初升高衔接一.doc

初升高衔接课程一：What is Language? 语言（language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（Vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。 英语的语法结构具有层次性。它可分为五个不同层次，即句子(Sentence),分句（Clause）词组（Phrase）,词（word）,词素（Morpheme）.第一讲各类词性的概念，分类和用法一，名词的概念和分类名词是指表示人或者事物的名称及其他抽象概念名称的词。名词可在句中作主语，宾语，表语，同位语等。名词普通名词可数名词个体名词 worker, bus, book，集体名词 group, class, team, people不可数名词物质名词 air, water, plastic抽象名词 friendship, passion专用名词Bill Gates, China, NBA, the Great Wall二，代词的概念和分类 代词就是代替名词的词或者代替起名词作用的短语或句子的词。常见的代词有人称代词，物主代 词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，疑问代词，不定代词，替代词等。 1人称代词 表“我/你/他(她/它)”，“我们/你们/他们(她们/它们)”的词叫人称代词，其有人称，数，格的变化。数单数复数人称一二三一二三格主格宾格2. 物主代词数单数复数人称一二三一二三形容词性名词性 3. 反身代词反身代词就是表示“某人或某物自己”，用来加强名词或代词的语气。人称一二三单数复数4. 指示代词 this, that, these, those 他们既可以作代词有可以作限定词。5. 相互代词 each other 和one another两组。不要受汉语影响误认为相互代词是副词而将其用作状语。例如要说talk to each other不能说 talk each other, 相互代词还可以带有自己的所有格。如 We should point out each others (=one anothers) shortcomings6. 疑问代词疑问代词就是用来构成特殊疑问句并在句中起名词或者形容词作用的代词，有who, whom, what, whose, which.7. 替代词 it, one, that, those.常用来替代前面已经出现过的名词。8. 不定代词 不具体指明某个特定名词的代词叫不定代词。复合不定代词some- Somebody someone somethingany- anybody anyone anythingevery- everybody everyone everythingno- nobody no one none nothing兼做形容词的不定代词all， another， any， both， each， either， few， little， many， much， neither， other， some，三，动词的概念及分类 表示动作或状态的词叫动词，其有人称，时态，语态的变化。动词的分类特点及用法行为动词（实意动词）（可以独立作谓语） 及物动词(vt.) 可以直接跟宾语如： finish, say 不及物动词(vi.) 不能跟宾语或不能直接跟宾语，如： die， stand， sit， talk (to / with / about)， agree (with)系动词（连系动词）（不能独立作谓语） 状态系动词 be 持续系动词 keep， remain， stay 表象系动词 seem， appear 感官系动词 feel， smell， sound， taste， look 变化系动词 become， turn， fall， get， go 终止系动词 prove， turn out助动词 be / do / have 及它们的相应变化形式 情态动词 如：can， could， may， might， shall， should， must，have to 四，介词的概念及用法 用来表明名词，代词与句中其他词的关系的词叫介词。介词是虚词，不能重读，不能单独作句子 成分，需要和它后面的词一起构成介词短语（介宾短语）充当句子成分，其后面的名词，代词或 相当于名词的部分就是它的宾语。五，形容词的概念和用法 修饰名词和部分代词，表示人或事物性质状态和特征的词。常作定语，表语，宾语补足语等。六，副词的概念及用法用来修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语或整个句子，说明时间，地点，程度，方式等的词叫副词 课后小练习（一）一、请将下列可数名词单数变成复数desk- bus- box- brush- watch- stomach- baby- country- boy- toy- thief- wife- roof- belief- proof- photo- hero- looker-on- passer-by- woman- tooth- mouse- sheep- deer- works- series- 二、高考链接 名词1. But for tourists like me , pandas are the top (attract) of ChengDu.2. We see different people wear different clothes according to occasions, their likes and (feel)3. Now Kleyn is receiving (photo) and stories of people beginning to clean their waterways from places as for as TaiWan ,China.4. Im honored that you would ask me for advices.(改错) 形容词与副词5. Im very interesting in the job and Id like to apply to the position.（改错）6. At first he tried to keep calmly, but after a while he began to lose his temper.（改错）7. Unfortunate, She ended up doing everything but that !（改错）8. Like most tourists, I was very interested in it as it the (old) system in the word.9. She was a very (care) mother and for 25 day , She never left her baby.10. But even so , the workers were (amaze) that the shop had more than doubled its previous record by the end of the day.11. If you know much about them, youll find fried chicken and French fries are rich in fat , sugar and salt.介词12. Even if you cant return to your sport right away , a doctor might have suggestions and advice what you can do to stay fit.13. The mother continued to care for the young panda _ more than two years.14. Setting goals for oneself is fine , but they are impossible to reach hope.15. The dictionary is out date many words have been added to the language since it was published.16. Now I am leaving home _ collage.