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摘要
立体车库是专门实现各种车辆的自动停放及科学寄存的仓储设施。随着城市里面汽车数量的不断增加，停车困难的问题己经成为大中型城市的普遍现象。自动立体化立体车库可充分利用上地资源，发挥空间优势，最大限度地停放车辆，成为解决城市停车困难问题的重要途径。本课题以最为典型的升降横移式立体车库为研究对象，综合考虑立体车库制造成本和运行效率等因素进行设计。
本文在对国内外车库现状及发展趋势做了充分调研的基础上，选择三层十车位式自动立体车库结构为研究模型。升降横移式立体车库就其组成部分而言，可分为三大部分：车库结构部分、传动机构部分和控制系统部分。本文简单介绍了车库的主体结构特点和传动机构部分。在对升降横移式立体车库控制系统的设计中，采用了先进的PLC控制，运用西门子公司的编程软件编制了升降横移式立体车库控制系统的程序，并经调试、运行，证明采用可编程序控制器(PLC)作为控制系统简单易行。其稳定、可靠、快速、性价比高的特点使得控制系统非常完美。为了使停车设备满足使用要求，根据国家关于机械式停车设备通用安全要求的标准、升降横移式立体车库的实际，在升降横移式立体车库中使用了一些必要的安全技术，这样保证了车辆的绝对安全，使得整个车库可以安全平稳的运行。

关键词：自动立体车库；控制系统；可编程序控制器。

Abstract
Stereo garage is specifically implement check of vehicles automatic parking and scientific storage facilities. With the increasing of urban car ownership, parking problem has become a common phenomenon of large and medium-sized cities. Mechanical stereo garage can make full use of land resources, give full play to the advantage of the play maximum parking vehicles becoming the important way to slow the problem of urban static traffic. This topic was typical to lift move transversely type parking equipment as the research object, considering the three-dimensional garage dual factors of manufacturing cost and operation efficiency.
In the garage at home and abroad present situation and the development trend on the basis of investigation and choose three layers of ten parking type automatic stereoscopic garage structure as the research model. Lifting and moving type stereo garage in terms of their component parts, can be divided into three parts: the garage structural parts, transmission parts and control system. This article simply introduces the main structural characteristics and transmission mechanism parts of the garage. In three-dimensional garage for lifting and moving the design of control system, adopt advanced PLC control, using Siemens programming software of the control system of three-dimensional garage for lifting and moving type, and the debugging and running, prove that using programmable controller (PLC) as control system is simple. Its stable, reliable, rapid, cost-effective features makes the control system very perfect. In order to make the parking equipment meets the requirement, according to the state of mechanical parking equipment general safety standards, lift the lateral movement type parking equipment and actual using some necessary safety technology in the lift move transversely, so that ensures the complete safety of the vehicle, make the whole garage can be safe and smooth operation.

Keywords：automatic stereoscopic garage；control system；PLC.

