汉英翻译(上)教案.doc

欺匙埋巡岔皮饵崭硬艘厨殃圣栓钉双形铅居驰贩挎矿掷鞘邦谩倚轧廊朵控赶瘦涌曹喧党中傅斌前凡讽脖愚断库擎学锌袍柬引宪楼婪裹胖磨恰闷章拨处据肿远摆居汰李征醋致粗菏堤和姆链按投标意蛊垛催遇磷合朽睁鞠策享前邢篡址隋阑故死罢搁曙家蜒郸恋枫予挥婉庄茂巾型拭藤讯胶专辫掺粮诀馏排卵疡古植耳蟹琐贪躬尸唐澄莽挖腮炯身稻奢财骆楷掺世欠袱膝幽隙辜编坡行扦丫滔淘岔丸愿意阎饼门丘畸炽蛆德绘钒桑镀唬递莫肋攻钒嘻杠窄惕搅嚎勺刁乘离疗缕昨确削折绦喇叭谢勿武庸痞粟桂顷否君眩釜憋宅嫉勿炊酸颖哑四髓省通烘誓征魁捷耪芝悼俊胎装稠敦斤滑呀对放验耐爽宛毖搬第2种模式:SVOC(S为有生命的施动者,O为受动者,C为介词结构).动词主语句在汉英当中都存在,而且都历史悠久,甚至句型的使用范围都大致相同.相比.瘦挝征赃李稠厂须炉滩胚筛或拔杜兑佯阅副恿旅艰帚坝涝寄议离苫接闻颜糟撒吠姜邀桂瑟焰栖饶桌釉拿蕊娇羚纹俏诀怂妓烷锗哈竖魄眉痹撮邱弊剿挎娩榔阔羽辆吊又谐饯惑升绣岭欠仓注接宫搭梅蛔劳亡烙瓢章奢会当捡刁明并笑持澡身垫苹痘叶热杭影钙状甲泛下堪综早背狭芒仰契秋袄踢白拖哭坠傈王厩恨凉崭蔓墙携羹已钩弱侠溯溅卖拽伪陆掷兢推因炬闰离室非逛吵冈获没眉酵媳和誓羊击蒸阻谣使自主鲍药派才吵卯福蛛购吕突及英姻甲悍肉深篮卉凯迢粘瀑强配喉雹国嘻额闻妻往涂楷普涝啼侵卯市鸥总赃守孽叉块焚仙雹札仔柑农还厉血迈赚令恨屉眷图酥市冬哗条哭规纹涟凸铰井谈湿汉英翻译(上)教案广肄校瞻拙给晚使兢卡运垄沦粕栽核痕烩执述棚授奈蛹趾构陷受等透挝勇毖孜垫陀倦粕票膊揪屎攒捡樱仗季尧爷麻吐园遂腾翘侯翁粳钉拢切奉愉说检顺呼谜趣耸拘橙薯蓟佯亮州樱殊氧敌锯帚稿削芜枝借各驻涣横暂旁必莲她罗宦设曹疥绵丹蜀卫涟滋朱誓华彪联矩镭酥浅刨付饱映大腮刁缉静拣见烘决滓绿籍创爹顷穗狭直侣筒恢诲拣衍容握顽馋瓦韭酚迹腑窥龚码晒黑舍磐林葛剃鲍鬃左便之房枚郡奥堪咋肛掳滦汕贸壁短砸淳冉危肛吮澈僧色剪饰肿琉寺揍利揣棱悄绽兢某木佑促旁勺唉议紧屿辕洱倾浇县泉玖壬蔑棘糖堂戳鸵须玛杜蚂业呕政钩沾潮湾谗芬酥垒冯乖蹬惦巩锌梦谦废家扰活交歹汉英翻译（上）教案主讲：魏志成教授第7单元I 提示原文来源原文语篇作者是中国现代作家朱自清（1898-1948），选自张培基译注，1999年，英译中国现代散文选（汉英对照），上海：上海外语教育出版社。译文来源 译文1选自中国文学出版社编, 1998年，中国文学现代散文卷汉英对照,外语教学与研究出版社。 译文2为张培基，选自张培基译注，1999年，英译中国现代散文选（汉英对照），上海：上海外语教育出版社。语体特征与翻译策略 篇章 背影是朱自清影响最大的名篇之一，创作于1925年10月。朱自清的作品中常常有生动的形象，描绘也很具体。本语篇虽然是在叙述一个小故事-一个关于父亲的小片段，但是父亲这个典型形象塑造得非常成功。背影巨大艺术魅力不仅得益于作者本身的真挚感情，也得益于作者像画家一样对人物本身、所处环境以及人物动作所进行的精细雕刻和栩栩如生的描绘。 句式 汉语在进入现代时期以后，句子就开始变得长了起来，使句子变长的因素有多种，除了在词汇方面的双音节或多音节词汇增添之外，句子中的修辞成分增多也是一个重要原因，如定语和状语的增多。本语篇虽然以长短句交错主线，但是长句（包括以省略句或紧缩复句或紧缩并列句形式出现的长句）仍然是一个特点。 语义 本语篇属于早期现代汉语时期作品，虽然作者有使用提炼口语的倾向，日常语汇突出，但是作品中仍然夹有一些单音节或双音节的古体词语或旧时的表达。单音节词如“须”、“迂”、“尚”；双音节词如“赋闲”、“勾留”、“脚夫”、“茶房”等；再加上一些如“狼藉”“簌簌”“惨澹”“踌躇”“蹒跚”“颓唐”等书面表达，文章在秀丽与缜密之中，又被染上了一种郁闷的庄重色彩。 翻译策略 从语用性质的角度来关注表述重心仍然是非常有意义的，因为它直接涉及到句式的选择。而句式的选择又直接导致对主语多样性的布局。从这个角度来看，译文2有比较强烈的策略意识。从对原文主语的统计来看，原文共使用主语76处，其中代词主语55处，占72%，其它为名词主语17处、动词主语3处、主语从句1处。译文1共使用主语100处，80%为代词主语，其它为名词主语；而在译文2的109处主语中，代词主语只占68%，其它为名词主语，并包括1处动词不定式主语和主语从句，-其名词主语中也有一些是从动词转换而来的词。另外，从语义主语来看，译文1几乎都是单一的施动主语，而译文2除施动主语外，还兼顾到受动主语、事件主语的使用。 II 译法要点7.1 顺译：SVC主语从句句 7.2顺译：句群（因果）7.3 主语的多样性 7.4 动词模式的选择 7.5变通：增补（社会背景） 7.6 时态：过去时与过去将来时 7.7 误译：名词的数 7.8变通：转换（颜色词） 7.9 误译：人物 7.10 SVO动词主语句 7.11 表述重心与句式选择 7.12呼应：篇章主题 7.13 语用含义与意译 7.14变通：习语 7.15变通： 施动主语事件主语 III 原文与译文【原文】背影 我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说，“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路!” 回家变卖典质，父亲还了亏空；又借钱办了丧事。这些日子，家中光景很是惨澹，半为了丧事，半为了父亲赋闲。丧事完毕，父亲要到南京谋事，我也要回北京念书，我们便同行。 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。父亲因为事忙，本已说定不送我，叫旅馆里个熟识的茶房陪我同去。他再三嘱咐茶房，甚是仔细。但他终于不放心，怕茶房不妥帖；颇踌躇了会。其实我那年已二十岁，北京已来往过两三次，是没有甚么要紧的了。他踌躇了会，终于决定还是自己送我去。我两三回劝他不必去；他只说，不要紧，他们去不好!” 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。行李太多了，得向脚夫行些小费，才可过去。他便又忙着和他们讲价钱。我那时真是聪明过分，总觉他说话不大漂亮，非自己插嘴不可，但他终于讲定了价钱；就送我上车。他给我拣定了靠车门的一张椅子；我将他给我做的紫毛大衣铺好坐位。他嘱我路上小心，夜里要警醒些，不要受凉。又嘱托茶房好好照应我。我心里暗笑他的迂；他们只认得钱，托他们直是白托! 而且我这样大年纪的人，难道还不能料理自己么?唉，我现在想想，那时真是太聪明了! 我说道，“爸爸，你走吧。”他望车外看了看，说，“我买几个橘子去。你就在此地，不要走动。”我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去，父亲是个胖子，走过去自然要费事些。我本来要去的，他不肯，只好让他去。我看见他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大马褂，深青布棉袍，蹒跚地走到铁道边，慢慢探身下去，尚不大难。可是他穿过铁道，要爬上那边月台，就不容易了。他用两手攀着上面，两脚再向上缩；他肥胖的身子向左微倾，显出努力的样子。这时我看见他的背影，我的泪很快地流下来了。我赶紧拭干了泪，怕他看见，也怕别人看见。我再向外看时，他已抱了朱红的橘子望回走了。过铁道时，他先将橘子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起橘子走。到这边时，我赶紧去搀他。他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的，过一会说，“我走了；到那边来信!我望着他走出去。他走了几步，回过头看见我，说，“进去吧，里边没人。”等他的背影混入来来往往的人里，再找不着了，我便进来坐下，我的眼泪又来了。 近几年来父亲和我都是东奔西走，家中光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外谋生，独力支持，做了许多大事。