Intercultural communication tips cultural valuesyaoyun.ppt

culturalvalues zhuyaoyun shandonguniversity interculturalcommunication contents 1 perception beliefandvalues 1 1perception 1 2beliefs 1 3values 2 culturalpatterns perception beliefandvalues video did you hear the one about the iranian american 有誰認識伊朗裔的美國人嗎 maz jobran culturalmodels culturalmodels stereotypicalassumptions thebritisharecoldandunsmilingamericansareloudandnoisyandfriendlyindianpeoplealwayslie thegermansaresoefficientandorganizedthechinesearealwaysaskingpersonalquestionsmuslimwomenhavenofreedom 1 1whatisperception perceptionistheprocessofselecting organizing andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld gambleandgamble3 twowaysthatcultureinfluencestheperceptionprocess 1 perceptionisselective whatisallowedinis inpart determinedbyculture 2 yourperceptualpatternsarelearned perceptionisculturallydetermined welearntoseetheworldinacertainwaybasedonourculturalbackground oldage women 1 1 perception cultures leadershipmetaphorsderr rousillonandbournois usa thefreeagent superstarlatinamerica thegeneral strongmaninchargefrance thegenius intellectualeliteuk thediplomat mystorywithanenglishteacher germany themaster expertinfieldjapan seniorstatesmanchina warlord 军阀 haslocalpowerfrommit cross culturall shipfall2004page2diplomatic d pl m t k d pl m t k adjofdiplomacy 1 外交的 settledisputesbydiplomaticmeans通过外交手段解决纷争 2 tactful havingorshowingdiplomacy圆通的 灵活变通的 有手腕的 策略的 adiplomaticanswer move etc很策略的回答 一步等 bediplomaticindealingwithpeople与人打交道老练得体 perceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs values culturalpatterns 1 2 beliefs 1 whatareyourbeliefs beliefsserveasthestoragesystemforthecontentofourpastexperiences includingthoughts memories andinterpretationsofevents rogers steinfatt2 howdidyouacquirethem beliefsareshapedbytheindividual sculture 143 whatfunctiondotheyperform beliefsareimportantbecausetheyare acceptedastruths 15oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofbeliefsisthattheyformthebasisofyourvalues whichprovide rulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingconflicts 17 1 2 beliefs 4 beliefsareusuallyreflectedinyouractionsandcommunicationbehavior eg agoodtanisareflectionofahealthy activelifestyleandmakesapersonmoreattractive youwillprobably findtimetolieoutinthesunorevengotoatanningsalon suntannedskinreflectsalowsocialstatus youwillprobably makeanextraefforttoavoidexposingyourselftothesunbywearingahat long sleevedshirt andperhapsgloves andcarryinganumbrella onsunnydays stereotype exaggeratedbeliefs definition aconventional formulaic andoversimplifiedconception opinion orimage exaggeratedbeliefsaboutpeople nature thesebeliefsmaybepositiveornegative buttheyareoftenuntruebecausetheyovergeneralizeaboutallmembersofagroup causes stereotypesfrequentlyoccurwhenweknowlittleaboutsomeoneoraboutagroupofpeople wemayseepersonfromagroupbehaveacertainway then wemightbelievethatallpeoplefromthatgroupbehavethesameway effects caninstigateprejudiceandfalseassumptionsaboutentiregroupsofpeople popularity membersofallculturalgroupsmakesuchcomments usuallyaboutmembersofotherculturalgroups stereotypicalassumptions haveyouheardormadethefollowingstatements peter swife www llas ac uk resources paper 1303 nosy noz 词典释义 a 1 口 好管闲事的 爱追问的2 大鼻子的3 有香味 或臭味 的 stereotypicalassumptions thebritisharecoldandunsmilingamericansareloudandnoisyandfriendlyindianpeoplealwayslie thegermansaresoefficientandorganizedthechinesearealwaysaskingpersonalquestionsmuslimwomenhavenofreedom completeeachphrasewithastereotypethatyoumighthaveheardinthepast womenintheworkplaceare youngpeopleintheworkplaceare seniorsintheworkplaceare