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华北电力大学科技学院毕业设计(论文)任务书所在院系 科技学院电力系 专业班号 电力07K2 学生姓名 段浩 指导教师签名 审批人签字 毕业设计(论文)题目 220kV变电站电气一次初步设计 2011年02月21日一、毕业设计(论文)主要内容1、分析原始资料，设计5种可行的电气主接线方案。2通过初步技术经济比较，确定两种较好方案。3针对所选的两种较好方案进行短路电流计算。4选择电气设备并进行校验。5进行技术经济比较，确定最佳方案。6、设计屋内、外配电装置。7、设计防雷保护，选择避雷针并进行校验。8、绘制图纸57张：电气主接线图、电气总平面布置图、屋外配电装置断面图、潮流分布图、屋内配电装置配置图、防雷校验图等。9、设计说明书一份。10、计算书一份（短路电流、设备校验、运行费、防雷校验等计算）。二、基本要求1、阅读的参考文献不能少于15篇，且其中应有一定的外文文献。撰写本课题的文献综述，要求字数不少于2000字。2、掌握短路电流计算方法。3、学会技术经济比较方法。4、翻译一篇与本专业有关的外文文献，要求其中文翻译字数不能少于3000字。三、设计(论文)进度序号设计项目名称完成时间备注1查阅文献、撰写文献综述、明确研究方法、完成开题报告2周2完成初步技术经济比较，确定两种较好方案2周3方案比较，确定最佳方案4周4完成配电装置及防雷保护设计2周5完成图纸绘制3周6撰写论文1周设计(论文)预计完成时间：2011年06月19日四、参考资料及文献1.发电厂电气部分 华中工学院编2.电力工程设计手册 东北西北电力设计院3.发电厂电气部分课程设计参考资料 天津大学编4.发电厂 、变电所电气主接线设计 西安交通大学编其他资料自己查阅五、附录原始数据1220KV进线2回，归算至此220KV母线的系统短路电抗为0.25，基准电压取平均电压，基准功率取100MVA；2110KV出线4回，最大负荷300MW，最小负荷150MW，功率因数0.85，最大负荷小时数5000；310KV出线10回，最大负荷25MW，最小负荷15MW，功率因数0.8，最大负荷小时数4500；4.所用电率2%；5.环境条件：同本地环境条件。华北电力大学科技学院毕业设计(论文)任务书所在院系 电力工程系 专业班号 电气07k6 学生姓名 侯健 指导教师签名 审批人签字 毕业设计(论文)题目 220kV变电站电气一次初步设计 2011年 2 月 1 日一、毕业设计(论文)主要内容1、根据原始资料选择57种合理的电气主接线； 2、进行初步技术、经济比较，选择2种较好的电气主接线；3、选择主变压器的容量和型号；4、计算两种主接线的短路电流；5、根据短路电流计算结果选择电气设备；6、通过技术经济比较确定最佳方案；7、防雷系统设计；8、屋内外配电装置设计和总平面布置9、绘制图纸：电气主接线、电气总平面布置、防雷与接地各一张，配电装置断面图34张。二、基本要求1、进行充分的文献阅读，了解变电站电气一次系统设计的主要任务和当前发展趋势； 2、通过本设计，能够综合运用电力工程基础、供用电技术等专业课程的相关知识；3、通过电气主接线、总平面及断面图的设计，加深对变电站配电装置布置方法和原则的理解和认识。三、设计(论文)进度序号设计项目名称完成时间备注1内容1、2、32周 2内容4、5、63周3内容7、83周4内容94周5撰写毕业论文2周设计(论文)预计完成时间： 2011 年 6 月 16 日四、参考资料及文献1、发电厂电气部分 华中工学院2、发电厂电气部分课程设计参考资料 天津大学3、电力工程设计手册(14分册) 东北西北电力设计院4、发电厂变电所电气主接线和布置 西北电力设计院5、发电厂变电所电气主接线设计 西安交通大学五、附录原始数据1.变电所类型：220kV降压变电站2.电压等级：220/110/35kV3.负荷情况：110kV侧：最大负荷150MW，最小负荷100MW，Tmax=5000小时，cos=0.935kV侧：最大负荷80MW，最小负荷50MW，Tmax=5200小时，cos=0.854.进出线情况220kV侧：2回110kV侧：10回 35kV侧：6回5.系统情况（1）归算至220kV母线的系统短路电抗幺值为0.25（SB100MVA）；（2）归算至110kV母线系统短路电抗幺值为0.3（SB100MVA）6.环境条件：同本地条件华北电力大学科技学院毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告学生姓名： 侯健 班级： 电气07K6 所在系别： 电力工程系 所在专业： 电气工程及其自动化 设计（论文）题目：220kV变电站电气一次初步设计指导教师： 胡永强 2011年 3月 4日毕 业 设 计（论 文）开 题 报 告一、结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不低于2000字的文献综述。（另附）二、本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）：220kV变电站电气一次初步设计的主要内容包括：变电站主接线方案的确定，主变压器的选择，短路电流计算，电气设备的选择，防雷与接地系统设计，屋内外配电装置和总平面布置等。完成电气主接线图，电气总平面布置图，防雷接地图，配电装置断面图等设计图。研究方法是：根据设计任务书的原始资料数据，以相关技术规范为标准，参考发电厂电气部分、电力工程设计手册等相关书籍，综合运用电力工程基础、供用电技术等专业课程相关知识，对变电站电气一次系统进行初步设计。（1）主接线的选择根据设备特点、进出线回路数、负荷性质等条件确定，并同时满足运行可靠、灵活、节约投资等要求。（2）主变压器要根据负荷的要求选择其台数、容量、型号、冷却方式等。（3）短路电流的计算依据电气主接线图，制定短路计算等值网络图，拟订必要的短路计算点，用实用计算法计算出选择电气设备所需的各组短路电流。（4）主要电气设备按正常工作条件进行选择，并按短路状态来校验热稳定和动稳定，包括各电压等级的母线、绝缘子、断路器、隔离开关、电压及电流互感器等。对“文三、指导教师意见：1 对“文献综述”的评语： 2对学生前期工作情况的评价（包括确定的研究方法、手段是否合理等方面）：指导教师： 年 月 日文献综述一、我国变电站发展现状和趋势随着社会的不断发展，工业不断进步，人们的生活水平不断提高，电力系统在国民经济中所占比例越来越大。现代电力系统是一个巨大的，严密的整体。 各类发电厂、变电站分工完成电力系统的发电、变电任务，电力系统是国民经济的重要能源部门，而变电站的设计是其中必不可少的一个项目。1变电站是电力系统中不可或缺的一个重要环节，对电网的安全和经济运行起着举足轻重的作用。由于我国电力建设起步比较晚，目前我国变电站主要现状是老设备向新型设备转变，有人值班向无人值班变电站转变，交流传输向直流输出转变，在城市变电站建设中，户内型变电站大幅增加。2国外变电站主要是交流输出向直流输出。转变而数字化智能变电站也是国内外变电站未来发展趋势。3数字化变电站在我国发展迅速，从1995年德国提出制定IEC61850的设想开始，中国就一直关注IEC61850的发展。全国电力系统管理及其信息交换标准化技术委员会自2000年起，将对IEC61850的转化作为工作重点之一。从CD（委员会草案）到CDV，从FDIS到正式出版物，标委会及其工作组专家密切跟踪IEC标准的进展，用近5年的时间，二十多位专家的辛勤工作，完成了IEC61850到行业标准DL/T860的转化。4标准转化的同时，国内顶级设备制造商如南瑞集团、北京四方、国电南自、许继电器等同步开展了标准研究和软硬件开发。2006年以来，相继有采用IEC61850标准的变电站投入运行，从110kV到500kV，从单一厂家到多家集成，国内对数字化变电站工程实践的探索正在向纵深发展。5在国调中心的领导下，从2004底开始，标委会成功组织了6次大规模互操作试验，极大地推动了基于IEC61850标准的设备研制和工程化。为规范IEC61850在国内的有效有序应用，2007年，标委会将DL/T860标准工程实施技术规范纳入工作计划，并迅速组织有关专家进行起草，经广泛征求意见，2008年该规范通过标委会审查报批。成为指导DL/T860标准国内工程实施的重要配套文件。