目录
摘要 III
Abstract IV
目录 V
1 绪论 1
1.1自动立体车库的研究现状及发展趋势 1
1.1.1 自动立体车库的研究现状 1
1.1.2 自动立体车库的发展趋势 1
1.2 课题设计的目的和意义 2
1.3 课题设计的内容 2
1.4 自动立体车库的定义与简介 3
1.5 动立体车库的结构及组成部件 5
2 总体方案设计 7
2.1 整体方案设计 7
2.1.1 确定自动立体车库的架构 7
2.1.2 三层十车位升降横溢式自动立体车库工作原理 7
2.1.3 整体设计方案 8
2.2 控制方式选择 8
2.3自动立体车库PLC控制系统的基本结构 8
3 可编程控制器概述 9
3.1 可编程控制器的产生及发展 9
3.2可编程控制器的定义及特点 9
3.3 可编程控制器的结构 11
3.4可编程控制器的组成及其工作原理 12
3.4.1 可编程控制器的组成 12
3.4.2 可编程控制器的工作原理 13
4 自动立体车库控制系统的硬件设计 15
4.1 控制系统总体架构 15
4.2 自动立体车库控制系统设计分析 16
4.3 输入输出点分配 16
4.4 载车板的参数 19
4.5 电机的选择 19
4.5.1 升级电机的选择： 19
4.5.2 横移电机的选择 19
4.6 自动立体车库主电路图 19
5 自动立体车库可编程控制系统的软件设计 21
5.1 自动立体车库运行流程图 21
5.2 PLC梯形图 21
5.2.1 PLC仿真软件的选择 21
5.2.2 PLC梯形图的绘制 21
6 结论与展望 30
6.1 结论 30
6.2 不足之处及未来展望 30
致谢 31
参考文献 32

1 绪论
1.1自动立体车库的研究现状及发展趋势
自动立体车库作为现代城市存放汽车的工具，在人们生活中得到越来越广泛的应用，为此，催生了自动立体车库控制技术的发展。自动立体车库控制技术中出现过继电器逻辑控制、计算机控制、可编程序控制器控制等方式，由于可编程控制器（PLC）是利用计算机技术专门针对机电控制而开发的一种控制器，其组成的控制系统内的软逻辑开关可以替代传统的继电器逻辑控制，而且运行非常可靠又由于它可现场编程控制且编程易学，故其具有使用灵活及产品开发周期短，在实际应用中维修方便，抗干扰性强等优越性。现代可编程控制器组成的控制系统己成为目前自动立体车库控制的发展方向之一。

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内容简介：: 无无锡锡太太湖湖学学院院 2013 届届毕毕业业作作业业周周次次进进度度计计划划、检检查查落落实实表表系别：信机系班级：机械93 学生姓名：祁鹏课题（设计）名称：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计开始日期：2012年11月12日周次起止日期工作计划、进度每周主要完成内容1-32012年11月12日-2012年12月2日查阅相关资料，完成开题报告按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书4-102012年12月3日-2013年1月20日指导专业实训，要求了解企业结构进入工厂实习，了解企业生产流程112013年2月11日-2月16日查找一篇与论文相关的学术性英文资料，要求是期刊论文查找一篇关于自动立体车库PLC控制系统的学术性英文资料122013年2月18日-2月23日严格按照要求翻译英文资料，其中公式必须用公式编辑器输入翻译英文资料132013年3月4日-3月8日指导完成总体结构方案设计选择所要设计的自动立体车库架构，确定PLC控制系统的设计方案，整理设计思路142013年3月4日-3月9日指导完成电机的选择通过计算所需功率完成电机的选择152013年3月11号-3月16日指导完成输入输出点分配完成输入输出点分配并绘制表格162013年3月18日-3月23日指导完成PLC选型完成PLC选型172013年3月25日-3月30日指导完成接线图和流程图完成接线图和流程图182013年4月1日-4月6日完成各个模块梯形图的绘制完成工作方式选择模块、自动工作车位选择模块和复位模块的梯形图192013年4月8日-4月13日完成各个模块梯形图的绘制完成4、5、6号车位下降模块和7、8、9、10号车位下降模块的梯形图202013年4月15日-4月20日完成各个模块梯形图的绘制完成手动方式车位选择模块和手动方式车位运动模块的梯形图212013年4月22日-4月27日指导说明书初稿写作根据所下载的资料，构思并开始写说明书222013年4月29日-5月3日指导说明书二稿写作、修改将整篇文章的脉络、细节加以完善，用词准确，不出现病句等。232013年5月6日-5月10指导修改说明书并定稿说明书按照模板进行修改242013年5月13日-5月18日说明书及相关资料、图纸打印装订打印说明书和图纸及相关资料252013年5月20日-5月25日指导学生整理资料，准备答辩整理资料，并熟读资料，做好充分准备说明： 1、“工作计划、进度”、“指导教师意见并签字”由指导教师填写，“每周主要完成内容”，“存在问题、改进方法”由学生填写。 2、本表由各系妥善归档，保存备查。存档编码：存在问题、改进方法指导教师意见并签字参考资料不太详细，论文中相关的设计结构比较分散，要将各论文中设计的部件整合起来一起研究分析虽然不是第一次进入工厂实习，但是各方面任然都很欠缺，要增强动手能力，加强熟悉工作流程学术性英文资料比较难找，大多是综述性文章，要多加查阅翻译中遇到很多专业术语，翻译语句不通顺，加强专业英语的练习，使语句通顺设计思路不够完善，存在漏洞，设定计划计算的时候忽略了一些损耗，重复计算，把损耗考虑进去对于各输入输出点关系不太清楚，要理清各点之间的关系对各个PLC型号功能不了解，查阅资料，了解各个型号和功能画法出现错误，参考一些接线图和流程图对梯形图的画法已经STEP 7的使用不够熟练，多次使用，是自己对画法和STEP 7更加熟练。