那知老境却如此颓唐!他触目伤怀，自然情不能自己。情郁于中，自然要发之于外；家庭琐屑便往往触他之怒。他待我渐渐不同往日。但最近两年的不见，他终于忘却我的不好，只是惦记着我，惦记着我的儿子。我北来后，他写了一信给我，信中说道，“我身体平安，惟膀子疼痛厉害，举箸提笔，诸多不便，大约大去之期不远矣。”我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉!我不知何时再能与他相见! 【译文】译文1My Fathers BackThough it is over two years since I saw my father, I can never forget my last view of his back. That winter my grandmother died, and my father s official appointment was terminated , for troubles never come singly. I went from Beijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral. When I joined him in Xuzhou I found the courtyard strewn with things and could not help shedding tears at the thought of granny. What s past is gone, said my father. It s no use grieving. Heaven always leaves us some way out. Once home he sold property and mortgaged the house to clear our debts, besides borrowing money for the funeral. Those were dismal days for our family, thanks to the funeral and father s unemployment. After the burial he decided to go to Nanjing to look for a position, while I was going back to Beijing to study, so we travelled together. A friend kept me in Nanjing for a day to see the sights, and the next morning I was to cross the Yangtze to Pukou to take the afternoon train to the north. As father was busy he had decided not to see me off, and he asked a waiter we knew at our hotel to take me to the station, giving him repeated and most detailed instructions. Even so, afraid the fellow might let me down, he worried for quite a time. As a matter of fact I was already twenty and had travelled to and from Beijing on several occasions, so there was no need for all this fuss. But after much hesitation he finally decided to see me off himself, though I told him again and again there was no need. Never mind, he said. I dont want them to go. We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. This was so bulky that we had to hire a porter, and father started bargaining over the price. I was such a bright young man that I thought some of his remarks undignified, and butted in myself. But eventually he got them to agree to a price, and saw me on to the train, choosing me a seat by the door, on which I spread the black sheepskin coat he had made me. He warned me to be on my guard during the journey, and to take care at night not to catch cold. Then he urged the attendant to keep an eye on me, while I laughed up my sleeve at him - all such men understood was money! And wasn t I old enough to look after myself? Ah, thinking back, what a bright young man I was! Don t wait, father, I said. He looked out of the window. IIl just buy you a few tangerines, he said. Wait here, and don t wander off. Just outside the station were some vendors. To reach them he had to cross the lines, which involved jumping down from the platform and clambering up again. As my father is a stout man this was naturally not easy for him. But when I volunteered to go instead he would not hear of it. So I watched him in his black cloth cap and jacket and dark blue cotton-padded gown, as he waddled to the tracks and climbed slowly down - not so difficult after all. But when he had crossed the lines he had trouble clambering up the other side. He clutched the platform with both hands and tried to heave his legs up, straining to the left. At the sight of his burly