6目前，国内各网省公司都进行了数字化变电站试点，对DL/T860标准的应用程度和技术水平各不相同，有单在变电站层应用DL/T860的，也有在过程层试验的，还有结合电子式互感器应用的；有单一厂家实现的，也有多达十多加设备制造商参与的。数字化变电站的试点已经较为充分，现在应该到了总结成功经验、探讨发展策略的时候了。未来，在智能电网建设的大背景下，数字化变电站快速发展是必然趋势。7二、变电站概述 （一）变电站及其分类变电站是改变电压的场所。为了把发电厂发出来的电能输送到较远的地方，必须把电压升高，变为高压电，到用户附近再按需要把电压降低，这种升降电压的工作靠变电站来完成。变电站的主要设备是开关和变压器。按规模大小不同，称为变电所、配电室等。变电站是把一些设备组装起来，用以切断或接通、改变或者调整电压，在电力系统中，变电站是输电和配电的集结点。变电站主要分为：升压变电站，主网变电站，二次变电站，配电站。 （二）变电站的主要设备1、变压器变压器是变电站的主要设备，分为双绕组变压器、三绕组变压器和自耦变压器即高、低压每相共用一个绕组，从高压绕组中间抽出一个头作为低压绕组的出线的变压器。电压高低与绕组匝数成正比，电流则与绕组匝数成反比。 变压器按其作用可分为升压变压器和降压变压器。前者用于电力系统送端变电站，后者用于受端变电站。变压器的电压需与电力系统的电压相适应。为了在不同负荷情况下保持合格的电压有时需要切换变压器的分接头。 按分接头切换方式变压器有带负荷有载调压变压器和无负荷无载调压变压器。有载调压变压器主要用于受端变电站。8 2、电压互感器和电流互感器电压互感器和电流互感器的工作原理和变压器相似，它们把高电压设备和母线的运行电压、大电流即设备和母线的负荷或短路电流按规定比例变成测量仪表、继电保护及控制设备的低电压和小电流。在额定运行情况下电压互感器二次电压为l00V，电流互感器二次电流为5A或1A。电流互感器的二次绕组经常与负荷相连近于短路,请注意:绝不能让其开路，否则将因高电压而危及设备和人身安全或使电流互感器烧毁。 93、开关设备变电站的开关设备包括断路器、隔离开关、负荷开关、高压熔断器等，都是断开和合上电路的设备。断路器在电力系统正常运行情况下用来合上和断开电路；故障时在继电保护装置控制下自动把故障设备和线路断开，还可以有自动重合闸功能。在我国，220kV以上变电站使用较多的是空气断路器和六氟化硫断路器。 隔离开关（刀闸)的主要作用是在设备或线路检修时隔离电压，以保证安全。它不能断开负荷电流和短路电流，应与断路器配合使用。在停电时应先拉断路器后拉隔离开关，送电时应先合隔离开关后合断路器。如果误操作将引起设备损坏和人身伤亡。 负荷开关能在正常运行时断开负荷电流没有断开故障电流的能力，一般与高压熔断丝配合用于10kV及以上电压且不经常操作的变压器或出线上。104、其他设备防雷设备主要有避雷针和避雷器。避雷针是为了防止变电站遭受直接雷击将雷电对其自身放电把雷电流引入大地。在变电站附近的线路上落雷时雷电波会沿导线进入变电站，产生过电压。另外，断路器操作等也会引起过电压。避雷器的作用是当过电压超过一定限值时，自动对地放电降低电压保护设备放电后又迅速自动灭弧，保证系统正常运行。目前，使用最多的是氧化锌避雷器。此外，变电站设备还包括汇集电流的母线，计量和控制用仪表、继电保护装置和调度通信装置等，有的变电站还有无功补偿设备。三、设计内容及目标220kV降压变电所电气部分设计的研究主要内容是结合相关的设计手册，辅助资料，主要完成该变电站的一次部分设计，参考国内外最新的设计方法、研究成果和新的电气设备，对降压变电所的电气主接线方案，主变压器的选择，电气设备的选择（包括断路器，隔离开关，熔断器等），配电装置的选择以及防雷保护的设计。主变压器、各侧电压等级的电气主接线和相关一次、二次设备、避雷装置、继电保护装置进行选择。同时，完成变电站一次部分总接线图、220kV变电所平面布置初步设计图和详细设计图。11本次变电站的设计要做到概念清晰，层次分明，结合自己选择的参考资料，并参考变电站一次设计的规范，经过查阅资料，了解其基本过程，整理相关的思路，在老师的指导下，细致缜密的完成整个设计过程，具体的设计规范步骤如下： 1、根据原始资料选择57种合理的电气主接线； 2、进行初步技术、经济比较，选择2种较好的电气主接线； 3、选择主变压器的容量和型号； 4、计算这两种主接线的短路电流； 5、根据短路电流计算结果选择电气设备； 6、通过技术经济比较确定最佳方案； 7、设计较为合理的防雷系统； 8、屋内外配电装置设计和总平面布置； 9、绘制图纸：电气主接线、电气总平面布置、防雷与接地、配电装置断面图。 参考文献：1熊信银.发电厂电气部分M.中国电力出版社，20042陈珩.电力系统稳态分析M.中国电力出版社，2006 3李光琦.电力系统稳态分析M.中国电力出版社, 2006 4金旭东.数字化变电站介绍M.江苏电机工程，20075夏勇军,苏吴,胡刚,董永德.数字化变电站研究现状与应用展望M.湖 北电力, 20076汤汉松,孙志杰,徐大可.数字化变电站的现状与未来M.江苏电机 工程，2007 7葸英.浅谈数字化变电站的应用M.新疆电力技术, 20098陈月娥.有关220kV变电站设计思路的分析M. 广东科技，20089陈景龙.变电站自动化发展趋势分析M.科学实践，2008 10才国平.高压电气设备选择M.电气开关, 200211唐岳柏.浅议220kV变电站电气主接线的选择M.科技创新导报，2010年07期506 NEW INTELLIGENT FEATURES DURING REFURBISHMENT OF SUBSTATIONS Maarten VAN RIET NUON Technical Projects & Consultancy -The Netherlands Maarten.van.RietN Frans PROVOOST Eindhoven University of Technology - The Netherlands F.ProvoostTue.nl Frans VAN ERP NUON Technical Projects & Consultancy -The Netherlands Frans.vau.ErpN SUMMARY The moment of substation refurbishment is the cxcellent time to install new features and ideas. It has proven that it is better to wait a few years for refurbishment than to act without well thought ideas. Nuon stands on an important moment where many substations have to he upgraded with new protections, controls and innovative features. Our main goal is to upgrade old substations towards tomorrows state of the art using only some hundred thousands euros. To reach this goal many things have to he combined. There is no doubt about merging of protection and control. But there is also a need that one single protection and control box has to serve more than one feeder. Recent success stories about super fast tripping via a simple Ethernet bus, frees the possibilities of combining many protection software devices into one computer. So our vision about a future substation is becoming more and more realistic. The last 25 years everybody was focused on