对各章应写哪些内容比较模糊，可根据设计的图纸，着重介绍个部件有很多细节错误，将文章再复查一边，避免出现语句上的和细节方面的错误格式经常出错，耐心修改，要熟练使用word各项功能论文格式严格按照学校的规范进行修改,完善存在很多细节方面的错误，应认真检查并及时改正无无锡锡太太湖湖学学院院 2013 届届毕毕业业作作业业周周次次进进度度计计划划、检检查查落落实实表表系别：信机系班级：机械93 学生姓名：祁鹏课题（设计）名称：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计开始日期：2012年11月12日说明： 1、“工作计划、进度”、“指导教师意见并签字”由指导教师填写，“每周主要完成内容”，“存在问题、改进方法”由学生填写。 2、本表由各系妥善归档，保存备查。备注无无锡锡太太湖湖学学院院 2013 届届毕毕业业作作业业周周次次进进度度计计划划、检检查查落落实实表表系别：信机系班级：机械93 学生姓名：祁鹏课题（设计）名称：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计开始日期：2012年11月12日说明： 1、“工作计划、进度”、“指导教师意见并签字”由指导教师填写，“每周主要完成内容”，“存在问题、改进方法”由学生填写。 2、本表由各系妥善归档，保存备查。存档编码：编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923147学生姓名：祁鹏指导教师：黄敏（职称：副教授） 2013年5月25日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923147 学生姓名：祁鹏指导教师：黄敏（职称：副教授） 2012年11月25日课题来源自拟题目科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义随着城市规模越来越大，城市人口、车辆日渐增多，市区尤其是中心商业区“停车难”的问题已成为制约城市发展的一大难题。立体车库与传统的自然地下车库相比，在许多方面都显示出优越性。首先，立体车库具有突出的节地优势。以往的地下车库由于要留出足够的行车通道，平均一辆车就要占据40平方米的面积，而如果采用双层机械立体车库，可使地面的使用率提高8090，如果采用地上多层（21层）立体式车库的话，50平方米的土地面积上便可存放40辆车，这可以大大地节省有限的土地资源，并节省土建开发成本。立体车库与地下车库相比可更加有效地保证人身和车辆的安全，人在车库内或车不停准位置，由电子控制的整个设备便不会运转。应该说，机械车库从管理上可以做到彻底的人车分流。在地下立体车库中采用机械存车，还可以免除采暖通风设施，因此，运行中的耗电量比工人管理的地下车库低得多。机械车库一般不做成套系统，而是以单台集装而成。这样可以充分发挥其用地少、可化整为零的优势，在住宅区的每个组团中或每栋楼下都可以随机设立机械停车楼。这对眼下车库短缺的小区解决停车难的问题提供了方便条件。（2）自动立体车库PLC控制系统的研究状况及其发展前景立体车库在中国是个新兴行业。但随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，小轿车的数量增长迅猛，人们对车库的需求也越来越高，生产厂家逐渐增多。由于绝大部分的轿车集中在大、中城市,城市轿车数量的大幅度增加必然引起对停车位需求的增加,预计在今后5年内我国城市至少要有约250万个停车库才能满足需求。车库门的年需求量高达300万套,而实际产量为150万套。自动门、工业门的需求量为460万平方米,其中自动门的需求量为250万平方米，前景十分明朗。研究内容了解自动立体车库的工作原理，国内外的研究发展现状；完成自动立体车库PLC控制方案设计；完成有关控制系统的主电路、控制电路及控制元气件的选型设计；并完成PLC程序编制；完成设计说明书的撰写，并翻译外文资料1篇。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析实验方案：结合现实生活中已经建成的升降横移式立体车库的项目，了解立体车库运行的基本原理和轿车停车流程，记录立体车库使用注意事项等。参阅了国内外的几种升降横移式立体车库的相关资料，对当前的车库技术发展前沿有了大概的了解，从而把握国内外车库技术的发展趋势和方向；通过网上检索，了解立体车库最新国内外发展概况等。了解建设立体车库的钢材选用，电机选择，建设方法等。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：1012年11月12日2012年12月12日：查阅与毕业设计相关的资料，并填写开题报告。2012年12月03日2013年01月20日：进入工厂实习，填写毕业实习报告。2013年02月11日2013年02月23日：查找一篇有关于自动立体车库PLC控制系统的学术性英文文献并翻译。2013年03月04日2013年04月20日：自动立体车库PLC控制系统设计。2013年04月22日2010年05月23日：说明书的写作及相关资料、图纸的打印装订，并准备答辩预期成果：这套低成本、高效率、高可靠性、人性化的自动车库门,能在市场竞争中处于有利地位。自动车库应用范围广泛,既可用于商业性车库,又可用于住房配套用车库,其推广应用社会经济效益十分显著,对改善城市面貌有重大意义。特色或创新之处使用PLC编程软件编程仿真，效果明显，方便改变参量，能够直观判断设计结果。采用固定某些参量、改变某些参量来研究问题的方法，思路清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题实验方案思路已经非常明确，已经具备使用PLC编程软件编程仿真的能力和数据处理方面的知识使用PLC编程软件编程的能力尚需加强。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日英文原文A study on PLC by means of the direct conversion of the ladder diagram to circuit design language1.PLC overviewProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgment, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented Plc General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgment functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;Second，programming visual, simple;Third, adaptability good;Fourth functional improvements, strong functional interface.2.History of PLCProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days Moody and Morley, 1999.Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan 1995, an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.The objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.3.Now of PLCFrom the structure is divided into fixed PLC and Module PLC, the two kinds of PLC including CPU board, I/O board, display panel, memory block, power, these elements into a do not remove overall. Module type PLC including CPU module, I/O modules, memory, the power modules, bottom or a frame, these modules can be according to certain rules combination configuration.In the user view, a detailed analysis of the CPUs internal unnecessary, but working mechanism of every part of the circuit. The CPU control works, by it reads CPU instruction, interprets the instruction and executes instructions. But the pace of work by shock signal control. Unit work under the controller command used in a digital or logic operations.In computing and storage register of computation result, it is also among the controller command and work. CPU speed and memory capacity is the important parameters fot PLC . its determines the PLC speed of work, IO PLC number and software capacity, so limits to control size. Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that youll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Todays transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions. Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers youll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.4.PLC design criteria A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Studies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999 have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years Whitney, 1996. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.5.AK 1703 ACPFollowing the principle of our product development, AK 1703 ACP has high functionality and flexibility, through the implementation of innovative and reliable technologies, on the stable basis of a reliable product platform.For this, the system concept ACP (Automation, Control and Protection) creates the technological preconditions. Balanced functionality permits the flexible combination of automation, telecontrol and communication tasks. Complemented with the scalable performance and various redundancy configurations, an optimal adaptation to the respective requirements of the process is achieved.AK 1703 