代词17. In many ways ,the education system in the USA is not very different from _in the UK.18. (改)If we go on a trip abroad , we can broaden you view.19. When I happen to see a five-cent coin on the ground , is natural for me to leave it there in case some kid will find.20. Members of the generation are also more self- centered. They want more time for (they) and are not willing to work overtime.21. Every time my father arrived home at the end of the day, wed greet her at the door.22. If you think youve been injured, pull (you) out the game or stop doing your activity or workout.23. Girls, who always spend money on clothes should keep eye open for discounts youre likely to buy good summer dress in winter at a reasonable price.冠词24. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.25. Today is beautiful day but I can not see it.26. While one of the lively three- month- old twins is being bottle fed, other is with mum.27. To start with, Beijing, the capital of China, is attractive city with a long history. 动词28.The giant panda (love) by people throughout the world.29. Now I thought that it is a good idea.30. Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.31. In 2001 , he created a TV special based on the shark attacks that (occur) along the new Jersey shoreline in 1916 一般过去.32. Jack (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred. 33. I (read) half of the English novel , and Ill try to finish it at the weekend ,34. When walking down the street , I came across David, Who (learn) crosstalk for decades, wants to mix it up with the we .35. For forty years, Jane （help）the rest of the world understand and respect the life of those animals.36. More efforts, as reported, (make) in the years ahead to help save the endangered animals.37.I heard some the door.(close)38.I heard the door .(close)39. (make)it easier to get in touch with us , Youd better keep this card at hand.40. For 25 days , She never left her baby, not even to find something (eat)41. (order) over a week ago , the book are expected to arrive at any time,42. When his father discovered his son practicing on a violin one day , he game him a beating (say) that he was going to beat the music out of the boy.43. I love the weekend, because I not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.44. I have charged my cell phone last night Now the battery is running out第二讲英语中的十种词性和语法功能实词中文名英语名用途例词主要句法功能名词n.(noun)表人或事物名称boy，book，table，man，air， water主，宾，表，同，补语代词pron.(pronoun)代替名词，短语或句子I，you，it，they主，宾，表，同，补语动词v.(verb)表示动作或状态workworksworked workingto work 谓语非谓语(即主,宾,补,定,状,表语)形容词adj.(adjective)修饰名词代词，表示人或物的特征或状态red，long，old， rich，beautiful，obvious表，定，补语副词adv.(adverb)修饰动词，形容词，其它副词和句子here，very，often，obviously，heavily状语数词num.(numeral)表示数量和顺序One， two，first， second主，宾，表，定语虚词冠词art.(article)用在名词或代词前，对名词或代词进行限定a / an，the介词prep.(preposition)表示名词，代词与其它词的关系In，on，under，for 连词conj.(conjunction)连接词、短语或者句子的词and，but，when，because，if，unless 叹词inter.(interjection)表示说话时的感情或语气Oh， Ouch 句子成分一，主语：动作的发出者或被描述、陈述的对象，一般由名词，代词或具有名词功能的词，短语，结 构或句子充当，常位于句首。找出下列句中的主语，并说明其是何种形式。二，谓语: 主语发出的动作或具有的特征和状态，通常由动词或动词短语充当，有人称，数，时态和 语态的变化，常位于主语之后。三，宾语：动作的承受者，接受者或介词所介的对象。一般由名词，代词或具有名词功能的词，短语， 结构或句子充当。四，定语：用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，常由形容词构成，通常放在所修饰的名词前，但修饰不 定代词时位于不定代词之后，也可以由非谓语动词，介词短语或从句等形式充当。五，状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词或全句的句子成分，通常由副词、介词短语、不定式，分词或从 句等构成，在句中表示程度、原因、条件、目的、结果、地点、时间、方式、伴随、范围等。 六，宾语补足语宾语补足句是指对某些动词后的宾语起补充说明的句子成分，这类动词常见的有两类： 使役动词，如：make, have, let, get, keep , force, ,leave, ask, tell, allow等； 感官动词，如：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, consider 等；宾语补足语常由形容词，名词，非谓语动词和介词短语等充当，有时介宾的短语后也可以跟宾语补足语。