benefits from HV automation. But our opinion is that on this moment we can reach much more starting with the low and medium voltage. In our pilot project for refurbishing the 150110 kV substation Zalthommel we realized not only state of the art protection and control, but also a fully integrated Power Quality measurement for all 20 outgoing feeders. Also we realized a medium voltage fault locator which detects 2 and 3 phase faults with an accuracy of less than 100 meter and single phase to ground faults in soft grounded network with an accuracy of 500 meters. Because of the distance between MV-houses, this accuracy is more than sufficient to know where to start switching for network restoration. We reached several successes in PLC communication over low and medium voltage networks, opening a new world in information and control handling. This involves not only the communication to our customers, e.g. automatic meter reading, hut also the total grid management, information between substation and the low voltage connections. Our goal is to reach total transparent and simple substation automation system within 10 years. As a consequence the costs for substation automation refurbishment must be decreased by 90%. INTRODUCTION Nuon is one of the major power utilities in the Netherlands, supplying gas water and electricity to 5 million customers in five provinces, including the capital city of Amsterdam. From the 150/110/50 kV (high voltage) network about 340 medium voltage networks (10 kV) are fed. Refurbishment of such a substation is the excellent time for adding new state of the art features. From the beginning of the seventies many effort was put in automation of the high voltage side of the substation. The opening of the electricity market and the rise of vulnerable power electronic equipment both in industry as households set more requirements on the quality of supply, especially on outages, voltage dips, harmonics and grounding philosophy. Medium voltage automation is necessary to meet these requirements. Due to the large number of feeders this kind of automation needs simple, cheap and intelligent standard solutions. The fast developments in information technology require visionary thinking and ideas for which manufactures dont have a proper solution yet. New ideas towards the end state can be proven in pilots and implemented as standard solutions in future refurbishment, Nuon has already published several ideas during major conferences. All ideas show that everything deals with everything and that only overall solution will reach to success. The final goal for this moment is a simple intelligent MV automation consisting of smart measuring devices, communicating with a smart centralized system containing in principle only 2 computing systems. REQUIREMENTS FOR MV AUTOMATION For a good working system requirements come from operators, customers and management. Customers require a high standard of reliability and quality. This means that outage times have to he as short as possible. Power Quality aspects have to meet standards stated by the regulator and international standards. Operators need to act as fast as possible and want to have more data from the network in order to monitor the performance of the grid and the attitude of the customers. Management 0 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers. Printed and published by the IEE, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, SGI 2AY 507 is always interested in doing more with less money. Therefore the total automation system has to fulfill: Fast