高三英语总复习 定语从句课件（4）新人教版.ppt

定语从句 区别要点 一 1 关系代词和关系副词的用法 2 只能用that或who引导定语从句的情况 3 由 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句 4 as引导的定语从句 5 通过关系代词或关系副词来考查定语从句 状语从句 名词性从句的区别 定语从句 在复合句中 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 它相当于一个形容词 置于名词与代词之后 关系代词which that who whom whose as关系副词where when why 一 关系代词的用法 1 which指物 that指其前的人或物 who指人 在从句中which that和who作从句中的主语或宾语 who作宾语可以代替whom 作宾语时可省略 如 thetrainwhich thatwasgoingtoshanghaiwaslate 指物 在从句中作主语 不能省略 theman that yousawjustnowisourteacher that指人 在从句中作宾语 可省略 which可引导一种非限制性定语从句 代表主句所表达的意思 例如 heowesalargesumofmoneytothebank whichisnotasecret maryfailedagainintheexam whichallofusdidn tbelieveatall 下面几种情况只能用that引导定语从句 不能用which 1 先行词为下列不定代词all much little few something anything everything nothing等时 2 先行词被下列词all any every few little no some等修饰时 3 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 everythingthatcanbedonehasbeendone ihavereadallthebooks that yougaveme thisisthebestfilms that ihaveeverseen itwasthefirsttimethatihadbeeninbeijing 4 先行词被theonly thevery thelast等修饰时 5 先行词既有人又有物时 6 在以who which开头的特殊疑问句中 以避免重复 thisistheverybook that iamafter hespokeofthemenandthethings that hehadseenabroad whoisthegirlthatisstandingoverthere whichisthecarthathittheboy 2 who whom指人 在从句中who可作主语和宾语 whom只作宾语 that可代用who和whom whom作宾语时可用who替代 也可省略 theboywho thathelpedyouismybrother who指代 theboy 在从句中作主语 不能省略 theman whom who that yousawjustnowisourteacher 引导词在从句中作saw的宾语 可以省略 只能用who不能用that指 人 的情况 1 当先行词是指人的代词 one ones anyone those等或人称代词时 2 在 therebe 结构中 3 当先行词是人 后面有较长修饰语时 thosewhohaveastrongwillaresuretomakeadifference hewholaughslastlaughsbest thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyou imetafriendofmineintheparkwhohadgotthreegoldmedalsintheolympics 3 whose在从句中作定语 指 某人 物 的 相当于 the 名词 ofwhich whom 或 the 名词 ofwhich whom flora whosehairanddresswerewetandcold startedcrying thehairanddressofwhom helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth thewindowofwhich 比较 hereisthegirl ofwhomthemotherworksinthisshop helivesinaroom ofwhichthewindowfacessouth 根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯及从句自身含义的需要 可将介词放在which whom之前 介词后不用that isthisthesoliderfromwhomyougotagun irememberthedayonwhichifirstmethim thisisthegirlaboutwhomioftentalk thisisthegirlofwhomioftenspeak hemadeaholeinthewall throughwhichhecouldseewhatwashappeningoutside thechineseteamgot16goldmedals ofwhich12werewonbywomen 二 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句 但是 在含有介词的固定词组中 介词不能前置 如 thisistheteacher whom youarelookingfor moreexamples 根据需要 还可用 代词 名词 数词 形容词等 ofwhich whom 来引导定语从句 hehastwosisters bothofwhomareactress therearealotofislandsinchina thelargestofwhichistaiwanisland themedicalteamconsistsoftenpeople 8ofwhomareexperiencednurses therearemanykindsofbirdsinaustralia andover140speciesofsnakes manyofwhichareextremelydangerous 1 when指时间 在从句中作时间状语 可用 介词 on in at during等 which 代替 2 where指地点 在从句中作地点状语 可用 介词 in at on等 which 代替 3 why指原因 在从句中作原因状语 可用 forwhich 代替 三 关系副词的用法 thisisthefactorywhere inwhich westayedlastyear doyouknowanyrestaurantwhere towhich wecangoforadinner doyoustillrememberthedaywhen