workingmothersintheworkplaceare supervisorsatworkare thelowestjoblevelworkersare blacks whites or fillinarace intheworkplaceare homosexualsintheworkplaceare christians muslims or fillinareligion intheworkplaceare disabledpeopleintheworkplaceare 1 3values beliefsareone sconvictionsaboutthetruthofsomething withorwithoutproof valuesaresharedideasaboutwhatistrue right andbeautifulwhichunderlineculturalpatternsandguidesocietyinresponsetothephysicalandsocialenvironment 18nanda warmsvaluesaregenerallynormativeandevaluative valuesareenduringattitudesaboutthepreferabilityofonebeliefoveranother 1 3values valuesaretransmittedbyavarietyofsources family proverbs media school church state etc andthereforetendtobebroadbased enduring andrelativelystable valuesarelearnedwithinaculturalcontext valuesareprogrammedearlyinourlives hofstede andthereforeareoftennonrational especiallywhenviewedbysomeonefromanotherculture 23 1 3values topicsthatdealwithvalues hofstede 21 evilversusgood dangerousversussafe uglyversusbeautiful abnormalversusnormal irrationalversusrational dirtyversusclean decentversusindecent unnaturalversusnatural paradoxicalversuslogical moralversusimmoral theoutlookofculturetowardtheexpressionofaffection american thesqueakywheelgetsthegrease chinese 觉人之诈 不愤于言 受人之侮 不动于色 察人之过 不扬于他 施人之惠 不记于心 2 culturalpatterns 2 1definitions 2 2hofstede svaluesdimension 3 icstrategies 2 3thekluckhohn kluckhohn andstrodtbeckvalueorientation 2 4hall scontextorientation 2 1culturalvalues perceptionsarestoredwithineachhumanbeingintheformofbeliefs values culturalpatterns culturalpatterntaxonomiesareusedtoillustratethedominantbeliefsandvaluesofaculture 2 1culturalpatterns 2 1culturalpatterns culturecounts datafromthe1960sshowedthattheeconomiesofsouthkoreaandghanatobequitesimilar bythe1990s southkorea seconomyhadgrowntobecomethefourteenthlargestintheworld butghana shadremainedstatic 2 1culturalpatterns thereasonsforthischangewereclear southkoreansvaluedthrift investment hardwork education organizationanddiscipline ghanaianshaddifferentvalues whenafterasincere strenuousefforttheghanaianfailstoreachthehighestheightinacompetition hecheershimselfupinresignationbysayingtohimself onipabeyeebinaw抋mmeyenenyinara mancametoplayonlyapartofthedramaoflife notthewhole inshort culturecounts 26 huntington 2 1culturalpatterns secondaryvalues primaryvalues us hospitalitytoguestscleanliness alleviationofthepainandsufferingofotherssecuringmaterialpossessions democracytheprotectionofoneselfandclosefamilymember china thevaluehierarchy tertiaryvalues doyouknowtheirorigin influence anddifferencefromothercountries suchaschina individualism equalopportunity materialacquisition scienceandtechnology progressandchange workandplay competitivenature 2 1choosingculturalpatterns usdominantculture 2 2hofstede sfivevaluedimensions late1960s geerthofstedesurveyed116 000ibmemployeesin40countriesonpreferencesaroundmanagementstyleandworkenvironment 5dimensionswheredifferencesbycountryweresignificantopowerdistanceouncertaintyavoidanceoindividualism collectivismomasculinity femininityolaterdiscusseda5thdimension longtermview asia cross culturall shipfall2004page1 2 2 1individualism collectivismcontinuum 1 individualorientation first theindividualisthesinglemostimportantunitinanysocialsetting second independenceratherthaninterdependenceisstressed third individualachievementisrewarded lastly theuniquenessofeachindividualisofparamountvalue 70 2 2 1individualism collectivismcontinuum 1 collectiveorientation adefiningcharacterofpeopleincollectivistculturesistheirnotableconcernwithrelationships 72theserelationshipsformarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetweenin groupsandout