speed is increased, the driver asks to improve steering accuracy, in order to reduce tire wear, prolong the service life of tyre. In 1817, the Germans Lincoln Spang Jay presented similar to the modern automobile, the front wheel with knuckle and beam connection, he developed a kind of automobile front wheel on the main shaft to allow independent rotary structure, which is connected with the steering wheel, steering knuckle and a rotatable pin and front axle, thereby the invention of modern steering trapezoidal mechanism.Since Chinas reform and opening up, execute in the country the household contract responsibility system reform, make the rural economy is all-time and active. Rural freight traffic and population flow increased dramatically, speeding up the transportation mechanization into rural classicsEconomic development urgent need, it is also the needs of the market that has Chinese distinguishing feature of transport machinery - emerge as the times require small truck. It has solved the countryside transportation need, fill the villages, townships, towns and urban transportation network is blank, active rural economics, for the surplus rural labor force to find a way out, so that tens of thousands of farmers to be on comparatively well-off road.Small truck manufacturing process is simple, cheap, purchase a car farmers generally in a year or so we can recover the cost. In addition, the highway construction has promoted the rapid development of small truck, the98% villages are on the road, so that the small truck with play.We want to develop a small truck to optimize the design, to make new products, diversification of varieties to meet a variety of needs. In a small truck design, how the complex road conditions to ensure the smooth running of the car quickly, is a serious problem. Then there is the subject of research and design.Automobile front axle driving system important constituent, it is connected with the frame through the suspension, steering wheel mounted at both ends, used to support frame and transmission wheel and frame between a variety of force, and drives the steering knuckle swing to realize vehicle steering. Using the hinge devi

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