ACP is thus perfectly suitable for automation with integrated telecontrol technology as: Telecontrol substation or central device Automation unit with autonomous functional groups Data node, station control device, front-end or gateway With local or remote peripherals For rear panel installation or 19 inch assembly Branch-neutral product, therefore versatile fields of application and high productstability Versatile communication Easy engineering Plug & play for spare parts Open system architecture Scalable redundancy The intelligent terminal - TM 1703The Base Unit AK 1703 ACP with Peripheral Elements has one basic system element CP-2010/CPC25 (Master control element) and CP-2012/PCCE25 (Processing and communication element) ,one bus line with max. 16 peripheral elements can be connected.CP-2010/CPC25 Features and FunctionsSystem Functions: Central element,coordinating all system servicesCentral hub function for all connected basic system elements Time managementCentral clock of the automation unitSetting anf keeping the own clocks time with a resolution of 10msSynchronization via serid communication via LAN or local RedundancyVoting and change-over for redundant processing and communication elements of the own automation unitSupports voting and change-over by an external SCA-RS redundancy switchSupports applicational voting and change-over by an exterual system,e.g.a control system SAT TOLLBOX| connectionStoring firmware and parameters on a Flash CardCommunication: Communication via installable protocol elements to any superior or subordinate automation unit Automatic data flow routing Priority based data transmission (priority control) Own circular buffer and process image for each connected station(data keeping) Redundant communication routesCommunication with redundant remote stations Special application specific functions for dial-up trafficTest if stations are reachable Process Peripherals: Tansmission of spontaneous information objects from and to peripheral elements, via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus Functions for Automatoin: Open-/closed-loop control function for the execution of freely definable user programs which are created with CAEX plus according to IEC 61131-3,e.g.using function diagram technology 512KB for user program Approx 50.000 variables and signals,2.000 of them retained Cycle of 10ms or a multiphe thereof Online test Loadable without service interruption Redundant open-/closed-loop control functions Synchronization via redundancy link Transmission of periodic process information between the open-/closed-loop control function and the peripheral elements,via the serial Ax 1703 peripheral bus.