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变速器及操纵机构设计-3

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变速器 操纵 机构 设计
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变速器及操纵机构设计-3,变速器,操纵,机构,设计
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车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书第一章 前言人们从事生产活动离不开汽车。在日常生活中,汽车特别是轿车是经常使用的交通工具。汽车工业出现的高科技多数在轿车上首先得到了应用。目前,轿车的产量、保有量占汽车总产量和保有量的绝对多数。微型客车的作用更贴近我们的生活,为我们的家庭生活和工作带来了方便和舒适性。现在人们对汽车提出越来越多的要求,尤其是对汽车安全性提出更高的要求,达到乘坐汽车有安全感、愉快感,汽车发生碰撞事故是能够妥善地保护成员;对汽车提出居住性的要求,不仅坐在汽车里舒适,而且能与外面的世界进行信息交流。当然,这些大都与汽车内部的传动系中的变速器的工作性能有关:变速箱的功用及要求1,功用:改变传动比,扩大驱动轮转矩和车速的变化范围,以适应经常变化的行驶条件,同时使发动机在有力的高效的工况下工作。(1) 发动机旋转方向不变的前提下,使汽车实现倒退行驶。(2) 利用空挡,中断动力传递以使发动机能够起动、怠速便于变速器换档或进行动力输出。2,分类:按传动比变化方式、汽车变速器可分为有级变速器和无级变速器以及综合式三种。变速器的基本要求:A.保证汽车的动力性和经济性。B.设置空挡,用来切断发动机的动力输出即发动机向驱动轮的传递。C.设置倒挡,使汽车可以倒退行驶。D.设置动力输出装置,需要时能进行功率输出。E.换挡迅速、省力、方便快捷。F.工作可靠,汽车行驶过程中,变速器不得有跳挡、乱挡以及换挡冲击等现象。G.变速器应该有高的工作效率。H.变速器的工作噪声低,工作平稳。3,主要结构形式变速箱的结构类型是在适应不同作业机械的设计要求过程中产生与形成的。例如不同类型的作业机械所从事的作业不同,因而对变速箱进退的排挡数以及变速范围的要求也不同,从而变速箱的结构不同。又如各种作业机械的变速箱,在作业中换挡操纵的频繁的程度也不一样,对作业中换挡操纵频率的变速箱,尤应考虑操纵轻便的问题,从而伴随着换挡操纵方式的不同,也就出现了不同结构类型的变速箱。通常变速箱分为切断动力换挡的机械式变速箱和不切断动力换挡的动力换挡变速箱两大类没,前者主要用于装有主离合器的机械传动系中,后者主要用于装有变矩器的液力机械传动系中。从结构上变速器传动结构有两种分类方法。根据前进挡数不同,有三、四、五和多挡变速器。根据轴的不同形式分为固定式和旋转式两种。固定式又分为两轴式、中间轴式和双中间轴式和多中间轴式变速器。固定轴式应用广泛,其中两轴式变速器多用于发动机后置后轮驱动的汽车上,旋转轴式主要用于液力机械变速器。与中间轴式变速器比较,两轴式变速器有结构简单、轮廓尺寸小、布置方便、中间传动效率高和噪声低等优点。因为两轴式不能布置直接挡,所以在高档工作时次论和轴承均载,不仅工作噪声增大且容易损坏。此外,受结构限制,两轴式变速器的一挡速比不可能设计很大。在这次设计中所遇到的主要问题是:变速器的结构选择,各挡传动比的确定、齿轮参数的确定、所用轴和齿轮的强度及轴承的校核。第二章 变速器的结构设计2.1变速器由传动机构与操纵机构组成有级变速器与无级变速器相比,其结构简单、造价低廉,具有较高的传动效率(=0.960.98),因此在各种类型的汽车上均匀得到了广泛的应用。通常,有级变速器具有3个、4个、5个前进挡;重型汽车和重型越野车则采用多挡变速器,其前进挡变速器,其前进挡位数多达到616个甚至到20个。变速器挡位熟的增多可提高发动机的功率、汽车的燃料经济性及平均车速,从而提高汽车的运输效率,降低运输成本。但挡位增加也会增加变速器的尺寸和质量,使其结构复杂,制造成本高,操纵也复杂。