acting on disturbances in the network, both protection and restoration Constant monitoring of Power Quality parameters and alarming when thresholds are exceeded Good communication links between substation, dispatch centre and the rest of the world EMC proven solutions Less depending on human errors Simple MMls Getting more information from the network like loads deeper in the grid and state estimation also for the medium voltage Modularity and central supporting software Reducing future investments and costs of network operation All these requirements form the dilemma of the modem substation automation. For solving the puzzle there is cooperation with the part “Intelligent Networks” of the Dutch innovative research program (IOP-EMVT) I. The highlights of this program (sponsored by the Dutch government) are the influence of large amount of dispersed generation on stability in large scale high voltage networks, design of manageable distribution grids and control schemes for autonomous controlled medium voltage grids. This project was stated during Cired2003 in Barcelona 2. TECHNICAL END STATE The technical end state within a horizon of 5 years is shown in figure I. Figure I : Protection and control in 2006. The substation consists of smart components and smart measuring devices communicating over glass fiber with the centralized protection and control system. Smart components are conventional devices like circuit breakers and switches, which are supplied with a lot of electronics for operating, diagnostics and storage of all kind of information about the device itself. Smart measuring devices like current and voltage transformers produce digital signals instead of analogue signals like voltage and current. The protection and control system is fully integrated in two computers. The input consists of information from the smart devices. The output consists of control signals towards the smart components and information about the network towards the dispatch centre and other interested parties. In this concept the physical distance between protection and smart components is no longer of interest. In this concept it has to be accepted that even the “out command” of circuit breakers is running over the substation communication bus and no longer over physical copper wires. There is no longer a clear separation between protection and control. The smart measuring devices deliver continuous on line information about current and voltage for monitoring. When a short circuit occurs in the MV network the control system is able to detect that something is changing and sets alarms within the first period. After one period there is enough information to calculate the type of fault and the distance between substation and fault. If switching in the substation is necessary an out signal will be send to the appropriate circuit breaker. Information ahout the faulted feeder, type of fault and distance is sent to the dispatch centre. The glass fiber is not only necessary for EMC purposes, but also to prevent damages to the central system in case of open arcs and other disasters with the primary installation. An example of such a disaster occurred in one of our “old fashioned automated” substations. An open arc in a bushar system transferred high voltage to the secondary system of a current transformer and from there towards a protection device which was in a copper wired communication with the substation automation system. Half of the centralized automation system was totally lost. PILOTS To reach the final goal pilots are necessary. In these