中文译文PLC梯形图、电路设计的研究一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。以执行逻辑判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。PLC的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控制器和被控对象连接方便。70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；编程直观、简单；适应性好；功能完善，接口功能强二、PLC的历史1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。初期可编程控制器只是用一种类似于语言的软件逻辑于代替继电器硬件逻辑，并且使开发时间由6个月缩短到6天。虽然计算机控制技术已经产生，但是PLC控制因为它的高性能、成本低、并且对恶劣的环境有很强的适应能力而在工业控制的广泛应用中保持优势。而且，尽管硬件的价格在逐渐下跌，据估计，根据Frost和Sullivan对PLC市场的调查研究表明，每年销售硬件的价格要比销售PLC的价格（一千五百万）至少多出八十亿美元。PLC的创造者Richard E. Morley十分肯定的认为目前PLC市场是一个价值五十亿的工业虽然PLC广泛应用于工业控制中，PLC控制系统的程序依然和语法有关。和软件过程一样，PLC的软件设计也以同样的方式会遇到软件错误或危机。Morley在演讲中着重强调了这个方面。如果房子建造的像软件过程一样，那么仅仅一只啄木鸟就可以摧毁文明。特别的，PLC程序要解决的实际问题是消除软件错误和减少老式梯形逻辑语言的花费。尽管PLC的硬件成本在继续下降，但是在工业控制上减少梯形逻辑的扫描时间仍然是一个问题，以至于可以用到低耗时的PLC。一般来说，和其他领域相比生产PLC的周期要短很多。例如，在实践中，VISI设计是一种有效的计算机辅助设计。PLC不需要使用目前的以软件设计为基础软件工程方法论，因为PLC程序要求对软件和硬件搜都要考虑到。因此，软件设计越来越成为花费动力。在许多的工业设计工程中，多数人力分配给了控制系统设计和安装，并且他们被要求对PLC进行程序测试和错误排除。再者，PLC控制系统不适合设计对适应性和重构有越来越多要求的生产系统。一个更深入的问题是在大规模的工程中软件越来越复杂，促使要有一个系统化的设计方法论。主题的客观性是为PLC自动控制系统建立一个系统化的软件设计方法论。这个设计方法论包括以状态转换模型为基础的精确的描述，这个转台转换模型是自动控制系统的抽象系统。方法论还包括一个逐步的设计过程，并且要设置一个设计规则，这样才能为一个成功的设计提供导向和方法。这项研究的真正目的是找到一个减少控制软件发展过程的不稳定性的方法，也就是说，减少程序和调试时间以及他们的变化，以增强自动控制系统的适应性，并且通过调整软件使得软件可以再度使用。这样的目的是为了克服目前程序策略的不足之处，而目前的程序策略是以个人软件开发者的经验为基础的。三、现今的PLC从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和模块式两种。固定式PLC包括CPU板、I/O板、显示面板、内存块、电源等，这些元素组合成一个不可拆卸的整体。模块式PLC包括CPU模块、I/O模块、内存、电源模块、底板或机架，这些模块可以按照一定规则组合配置。在使用者看来，不必要详细分析CPU的内部电路，但对各部分的工作机制还是应有足够的理解。CPU的控制器控制CPU工作，由它读取指令、解释指令及执行指令。但工作节奏由震荡信号控制。运算器用于进行数字或逻辑运算，在控制器指挥下工作。寄存器参与运算，并存储运算的中间结果，它也是在控制器指挥下工作。CPU速度和内存容量是PLC的重要参数，它们决定着PLC的工作速度，IO数量及软件容量等，因此限制着控制规模。中央处理器(CPU)是PLC控制器的大脑。通常CPU本身就是一个微控制器。起先是8位微控制器例如8051,现在发展为16位和 32位微控制器。你会发现大部分由日本制造商制造的PLC中是日立和Fujicu的微控制器,西门子的微控制器多应用在欧洲的PLC中,摩托罗拉生产的微控制器则独占美国市场。CPU同样关注通信, PLC控制器,操作程序的执行,监督记忆设置的输入和输出等部分的关联性。PLC使用系统存储器（现在大部分采用闪存技术了）用于过程控制系统。除了这个操作系统之外，它还包括一个由梯形图翻译成而进制形式的用户程序。快擦型存储器（FLASH memory）的内容只有在改变用户程序的时候可以被改变。PLC控制器比快擦型存储器使用得更早，EPROM存储器比快擦型存储器也更早，快擦型存储器必须用紫外线（UV，Ultra-Violet Ray）灯擦除，并在编程器上进行编程。由于快擦型存储器技术的应用，使得这个过程大大缩短了。在应用程序开发中，通过一个串行电缆可以对程序存储器进行重新编程。用户存储器被分成具有特殊功能的块。一部分存储器用来存储输入和输出状态。一个输入的实际状态存储状态存储在专用存储器位上，为“1”或者“0”。每一个输入和输出在存储器中都有一个相应的位。另外一部分存储器用来存储用户程序中的变量的内容。例如，定时器值，或者记数器值存放在存储器的这个部分。 PLC控制器可以通过计算机（通常方式）重新编程，但是也可以通过人工编程器9控制台）编程。实际上，这意味着，如果你有编程所需要的软件，早期PLC控制器可以通过计算机进行编程。今天的传输计算机是工厂自己对PLC控制器进行重新编程的理想设备。这对于工业企业来说是非常重要的。一旦系统修改结束，将正确的程序重新读入PLC控制器也是非常重要的。定期检查PLC中的程序是否改变是非常好的事情。这有助于避免车间发生危险情况（一些汽车制造商已经建立了通信网络，可以定期检查PLC中的程序，以保证运行的程序都是正确的）。几乎所有用于为PLC控制器编程的程序都拥有各种不同的选项，例如系统输入/输出（I/O线）的强制开关，程序实时跟踪以及图表验证。图表验证对于理解、定义失败和故障非常必要。程序员可以添加标记，书日和输出设备名称，以及对于查找错误或者对于系统维护很有用的

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