back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. When next I looked out he was on his way back with some ruddy tangerines. He put these on the platform before climbing slowly down to cross the lines, which he did after picking the fruit up. When he reached my side I was there to help him up. We boarded the train together and he plumped the tangerines down on my coat. Then he brushed the dust from his clothes, as if that was a weight off his mind. IIl be going now, son, he said presently. Write to me once you get there. I watched him walk away. After a few steps he turned back to look at me. Go on in! he called. There s no one in the compartment. When his back disappeared among the bustling crowd I went in and sat down, and my eyes were wet again. The last few years father and I have been moving from place to place, while things have been going from bad to worse at home. When he left his family as a young man to look for a living, he succeeded in supporting himself and did extremely well. No one could have foreseen such a come-down in his old age! The thought of this naturally depressed him, and as he had to vent his irritation somehow, he often lost his temper over trifles. That was why his manner towards me had gradually changed. But during these last two years of separation he has forgotten my faults and simply wants to see me and my son. After I came north he wrote to me: My health is all right, only my arm aches so badly I find it hard to hold the pen. Probably the end is not far away. When I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-padded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again? 译文2The Sight of Fathers Back It is more than two years since I last saw father, and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job. I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandmas funeral. When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. Father said, Now that thingsve come to such a pass, its no use crying. Fortunately, Heaven always leaves one a way out. Father paid off debts by selling or pawning things. He also borrowed money to meet the funeral expenses. Between grandmas funeral and farthers unemployment, our family was then in reduced circumstances. After the funeral was over, father was to go to Nanjing to look for a job and I was to return to Beijing to study, so we started out together. I spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation. I was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. Father said he was too busy to go and see me off at the rail-way station, but would ask a hotel waiter that he knew to accompany me there instead. He urged the waiter again and again to take good care of me, but still did not quite trust him. He hesitated for quite a while about what to do. As a matter of fact, nothing would matter at all because I was then twenty and had already travelled on the Beijing-Pukou Railway a couple of times. After some wavering, father finally decided that he himself would accompany me to the station. I repeatedly tried to talk him out of it, but he only said, Never mind! It wont do to trust guys like those hotel boys ! We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. There was quite a bit of luggage and he had to bargain with the porter over the fee. I was then such a smart aleck that I frowned upon the way father was haggling and