七，表语：表语用来说明或表述主语的身份、特征或状态，它一般位于系动词之后。表语与前面的系 动词一起构成复合谓语，表语可以是单词，短语或从句。八，同位语：对句子中某一名词做进一步的解释，说明的句子成分。同位语与前面所解释说明的名词 在语法上处于同等地位，可由名词，代词和从句等充当。如果是句子充当同位语，被解 释说明的成分常是news, truth, belief, fact, advice, suggestion, hope, possibility, opinion等， 这些名词和他们后面的同位语从句是相等的关系，可改成相应的表语从句。 句子分类和基本句型按照句子的语气和作用，可以将句子分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和there be句式。一，陈述句说明一个事实或表明说话人的看法，态度等的句子，一般读降调，有肯定和否定的两种形式，常有以下几种基本句型：1，主谓（谓语为不及物动词）2，主谓宾（谓语为及物动词或不及的动词加介词）3，主系表4，主谓宾+宾补5，主谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 主谓+直接宾语+间接宾语They are laughing loudly.He doesnt like playing the violin.You are a good student.I saw you playing the smart phone in the class.He gave me some advice =He gave some advice to me.二，疑问句用来提出问题让对方回答的句子叫疑问句。疑问句分为一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句等几种, 当疑问句用作名词性从句时，应当用陈述句语序。1，一般疑问句对某一情况的“是，否”提出质疑，多用yes或no来回答，朗读时常用升调。其结构是：系动词be / 情态动词 / 助动词+主语+其它成分?Are you my new classmates?Do you often go to school by bike?2，特殊疑问句就句子某一部分进行提问，由疑问代词（who, whom ,what, whose）或疑问副词（where, when, why, how）引导。读时一般用降调。引导特殊疑问句的疑问代词在句中作主语时，句子用陈述句语序，其他形式的特殊疑问句用倒装语序：特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其它？What are you doing there on earth?When can I get my ID card?3，选择疑问句选择疑问句是说话者对问题提出的两个或两个以上的答案，供对方选择其一，由or连接，读时前一部分用升调，后一部分用降调。Are you a doctor or a lawyer?4，反义疑问句在陈述句之后，附加上一个短句，对陈述句所叙述的事情提出相反的疑问，这种疑问句叫反意疑问句，反意疑问句的构成：前一部分用陈述句形式，读时用降调，后一部分是附着在后的简短问句，读时一般用升调。陈述部分用肯定形式时，附加部分用否定；前否定时，后肯定。附加问句部分的助动词形式由陈述部分的动词形式决定。She reads stories for her son every evening, doesnt she?-Yes, she does / -No, she doesnt.三，祈使句用来发出命令或指示，提出请求，要求，建议，劝告等的句子，读时一般用降调。Put the books in your bag!Come and meet my family!四，感叹句表示喜悦，愤怒，悲哀，惊奇，厌恶或赞赏等感情色彩的句子，常由what或how引导，读时用降调。1，what引导的感叹句 其中心词为名词，常见结构为： what+a / an+形容词+单数可数名词+（主+谓） what+形容词+可数名词复数+（其他） what+形容词+不可数名词+（其他）What a big apple New York is.What beautiful flowers these are.What sweet sugar it is.2，how引导的感叹句 其中心词为形容词和司，常见结构为： How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语 How+主语+谓语How lovely the baby is.How hard he works.How he hated the cat before.3，其它感叹句类型Oh , my God!Good idea!五，there be句型there be句型是一个存在句型，表示何时何地存在着某人或某物，句末常带有一个时间或地点状语，be动词后面的名词为句子的真正主语，be 动词的单复数取决于其后所跟的第一个主语(主谓一致中的就近原则)。There is a blackboard in the classroom.There is a textbook, a dictionary and two pens on the desk.按句子的结构来分，英语中的句子可以分为两种类型：简单句，复合句。一，简单句 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）所构成的句子叫简单句。其结构就是前面提到的五种基本句型。二，复合句 由连词连接的两个或者两个以上的简单句构成的句子叫复合句。1， 并列复合句 由并列连词把两个或两个以上平等关系的简单句连接在一起构成的句子叫并列复合句。常用的并列连词有and，or，but，while(而，却)等。Rose promised to offer us some help and she didnt eat her words.Follow me closely, or youll get lost.2， 主从复合句 由连词把两个或两个以上有主次地位的简单句连接在一起构成的句子叫主从复合句。占主要地位的句子叫主句，占次要地位的句子叫从句。在英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句，状语从句，定语从句。 (1) 名词性从句 (包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句) That you lost the golden opportunity was none of my business.He insisted that he (should) go abroad to have a further study.My advice is that you (should) think twice before you make the decision.I had no idea why he suddenly lost his temper.(2) 状语从句 (包括原因、条件、目的、结果、地点、时间、方式状语从句等)When he looked into her eyes, he fell in love with her.Where there is a will, there is a way.The teacher raised his voice on purpose so that the students in the back could hear him clearly.I know how to solve this kind of problem because I have done it before.(3) 定语从句：The fish which we bought yesterday were not fresh.I wont forget the village where I spent the holiday.句子成分练习一、找出下列句子的主语The sun rises in the east (n)He likes dancing.Twenty years is a short time in history .Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.What