pilots there is good cooperation with manufacturers. For Nuon itself it is valuable to split the project in several manageable parts. For manufacturers it gives a good opportunity to test their new developments in real practice. The goal of every pilot must he that thinkingmeets reality. The pilots started already in 1997 and new pilots will be started up. Some examples will be explained below. Intelligent faultlocation The aim of this pilot was fast location of faults in MV grids. This locating had to result in reduction of customer minutes out. The principle was proved in a pilot with ABB in substation Zaltbommel and published on Cired 1999 Nice 3. The realization 508 was not yet feasible due to too high costs of hardware and unavailable suitable software. Merging faultlocation, protection and control The aim of this pilot was to show the financial feasibility of a proper automatic functioning faultlocator in combination wits substation protection and control. This pilot also showed the possibility of reducing the volume for the necessary Darts of substation eauioment as shown in figure 2. . . Figure 2: Protection and control o f men5 MVfeedersfits in 5 cabinets The pilot in cooperation with GE Calgary and Phase to Phase was implemented in substation Zaltbommel. The first results were published in Cired 2003 in Barcelona 4, 51. PLC communication The aim of this pilot was to show the possibility of suitable and reliable communication between low voltage customers and the WAN connected to the substation as shown in figure 3. _h Figure 3: The pilot was divided into two stages. The first stage was communication between the customer and the low voltage side of the MV/LV transformer in a MV house. For this the Enel concept was The two stage PLC communication between house and WAN proven. The second stage will consist of communication between the MV houses and the substation. For this we realized a patented cheap solution (just 25 euros) for a direct capacitive coupling to the core of the MV cable. Because of the waiting time for the patent nothing has been published yet. Cuprum (copper project for redesign unified media) communication The aim of this project is to show the possibility of a modem communication system over all HV substations. The system works both with glass fibers and copper wires. Each connection is able to communicate with at least 2 MBitisec. This hybrid WAN includes the direct routed connections for protection devices like distance and differential protection including the possibility of predefined rerouting. The system is based on the ABB fox 515 concept. MV test grid in substation Zuiderveld A part of the MV grid of substation Zuidetveld will be placed at disposal of the research program on intelligent networks in order to prove development results. At this moment the PLC communications between the MV houses are installed. This gives possibility for simultaneous measurements on loads and Power Quality aspects. In future we hope to develop this test grid into an autonomous controlled network, which is coupled to the outside network by means of power electronics. In this network it is possible to test completely new adaptive protection and control systems. Also state estimation in the MV grid will be performed. Results will be continuously published by the involved PhD students. Grounding philosophy using global earthing The reliability of a substation is no longer dependent on reliability of a component in itself hut of the immunity of the used subst
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