当采用手动的机械式操纵机构时,要实现迅速换挡。对于多于5挡的变速器来说是困难的。因此,直接操纵变速器的挡位数上限是5挡。多于5个前进挡的变速器将使得操纵机构复杂化,或者需要加装具有独立操纵机构的副变速器,后者仅用于一定的行驶工况。近年来为了降低油耗变速器的挡数有增加的趋势。目前,轿车的挡数一般在45之间,级别高的轿车变速器多用5个挡,货车变速器采用45个挡或者多挡。装载质量在22.5t的货车采用5挡变速器,装载质量在48t的货车采用6挡变速器。多挡变速器多用于重型货车和越野汽车以及有特殊功用的专业用车等。副变速器用于空、满载的质量变化大、使用条件复杂、加之柴油机转矩变化平稳、适应性差而需要扩大传动比范围、增多挡位数以适应在各种使用条件下的动力性和经济性要求的重型车。为不使变速器的结构过于复杂和便于系列化,多以4挡或5挡的变速器与2或3、4挡的副变速器组合,后者可装在变速器之前或后或前后。前置副变速器多由两对齿轮或行星轮机构组成,传动比较大,后置可减少变速器的尺寸及负荷其为常用型。前后均置的方案可以得到更多的挡位。主、副变速箱多联成一个单独的总成以便于拆装。主、副变速器可以分段或者交替地换挡,前者使两种传动比分段衔接;后者交替插入;也有降分段式与插入式结合成综合式得到传动比搭配。有级变速器的传动效率与所选取的变速器的传动方案有关,包括传动动力的齿轮副数目、转速、传递的功率、润滑系统的有效性、齿轮及轴以及壳体等零件的制造精度、刚度等问题。两轴式和三轴式的变速器得到了广泛的应用。考虑到轻形货车的使用条件和要求,则此本次设计所选取的变速器结构方案为:采用中间轴式,4+1挡,无超速挡的变速方案。第三章 变速器的主要参数的选择3.1挡数:由任务书规定,本次设计的变速器挡数为4+1,无超速挡。3.2传动比3.2.1传动比范围变速器的传动比范围是指变速器最低挡传动比与最高挡传动比的比值。传动比范围的确定于选定的发动机参数、汽车的,最高车速和使用条件(如要求的汽车爬坡能力)等因素有关。本次设计选用发动机的参数如表3-1:表3-1 发动机参数型号CY4D43T形式废气涡轮增压汽缸数-缸数行程4-112110工作容积4.334额定功率/转速88/3200最大转矩/转速340/1600-1800怠速稳定转速750工作顺序1-3-4-2整车选用轮胎的参数如表3-2:表3-2 轮胎参数规格8.25-16标准轮辋6.50G允许使用轮辋6.00G断面宽度200mm外直径860mm内胎双层厚度3.5mm垫带最小展平宽度180mm垫带中部厚度4.0mm垫带边缘厚度1.5mm气门嘴型号TZ-78在一般情况下=,静力半径可用下列公式估算 (3-1)d:轮辋直径;b:轮胎断面宽度;:轮胎变形系数。对于载货汽车和客车而言=0.100.12,取=0.11d=1625.4mm=406.4mm,b=240mm,=0.025416/2+8.25(1-0.11)=38.97cm39cmr选择最低挡传动比时,应根据汽车的最大爬坡度,驱动车轮与路面的附着力、汽车的最低稳定车速以及主减速比和驱动车轮的滚动半径等综合考虑。汽车爬坡时候,车速不高,空气阻力可以忽略,则最大驱动力用于克服轮胎 与路面的滚动阻力和爬坡阻力。因此有 (3-2)由此可以求出最大爬坡度要求的变速器I挡最大传动比为 (3-3)式中,r驱动车轮的滚动半径; Ttqmax发动机最大转矩; 主减速比; 汽车的传动效率; f滚动阻力系数;G汽车的质量;由公式=0.377rn/(i0ig)可知,= 因为本次设计的变速器没有超速挡,所以第4挡为直接挡,当出现最高车速时,ig=1,则i0=0.377rn/umax=0.3770.38973200/95=4.9488有公式3-3得式中;G为满载时质量;T总传动效率;r滚动半径;f滚动阻力系数;取16.7;G为6t ;汽车传动系各部分效率:变速器效率95%,主减速器效率96%,传动轴和万向节效率98%,则计算出的总效率为91.2%;滚动阻力系数f取0.011;带入公式可得ig1=4.45178。根据驱动车轮与地面的附着条件, (3-4)G2满载时驱动桥给地面的质量为;路面附着系数,此时取;由此可以得到ig14.52057,综合取ig1=4.45178。