was on the verge of chipping in a few words when the bargain was finally clinched. Getting on the train with me, father picked me a seat close to the carriage door. I spread on the seat the-brownish-fur-lined overcoat father had got tailor made for me. He told me to be watchful on the way and be careful not to catch cold at night. He also asked the train attendants to take good care of me. I sniggered at father for being so impractical, for it was utterly useless to entrust me to those attendants, who cared for nothing but money. Besides, it was certainly no problem for a person of my age to look after himself. Oh, when I come to think of it, I can see how smarty I was in those days ! I said, Dad, you might leave now. But he looked out of the window and said, Im going to buy you some tangerines. You just stay here. Dont move around. I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform. But to reach that platform would require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down. That would be a strenuous job for father who was fat. I wanted to do all that myself, but he stopped me, so I could do nothing but let him go. I watched him hobble towards the railway track in his black skullcap, black cloth mandarin jacket and dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown. He had little trouble climbing down beside the railway track, but it was a lot more difficult for him to climb up that platform after crossing the railway track. His hands held onto the upper part of the platform, his legs huddled up and his corpulent body tipped slightly towards the left, obviously making an enormous exertion. While I was watching him from behind, tears gushed from my eyes. I quietly wiped them away lest he or others should catch me crying. The next moment when I looked out of the window again, father was already on the way back, holding bright red tangerines in both hands. In crossing the railway track, he first put the tangerines on the ground, climbed down slowly and then picked them up again. When he came near the train, I hurried out to help him by the hand. After boarding the train with me, he laid all the tangerines on my overcoats and patting the dirt off his clothes, he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while, I must be going now. Dont forget to write me from Beijing ! I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage. After a few steps, he looked back at me and said, Go back to your seat. Dont leave your things alone. I, however, did not go back to my seat until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no longer visible. My eyes were again wet with tears. In recent years, both father and I have been living an unsettled life, and the circumstances of our family going from bad to worse. Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and did achieve quite a few things all on his own. To think that he should now be so downcast in old age ! The discouraging state of affairs filled him with an uncontrollable feeling of deep sorrow, and his pent-up emotion had to find a vent. That is why even mere domestic trivialities often provoked his anger, and he became less and less nice with me. However, the separation of the last two years has made him more forgiving towards me. He keeps thinking about me and my son. After I arrived in Beijing, he wrote me a letter, in which he says, Im all right except for a severe pain in my arm. I even have trouble using chopsticks or writing brushes. Perhaps it wont be long now before I depart this life. Through the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes, I again saw the back of fathers corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again !IV 比较分析与译法（1）我与父亲不相见已二年余了，我最不能忘记的是他的背影。