groups peoplerelyontheirin groups e g relatives clans tribes andorganizations tolookafterthem andinexchangetheybelievetheyoweloyaltytothegroup interdependence collectivisminfluencesanumberofcommunicationvaribles suchasindirectcommunication savingface concernforothers andgroupcooperationarelinkedtokorea scollectiveorientation 79collectivismisalsocontextual 2 2 1individualism collectivismcontinuum accordingtohofstede sfindings seetable5 1 theunitedstates australia greatbritain canada thenetherlands andnewzealandalltendtowardindividualism goleman2 incollectivesocieties suchasthoseinpakistan colombia venezuela taiwan peru andmuchofafricaandasia peoplearebornintoextendedfamiliesorclansthatsupportandprotecttheminexchangefortheirallegiance inmanyarabicnations tribalismpredominates africanamericansalsoexhibit hispanics includingmexican americans cubans salvadorans guatemalans puertoricans andothers 78 2 2 2 uncertaintyavoidance uncertaintyavoidance definestheextenttowhichpeoplewithinaculturearemadenervousbysituationswhichtheyperceiveasunstructured unclear orunpredictable situationswhichtheythereforetrytoavoidbymaintainingstrictcodesofbehaviorandabeliefinabsolutetruths 82 hofstede 2 2 2 uncertaintyavoidance high uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembersthroughestablished formalsocialprotocols intoleranceofdeviantideasandbehaviors emphasizingconsensus andresistancetochange theseculturesareoftencharacterizedbyrelativelyhighlevelsofanxietyandstress 2 2 2 uncertaintyavoidance nationswithastronguncertaintyavoidancetendencyareportugal greece peru belgium andjapan attheotherendofthecontinuum wefindcountrieslikesweden denmark ireland norway theunitedstates finland andthenetherlands 2 2 3powerdistance whathofstedediscoveredwasthatinsomecultures thosewhoholdpowerandthosewhoareaffectedbypoweraresignificantlyfarapart high powerdistance inmanyways whileinothercultures thepowerholdersandthoseaffectedbythepowerholdersaresignificantlycloser low powerdistance 86 2 2 3powerdistance peopleinhigh powerdistancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflife socialhierarchyisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality youfindagreatercentralizationofpower moreimportanceplacedonstatusandrank alargerproportionofsupervisorypersonnel astructuredvaluesystemthatdeterminestheworthofeachjob andsubordinatesadheringtoarigidhierarchy 2 2 3powerdistance low powerdistancecountriesholdthatinequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimizedbrislinnotes culturesreferredtoas low powerdistance areguidedbylaws norms andeverydaybehaviorsthatmakepowerdistinctionsasminimalaspossible 89peopleintheseculturesseehierarchyasaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience 2 2 3 powerdistance peopleinhigh powerdistancecountriessuchasindia africa brazil singapore greece venezuela mexico andthephilippineslow powerdistancecountriessuchasaustria finland denmark norway theunitedstates newzealand andisraelholdthatinequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized 2 2 4 masculinityvs femininity careersuccessandqualityoflife adlerreportsthatmasculinecultureshavehighlydefinedgenderrolesandpromotecareersuccess assertivenessandtheacquisitionofmoneyandthings materialism 95areemphasizedandoftentakeprecedenceoverinterpersonalrelationships 2 2 4 masculinityvs femininity careersuccessandqualityoflife afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles italsopromotessexualequalityandholdsthatpeopleandtheenvironmentareimportant inaddition infeminineculturestheretendstobe weakgenderdifferentiationinthesocializationofchildren 97interdependenceandandrogynousbehavioraretheideal