初选变速器各挡参考传动比:4.45178;2.6187;1.587;1。3.3确定变速器中心距中心距A的大小直接影响到变速箱结构的紧凑性。因此,在保证传递发动机最大转矩、齿轮有足够强度、结构不布置有可能实现的情况下,应尽可能采用较小的中心距。中心距A的值主要取决于两个因素:1.保证齿轮有必要的疲劳强度;2.使轴、轴承在变速箱壳体上布置得开,即所定中心距的值,应当保证变速箱壳和轴承空之间有必要的壁厚。依据经验公式 (3-5)式中KA在8.69.6之间,取9; g取96%,则有A=101.938102mm3.4齿轮参数的选择3.4.1模数:齿轮的模数是决定齿轮大小和几何参数的重要参数,直接影响到齿轮的抗弯曲疲劳强度。设计变速箱时选取的齿轮模数大多与以下因素有关:1) 齿轮上所受力的大小。作用力大,模数也就要大;2) 材料、加工质量、热处理的好坏。由于近年来我国齿轮制造技术的进步和热处理质量的升高使得变速箱上采取小的模数成为可能。模数选择时一般轿车和轻中型货车的模数大多在2mm3.5mm之间选取,在本次设计中直齿轮模数取3,斜齿轮的法向模数大多在3.50以下,所以本次设计中,斜齿轮的法向模数取3.0,在本次设计中一挡和倒挡使用直齿轮,其余挡位使用斜齿轮。3.4.2压力角的选择压力角较小时,重合度较大,传动平稳,噪声低;压力角较大时,可以提高轮齿的抗弯强度和表面接触强度。对于轿车,为加大重合度以降低噪声,应采取14.5、15、16、16.5等小些的压力角;对于货车为提高齿轮的承载能力,应选用22.5、25等大些的压力角。因为,国家规定的标准压力角为20,所以变速箱大多采用20为压力角,预选直齿轮的压力角为25,斜齿轮的压力角为22.5。3.4.3螺旋角斜齿轮在变速箱里得到了广泛的应用,选取斜齿轮的螺旋角,应该注意到它对齿轮工作噪声、齿轮强度和轴向力的影响。斜齿轮选用大一点的螺旋角时,使重合度增加,因而工作平稳、噪声降低。而且随着螺旋角的增加,轮齿强度也相应增高,但当螺旋角大于30时,其抗弯强度骤然下降,接触强度继续上升。因此,从提高高档齿轮的接触强度来说应当选用较大的螺旋角。根据经验轻型货车的螺旋角一般在1826之间选取,故本次设计的齿轮螺旋角初选24。3.4.4齿轮宽度齿宽b的大小直接影响到齿轮的强度,在一定范围内,b大强度就高,但变速箱的轴向尺寸和重量也增大。实验表明,齿宽过大时随着齿宽的增大齿面上载荷不均匀性也增大,反而使齿轮的承载能力下降。所以在保证必要强度的情况下,齿宽b不宜过大。一般根据中心距或模数的比例系数来确定齿宽。对于直齿轮b=(4.58.0)mn故取6.0;对于斜齿轮b=(6.08.5)mn故取7.5;对于常啮合齿轮则可以取大些,故取8;则各挡齿轮的齿宽如表3-3表3-3齿轮齿宽一挡齿轮齿宽b=63=18mm二挡齿轮齿宽b=7.53=22.5mm三挡齿轮齿宽b=7.53=22.5mm四挡齿轮齿宽b=7.53=22.5mm倒挡齿轮齿宽b=63=18mm常啮合齿轮齿宽b=83=24mm3.4.5变位系数的选择原则齿轮的变位是齿轮设计中一个非常重要的环节。采用变位齿轮,除了为了避免齿轮产生根切和配凑中心距外,还影响齿轮强度,使用平稳性,耐磨损、抗胶合能力和齿轮的噪声。齿轮变位一般用高度变位和角度变位。高度变位可以增加小齿轮的齿根强度,使它达到和大齿轮强度相近的程度,但不能同时增加一对齿轮副的强度,也很难降低噪声。角度变位齿轮副的变位系数不为零。角度变位具有高度变位的优点,又避免了高度变位的缺点。为了降低噪声,对于变速器中一、二挡和倒挡以外的其他各挡齿轮的总变位系数要选用较小写的数值以降低噪声传动。3.4.6齿顶高系数一般的齿顶高系数f0=1.0,为一般的汽车变速器所采用。现代汽车变速器多用齿顶高系数大于一的“高齿齿轮”(或相对于短齿齿轮而言而称为高齿轮)。因为,他不仅可以使重合度增大,而且在强度、噪声、动载荷和振动等方面均比正常齿高系数的齿轮有显著改善。但存在相对滑动速度大、易发生轮齿根切或齿顶变尖等问题。3.5变速器各挡齿数分配3.5.1确定一挡齿轮的齿数确定设计的一档齿轮为直齿轮,则Zn=2A/m=204/3=68货车一档中间轴齿轮在1217之间选取,在本次设计中取Z8=16,则一档大齿轮Z7=46。