onwhich youjoinedtheleague july when inwhich wecangohomeforarest iscomingsoon idon tknowthereasonwhy forwhich hecamelate thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathehadgotstuckinatrafficjam 特别注意 当先行词表示时间或地点 而引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时 不能用when where 而要用关系代词which或that 试比较 theyplantedtreesinmay whichisthebestseasoninbeijing themuseum which that wevisitedhasalonghistory 在 itisthefirsttimethat 句型中的that为习惯用法 不能用when 如 itwasthethirdtimethatwehadbeenhere 1 限制性定语从句和主句关系密切 去掉从句 主句意义就不完整甚至不合逻辑 2 非限制性定语从句常用逗号与先行词或主句隔开 去掉从句并不影响主句的意思 不能用that来引导 四 限制性和非限制性定语从句 iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited myfather whoisoversixty stillworksharddayandnight tomstudieshardandisreadytohelpothers whichiswhathisparentsexpect 1 as常用在such so as或thesame修饰的先行词之后引导限制性定语从句 例如 2 as还可引导非限制性定语从句 用来指代整个句子 有趣的是 这种从句可以放在主句之前 也可放在主句之后或句中 如 五 as引导的定语从句 ilikethesamesubjectasyoudo as作宾语 heisnotsuchafoolashelooks as作表语 ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid as作状语 asweallknow heisgoodatenglish heisgoodatenglish asweallknow as作宾语 which引导非限制性定语从句 也可指代整个主句 但只能放在主句之后 如 hedidlendmethemoney which asistillremember asistillremember hedidlendmethemoney as 指代前面或后的内容 的习惯搭配 asanybodycanseeasweallknowasiswellknownasfollowsaswehadexpectedasoftenhappensasisoftenthecaseasisthecasewithashasbeensaidbefore 六 其他应注意的问题1 theway后面的定语从句一般由that或inwhich引导 通常可以省略 2 当先行词是 oneof 复数名词 时 从句中的谓语用复数 当先行词是 theonlyoneof 复数名词 时 谓语用单数 3 that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别 idon tliketheway that youlaughather hedoesn tspeaktheway inwhich ido heisoneoftheteacherswhoknowrussian heistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsrussianwell thenews that youtoldmeisnottrue thenewsthatwehavewonthegameisnottrue 同位语从句中that不充当成分也不能省略 4 分隔式定语从句shesangthesongsperfectlythereyesterdaywhichwerewrittenbyme in1898 alawwaspassedwhichmeantallpeopleaboveacertainagewerepaidaweekly oldagepension thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewheniwastakengoodcareofinthatfar awayvillage thedaysaregoneforever thechinesepeoplewerelookeddownupon a thatb whichc whatd when d 5 抽象地点类先行词situation condition case point sport activity stage occasion footyisasportwhereplayersholdtheballandrunwithit icanhardlyrememberanyoccasionswhenigetcaughtinatrafficjaminourtown aftergraduationi dliketofindajob icanusewhatihavelearntatschool it shelpfultoputchildreninasituation theycanseethemselvesdifferent she sinahopelesssituation wewillkeepaverycloseeyeon where where which 6 介词 whosethatisthemanagerinwhosedepartmentwomenarelookeddownupon finallythepolicecaughtthethiefinwhosepocketmylostwalletwasfound lastmonth partofsoutheastasiawasstruckbyfloods fromwhoseeffectsthepeoplearestillsuffering 金先生工作单位的老板到医院来探视 thebossinwhosedepartmentmrkingworkedcalledatthehospital 7 fromwherehisheadsoonappearedoutofthewindow fromwherehesawnothingbuttrees fromwhere相当于fromoutofthewindow chinaisthebirthplaceofkites fromwherekiteflyingspreadtojapan korea thailandandindia 我们那天一起爬到了山顶 在那儿我们欣赏了全城的美景 weclimbedtothetopofthemountainthatday fromwhereweappreciatedthebeautifulsceneryofthewholecity 