andpeoplesympathizewiththoselessfortunate 2 2 4 masculinityvs femininity careersuccessandqualityoflife theimpactofmasculinity femininityonaculturecanalsobeobservedinthe gendergap measure in2005 aworldeconomicforumstudymeasuredthegendergapinfifty eightcountries usingfiveaspectsofwomen sempowermentandopportunity economicparticipation economicopportunity politicalempowerment educationalattainment andhealthandwell being swedenandnorwaywererankedfirstandsecond respectively theunitedstateswasseventeenth japanthirty eighth andmexicofifty second 99theserankingsgenerallyparallelhofstede sfindings ireland thephilippines greece venezuela austria japan italy andmexicoareamongthecountrieswhereyoucanfindmanyofthemasculinevaluesdescribedbyhofstede seetable5 4 nationssuchassweden norway finland denmark andthenetherlandstendtowardafeminineworldview 2 2 4 masculinityvs femininity careersuccessandqualityoflife irelandprovidesanexample in2007womenwereelectedtoonly35ofthe226combinedseatsavailableintheupperandlowerhouses whichdemonstratesalowlevelofpoliticalempowerment quiteincontrasttothemasculinecultureofireland insweden whichhadthehighestrankinginhofstede sfemininitycategory womenoccupied47 3percentofthe349legislativepositionsfollowingthe2006election whichsuggestsahighlevelofpoliticalempowerment 98 2 2 4 masculinityvs femininity careersuccessandqualityoflife long versusshorttermorientation alsoreferredtoas confuciandynamism 101thisstudy involvingtwenty threecountries usedanassessmentcalledthechinesevaluesurvey cvs thelong term short termorientationdimensionappearstobebasedonitemsreminiscentoftheteachingsofconfucius onbothpoles itopposeslong termtoshort termaspectsofconfucianthinking persistenceandthrifttopersonalstabilityandrespectfortradition 2 2 4 long versusshort termorientation long termorientation suchaschina hongkong taiwan japan andsouthkorea wouldmostlikelyhaveemployeeswhoreflectastrongworkethicandshowgreatrespectforstatusdifferences youcouldexpectindividualswhoaremembersoftheseculturestovaluesocialorderandlongrangegoals thoseculturesthatranklowonthelong termorientationindex theunitedstates greatbritain canada thephilippines accordingtohofstede oftendonotplaceahighpriorityonstatus trytopostponeoldage areconcernedwithshorttermresults andseekquickgratificationoftheirneeds 104 2 2 4 long versusshort termorientation 2 3thekluckhohn kluckhohn andstrodtbeckvalueorientationtaxonomy afterexaminingnumerouscultures thekluckhohnsandstrodtbeckconcludedthatallpeopleturntotheirculturetoassisttheminansweringthesamefivebasicquestions 1 whatisthecharacterofhumannature 2 whatistherelationofhumankindtonature 3 whatistheorientationtowardtime 4 whatisthevalueplacedonactivity 5 whatistherelationshipofpeopletoeachother 107 4 3 2thekluckhohn kluckhohn andstrodtbeckvalueorientationtaxonomy 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature 1 whatisthecharacterofhumannature outofthecrookedtimberofhumanitynostraightthingcaneverbemade kantvs 人之初 性本善isreasoncapableofdominatingthebehaviorofmanormerelyatoolwhichheusestomediatebetweendemandsofaninsatiableidandanuncompromisingsuper ego mostdiscussionsofhumannatureusuallydealwithdivisionsofevil goodandevil andgood 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature evil peopleareintrinsicallyevil intheunitedstates thisorientation whichwasinheritedfrompuritanancestors wastheprevailingviewformanymanyyears inthelasthundredyears however u s americanshavecometoseethemselvesasamixtureofgoodandevil thatis mostamericansnowbelievetheyare perfectible accordingtothisanalysis withconstanthardwork control education andself discipline peoplecanachievegoodness youcanalsonoticethisself