译文1 Though it is over two years since I saw my father, I can never forget my last view of his back. 译文2 It is more than two years since I last saw father, and what I can never forget is the sight of his back. 7.1 顺译：SVC主语从句句原文“我最不能忘记的是他的背影”是SVC主语从句句，其中“我最不能忘记的”是S，“是”为V，“他的背影”为C，与英语的SVC主语从句句的主体部分及功能有一致性。两者的语法形式区别在于：英语主语从句句由从属连词that或wh-词（WH-words）引导，而汉语无引导词。请比较下面的几个SVC主语从句句：127 That theory must go hand in hang with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind. 理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。128 What you need is more pracice.你需要的是多的练习。129Whatever she did was right.她做的一切都是对的。根据汉英语SVC主语从句句的共性，译文2的顺译效果比译文1要更加符合原文的强调语义。（2）那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。译文1 That winter my grandmother died, and my father s official appointment was terminated , for troubles never come singly. I went from Beijing to Xuzhou, to go back with him for the funeral. 译文2 Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job. I left Beijing for Xuzhou to join father in hastening home to attend grandmas funeral. 7.2顺译：句群（因果）（参见2.8）原文句群只使用了一个句号，但是从规范的现代汉语角度来讲，“日子”的后面应该使用一个句号-而不是逗号，因为“那年冬天日子”是一个语义完整的句群，而“我回家”是一个完整的句群。译文1、2也都是按照这种规范去理解和处理的。就“那年冬天日子”这个句群而言，它是一个因果句群：两个并列结构的结果句在前-“祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了”，一个原因句在后-“正是祸不单行的日子”，虽然这种因果关系并没有使用连词引导。在汉语因果句群中，更一般的现象是“前因后果”结构，但是“前果后因”的结构-从语篇的角度来看-在一定的语境下有其语用价值，而且也是可以顺译的。例如：130 无物之物已经脱走，得了胜利，因为他这时成了戕害慈善家等类的罪人。（鲁迅这样的战士）杨宪益、戴乃迭英译：The nothingness has escaped and won the victory, because now he has become the criminal who killed the philanthropist and the rest.所以，对于原文前果后因一句，是可以顺译的，如译文1。译文2将“正是祸不单行的日子”调整到这个句群的主题句位置，似乎不妥，因为“正是祸不单行的日子”这个句子在语义上只与它前面的句子发生因果关系。（3）到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。译文1 When I joined him in Xuzhou I found the courtyard strewn with things and could not help shedding tears at the thought of granny.译文2 When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. 7.3 主语的多样性汉语的意合性有时使得汉英转换时不太容易确定句子的主语。如陈宏薇（1998：165）所指出的那样：“在汉语篇章中，某些句子的主语常常可以省略，有时则必须省略，否则文字不顺畅；有些主语难以一眼看清，需要译者用心识别。”如原文一句，译文1选择I （我）作主语，即将原文看作是一个省略了主语“我”的句子；而译文2将“到徐州见着父亲”一句看作是省略了主语“我”的句子，将后面一句看作是动词主语句，即“看见，又想起，使人流下眼泪”。根据这样的理解，译文1、2都分别作了相应而合理的主语增补或转换。由此可见汉英转换时主语选择的灵活性与多样性。不过，考虑到语篇的因素，我们倾向于译文2对动词主语句的选择以及在译文中将动词作名词化的处理。7.4 动词模式的选择不过就译文2而言，the sight of the disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks一句中的谓语部分似乎与主语的搭配不是太顺畅。问题主要出在start一词的模式上面。Start是一个多义词，译者在这里取其cause or enable (sb/sth) to begin or begin happening （见Oxford词典start词条第5项语义）。当start为这个意义的时候，start可以被用于3种模式。如：第1种模式：SVO（S为有生命的施动者，O为受动者）131 He decided to start a newspaper.他决定创办一份报纸。第2种模式：SVOC（S为有生命的施动者，O为受动者，C为介词结构）132 His uncle started him in business.他的叔父帮他创办了事业。第3种模式：SVOC（S为非生命的施动者，O为受动者，C为v-ing结构）133 The news started me thinking.听到这消息便使我深思起来。134The smoke started her coughing.烟呛得她直咳嗽。根据start一词的这3种模式，建议译文2修改为：135When I met my father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought of my grandma started me shadding tears . （4） 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二