8 inwhichcase bywhichtime duringwhichtime forwhichreasonhemaycome inwhichcasei llaskhim 他也许会来 来了我就问他shemaybelate inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforher 她可能晚到 那样我们就要等等她 妈妈生病了 正因为如此他开会来迟了 hismotherisill forwhichreasonhewaslateforthemeeting 9 混杂式定语从句有时定语从句的关系词与从句中的句子成分之间会插入 人称代词 think believe guess等 表猜测等态度的句子 我们可以把它当作一个插入成分看待thateveningsomechongqingpeoplesawsomethingthattheythoughtwasaufoflyingacrossthesky manycollegestudentshavemasteredcomputer drivingandforeignlanguages whichweallknowarethemostimportantthingsintoday ssociety 他空余时间喜欢广泛阅读 我认为这点让他受益匪浅 helikesreadingwidelyinhissparetime whichithinkisofgreatbenefittohim 10 省略式定语从句在含将来意义的定语从句中 我们可以省略主语和谓语的一部分 主要是情态动词和助动词 而代之以 介词 关系代词 不定式 的形式iintendtomakefriendswithsomefrenchmanfromwhomtoimprovefrench 完整句式是 iintendtomakefriendswithsomefrenchmanfromwhomicanimprovemyfrench shedreamsofearningabigsumfromthestockmarketwithwhichtobuyherfamilyabigflat 完整句式是 shedreamsofearningabigsumfromthestockmarketwithwhichshecanbuyherfamilyabigflat thisissuchapuzzlingquestion noonecananswer thisissuchapuzzlingquestion noonecananswerit itb thatc asd whichisthisthemuseum youvisitedtheotherday isthismuseum youvisitedtheotherday isthismuseum thefamousantiquewasshownlastyear a thatb inwhichc whered theone c b c d a 1 therearelotsofpeopleinthereadingroom andmostof waslostintheirreading 2 therearelotsofpeopleinthereadingroom mostof waslostinthereading a whomb whichc whod them1 thecouplehavearrivedatthepoint theyneedtobeseparatedforsometime 2 thisistheverypoint wemustinsiston a thatb whichc whered what d a c a 1 lastnight johnwasansweringthelettersthat 寄给他的 duringthepasttwoweeks arrive 湖北2007 2 thecity 我成长的 isveryhotanddampinsummer grow 湖北2008 3 learningstrategies to 老师们认为 importance havenotyetdrawnenoughattentionofstudents attach 湖北2009 4 mymotherwassoproudofall 我所做的 thatsherewardedmewithatriptobeijing do 湖北2010 5 正如我们强调的那样 manytimes servethepeople isourfirstpolicy stress 湖北2010 where inwhichigrewup whichteachersattach that ihaddone aswehavestressed hadarrivedforhim 6 thereisaboardbythesideofthewell 上面 don tforgetthediggerwhenyoufetchwaterfromthewell write 7 icanneverforget 我们一起度过的日子 spend 8 wewillputoffthepicnicnextweek 那时天气会好些 fine 9 inourschoolthereare3 000students 其中2 5是女生 be 10 therich 对他们来说钱不是问题 wantedtostayatanexpensivehotel problem thedays which wespenttogether whentheweathermaybefine twofifthsofwhomaregirls forwhommoneywasnotaproblem onwhicharewritten 11 isthishotel 我们要住的 nextweek stay 12 stevenspielberg 他的妈妈是老师 wasbornin1946inasmalltowninamerica be 13 他不能到那里去的原因 wasthathewasillinbed reason 14 thiswasthemoment 我们的事业真正腾飞 take 15 itwasthefirsttime 我参观 thegreatwallofchina visit theone wherewewill aretostay whosemotherwasateacher thereasonwhyhecouldnotgothere whenourcareerreallytookoff thatihadvisited 16 lastmonth partofsoutheastasiawasstruckbyfloods 其后果十分严重 effects 17 iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking 我喜欢其中第一本 enjoy 18 和通常情况一样 wehaveworkedouttheproductionplanontime case 19 treeaftertreewentdown cutdownbythewater 一定有 threemetersdeep be 20 