helpapproachtolifeinchristianity forchristians godisthefatherandhumansarehischildren asisthecasewithallchildren theygetguidancebutmustalsomakechoices 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature evil inpartsofthearabworld peoplehaveapenchantforevilandthereforecannot whenlefttotheirownresources betrustedtomakeacorrectdecisionhence tohelpcontroltheactionsoftheirmembers numerousinstitutions rangingfromthereligioustothepolitical aredesignedtomonitorandmanagebehavior cause islamcametothemiddleeastatatimewhenthebedouinculturewasplaguedwithimmoralityandhedonism allahwasneeded thepeoplethought tosavethesinners 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature goodandevil peoplewhoholdthetaoistworldviewbelievethattheuniverseisbestseenfromtheperspectiveofyangandyin aninfinitesystemofopposingelementsandforcesinbalanceddynamicinteraction twooftheforcespresentinthisuniversearegoodandevil sincehumanityispartoftheuniverse theseforcesarenaturallypresentinhumankind thisideaisclearlyseeninthenotionoftheyangandyincycle periodicincreasesinyangareaccompaniedbycorrespondingdecreasesinyin thisisfollowedbyanoppositecycleinwhichyinincreaseswhileyangdecreases 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature goodandevil thisviewofthegoodandevilnatureofhumanityextendsthepositionthatpeoplecannoteliminateevil becauseitisanaturalandnecessarypartoftheuniverse weshouldaddthatmanyeuropeans forverydifferentreasons alsohaveadualistic good evil approachtohumannature specifically theybelievethatwhilewemightbebornwithapropensityforevil throughlearningandeducationpeoplecanbecomegood 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature good good thephilosophiesofconfucianismandbuddhism mostinterpretationsofthewritingsofconfuciusmaintainthathewas veryoptimistic abouthumannature 111buddhismmaintainsthatyouarebornpureandareclosesttowhatiscalled lovingkindness whenyouenterthisworld hence peoplearegood buttheircultureoftenmakesthemevil 2 3 1thecharacterofhumannature rationality cuttingacrosstheargumentsconcerningthegoodandevilofhumannaturehasbeenthequestionoftheessentialrationalityofhumannature throughouthistory therehasbeentensionbetweenthosewhobelieveinfateormysticpowersandthosewhobelievethattheintellectcansolveanyproblemanddiscoveranytruth frenchtaketherationalapproachcharacteristicofdescartes philosophy anamericanindianbelievesthatforcesexternaltoyoucontrolmuchofyourthinkingandbehavior thehindureliesonmysticism intuition andspiritualawarenesstounderstandthenatureofreality 2 3 2person natureorientation humanbeingssubjecttonaturecooperationwithnaturecontrollingnature 2 3 2person natureorientation humanbeingssubjecttonature themostpowerfulforcesoflifearebeyondtheircontrol whethertheforcebeagod fate ormagic apersoncannotovercomeitandmustthereforelearntoacceptit thisorientationisfoundinindiaandpartsofsouthamerica forthehindu becauseeverythingispartofaunifiedforce this oneness withtheworldhelpscreateavisionofaworldoperatinginharmony inmexicoandamongmexicanamericans thereisastrongtietocatholicismandtheroleoffateincontrollinglifeandnature 2 3 2person natureorientation cooperationwithnature thecooperationviewiswidespreadandisassociatedwitheastasians injapanandthailand thereisaperceptionthatnatureispartoflifeandnotahostileforcewaitingtobesubdued thisorientationaffirmsthatpeopleshould ineverywaypossible liveinharmonywithnature thedesiretobepartofnatureandnotcontrolithasalwaysbeenstrongamongamericanindians 2 3 2person natureorientation controllingnature thisvalueorientationischaracteristicofthewesternapproach whichhasalongtraditionofvaluingtechnology change andscience peoplewiththisorientationseeaclearseparationbetweenhum