whatsurprisedmemostwasnotwhathesaidbut 他说话的方式 say whoseeffectsareveryserious thefirstofwhichienjoy asisoftenthecase whichmusthavebeen thewayhesaidit 例析定语从句易错点 二 定语从句是中学英语教学中的一个重要语法项目 也是历届高考的热点所在 易错点一 关系代词和关系副词的混用例1 i llneverforgetthedayswhenispentinnewyorkwithyou 例2 i llneverforgetthedayswhichivisitednewyorkwithyou 析 例1中的when应改为which或that 例2中的which应改为when 区分关系代词和关系副词的关键是看它们在定语从句中所充当的成分 如果定语从句中缺少主语 宾语 就应考虑使用关系代词 如例1 若定语从句中缺少状语 就应考虑使用关系副词 如例2 易错点二 固定句式出差错例3 maryissolovelyagirlaseverybodylovesher 例4 maryissolovelyagirlthateverybodyloves 析 例3中的as应改为that 例4中的that应改为as so that或so as为固定句式 后者为as引导的定语从句 as在定语从句中作宾语或主语 如例4 类似的固定句式还有thesame as such as as as等 前者为that引导的结果状语从句 该从句的成分是完整的 不缺少主语或宾语 如例3 易错点三 主谓不一致例5 tomisoneofthestudentswholikesswimming 例6 tomistheonlyoneofthestudentswholikeswimming 析 例5中的likes应改为like 例6中的like应改为likes 在 oneof 复数名词 定语从句 结构中 定语从句的先行词是复数名词 故谓语动词要用复数形式 如例5 在 the only oneof 复数名词 定语从句 结构中先行词是one 而不是复数名词 故谓语动词要用单数形式 如例6 易错点四 与强调句型及其他句型的混合例7 wasitintheshopthatyouboughttherecorderthatyoulostyourpen 例8 you dbettermakeamarkatwhereyouhaveanyquestions 析 例7中第一个that应改为where 例8中应去掉at 例7为带有定语从句的强调句 youboughttherecorder为定语从句 其引导词应用where 后面第二个that才是强调句中的that 此句可还原为 youlostyourpenintheshopwhereyouboughttherecorder 例8为where引导的地点状语从句 易错点五 对先行词概念不明确例9 isthislibrarythatyouvisitedyesterday 例10 isthisthelibrarywhereyouvisitedyesterday 析 例9中应在library后加theone 例10中的where应去掉或改为that或which 在例9中 thislibrary是主语 is是谓语 that引导的是定语从句 但没有先行词 故应补加先行词 在例10中 thelibrary是先行词 定语从句缺少宾语 where是关系副词 不能做定语从句中的宾语 故应用that或which来引导 当然也可以省略 易错点六 特殊名词作先行词时关系词的选取错误例11 idon tlikethewaywhichyouspeaktoher 例12 idon tcareforpay ijustwanttogetajobthaticanbegreatlyvalued 析 例11中应在which前加in或将which改为that或去掉 例12中的that应改为where或inwhich 在定语从句中 有些特殊名词作先行词时其关系词的选取有一定的特殊性 如way作先行词时 其引导词可用that或inwhich或省略 如例11 与way相似的还有job situation point case等作先行词时 关系词常用where或inwhich 易错点七 忽略as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别例13 hefailedintheexamagain whichwasexpected 例14 hefailedintheexamagain aswasnotwhathehadexpected 析 例13中的which应改为as 例14中的as应改为which as和which虽然都可引导非限制性定语从句 但仍有以下三点区别 1 as有 正如 就像 之意 而which没有 2 as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首 句中或句末 而which只能置于句末 3 如果非限制性定语从句是否定句时 只能用which引导 易错点八 忽略that和which引导限制性定语从句的区别例15 thisisthemostexcitingfootballgamewhichihaveeverseen 例16 herearethesamplesthat hadithoughtofit youcouldhavetakenwithyouyesterday 析 例15中的which应改为that 例16中的that应改为which 当先行词被最高级 序数词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时 只能用that来引导定语从句 如例15 当关系词后面有插入成分时 只能用which来引导定语从句 易错点九 介词前置出差错例17 thetwothingswithwhichmarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidioms 例18 tellhimallthethingstowhichheshouldpayattention 析 例17中的with应改为about或of 例18中应把to移到attention的后面 在定语从句中前置的介词必须和后面的动词或形容词构成固定搭配 如例17 但并不是所有的固定搭配中的介词都可前置 如例18 易错点十 which和whose的意义不明确例19 thebookwhichcoverisbrokenisofgreathelptoallofus 例20 thebook ofwhosethecoverisbrokenisofgreathelptoallofus 析 例19中的which应改为whose 例20中的whose应改为which 在定语从句中 关系代词which不能在定语从句中作定语 但whose可作定语 whose n 相当于 the n ofwhich 或 ofwhich the n 12 易错点十一 在theway time后面的特殊定语从句例21 thewaybywhichhestudiesenglishisgood 例22 thetimeinwhicht