3.5.2对中心距A进行修正由于Zh没有发生变化,所以中心距不变。3.5.3确定常啮合传动齿轮副的齿数由于常啮合齿轮为斜齿轮则可得到Z1=25,Z2=37,核算传动比i=4.44精确螺旋角,则=24.253.5.4确定其他各档齿轮的齿数二档: 综合得由 (3-6)得核算传动比同理可求三档齿轮齿数核算传动比为四档为直接档,所以不用计算齿轮齿数。倒档:初选齿轮齿数中间轴与倒当轴的中心距mm初选倒档传动比为4.3, ,mm第四章 变速器齿轮的强度计算及材料选择4.1齿轮的设计计算:4.1.1直齿轮:齿形系数y可查表得到; 齿顶高系数ha*=1;顶隙系数c*=0.25; =25, 模数m=3;所得数据列于表4-1:表4-1 直齿轮参数 齿轮7齿轮8齿轮9齿轮9齿数z46162023分度圆直径(mm)d=zm153516069基圆直径(mm)db=dcos1386746.2254.3862.54齿顶高(mm)ha=ha*m3333齿根高(mm)hf=(ha*+c*)m3.753.753.753.75齿顶圆直径(mm)da=(2ha*+z)m159576675齿根圆直径(mm)df=(z-2ha*-2c*)m1455435525615分度圆半径(mm)r=d/276525530345齿顶圆半径(mm)ra=da/279528533375齿形系数y01550123012601324.1.2斜齿轮:分度圆直径d=zmt=zmn/cos; 基圆直径db=dcost;端面压力角t=arctan(tann/cos); 齿顶高ha=mn(han*+xn);齿根高hf=mn(han*+cn*-xn); 齿顶圆直径da=+2ha;齿根圆直径df=d-2hf; 齿顶圆压力角arccos(db/da);齿形系数y根据重合度查表得到; 齿顶高系数ha*=1; 顶隙系数c*=0.25; n=22.5 ; 模数m=3;所得数据列于表4-2表4-2 斜齿轮参数齿轮1齿轮2齿轮3齿轮4齿轮5齿轮6齿数z253732303923齿宽d2424225225225225螺旋角242524252006200615641564分度圆直径d82.258121.742105.46098.540122.66881.445基圆直径db74.892110.84095.72688.353113.50071.038齿顶高ha333333齿根高hf375375375375375375齿顶圆直径da88.258127.742111.460104.540128.66887.445齿根圆直径df7.7564114.24297.96091.040115.16873.945齿形系数y0.1350.1470.1420.1410.1480.1324.2齿轮弯曲强度计算:4.2.1一档倒档直齿轮:w=2TgKKf/(m3ZKcy)K为应力集中系数,K=1.65;主动齿轮Kf=1.1,从动齿轮Kf=0.9;Tg=340000N.mm;Kc=6.0; m=3;经公式计算得结果列于表4-3表4-3 直齿轮弯曲强度Z7(主动)Z8(从动)Z9(主动)Z10(从动)Z51172023y0.1550.1230.1260.132w247.656553.145574.656412.7594.2.2常啮合,二,三挡斜齿轮:w=2TgcosK/(mn3ZKcyK)K为应力集中系数,K=1.50;Tg=340000N.mm;Kc=6.0;mn=3; K=2.0;经公式计算得结果列于表4-4表4-4 斜齿轮弯曲强度Z1Z2Z2Z4Z5Z6z253732303923y0.1350.1470.1420.1410.1480.13224.2524.2520.0620.0615.6415.64w175.704124.089203.743153.056124.966200.7464.3齿轮接触应力:Qj=0.418其中F=2Tg/d(cos.cos),Tg=Tmax/2=170000N.mm因为a为标准中心距,则节圆直径d等于分度圆直径;E为弹性模量,E=2.1105MPa;,b为齿宽;直齿轮z=rzsin,b=rbsin;斜齿轮z=rzsin/cos2, b=rbsin/ cos2由公式得到结果于表4-5表4-5 齿轮接触应力dbz (b)FQjZ182.2582420.46324.43224.254979.226789.531Z2121.7422430.28624.43224.253364.337648.990Z361.99622.514.17523.79620.066380.8701179.167Z484.54022.519.32923.79620.064679.3051009.167Z5112.66822.524.00423.27415.643411.339790.404Z666.44522.514.15623.79615.645784.4641029.243Z71531832.3302502451.951786.371Z8511810.7772507355.8521362.035Z9601812.6792506252.4751370.911Z10691814.5802505436.9351278.381在设计初始选用齿轮材料为渗碳合金钢,其在一档,倒档的许用应力为19002000,在常啮合、高档的许用应力为13001400,所以所设计齿轮满足接触应力要求。 结论这次毕业设计是在我们掌握了各种基础课程,如理论力学、材料力学、机械原理、机械设计、汽车构造、汽车设计等课程的基础上多作的一次综合性设计,是对我们大学四年所学知识的一种检验。使我们对所学的一些基本技能得到了培养,使我们了解了本专业的一些基本原理、设计方法和思路,为我们以后在自己专业领域内的发展奠定了基础。在本次设计中,我是针对轻型货车变速器的设计。对于本次设计的变速器来说,其特点是:传动效率高,噪声低,齿轮和轴承的磨损减少。本着实用性和经济性的原则,在各部件的设计要求上都采用比较开放的标准,因此,安全系数不高,这是本次设计的不理想之处,但是,价格低廉,使用范围广的轻型货车在中国有着广大的前景,而且要求有大量的结构简单,价格低廉的变速器与之相配,因此,结构简单的可操控性好的变速器还是很有发展前景的。紧张的忙碌的毕业设计已经接近尾声,这次设计对我们大学四年来的学习一次最综合的检验,也更是一次综合的学习过程。通过毕业设计使我不仅仅学习专业课知识而且也学习了不少相关的知识,提高了个人的学习能力。同时也锻炼了与人协作的精神为以后我们踏入社会工作打下了良好的基础。参考文献1、 刘唯信.汽车设计.北京:清华大学出版社,20002、 周纪良.车辆变速器的评价方法拖拉机与农用运输,19943、 王昆、何小柏、汪信远.机械设计课程设计.北京:高等教育出版社,19954、 徐灏.机械设计手册.北京.机械工业出版社,19915、 陈家瑞.汽车构造.北京:人民交通出版社,19986、 曹泗秋、杨巍.机械原理.武昌:湖北科学科技出版社,19947、 濮良贵、纪名刚.机械设计.北京:高等教育出版社,20008、 刘鸿文.材料力学.北京:高等教育出版社,19919、 哈尔滨工业大学理论力学教研室.理论力学.北京:高等教育出版社,199710、 张洪欣.汽车设计(第二版).北京:机械工业出版社,199611、 周允.汽车百科全书.北京:机械工业出版社,198912、 余志生.汽车理论(第三版).北京:机械工业出版社,200013、 杜梅先、朱东梅、蒋继贤.画法集合及机械制图.北京:高等教育出版社,199714、 周守仁.自动变速箱.北京:中国铁道出版社,199715、 臧新群.汽车滚动轴承应用手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1997:708016、 王望予.汽车设计(第三版).北京:机械工业出版社,200017、 羊丞民.汽车传动装置.北京:机械工业出版社,1989致谢 随着毕业设计的结束,我们的四年大学生活也已到了尾声。在四年的大学生活中,有欢喜、有悲伤、也有过泪水,但回首走过的日子,最让人割舍不下的就是辛勤培育过我的老师和亲爱的同学们。在这里诚恳的说声“谢谢”。谢谢你们对我的批评和帮助,使我日趋成熟起来了。在毕业设计过程中,我要感谢车辆研究所的全体老师,尤其要感谢我的指导老师李水良、马心坦。两位老师平日里工作繁多,但在我做毕业设计的每个阶段,从查阅资料,设计草案的确定和修改,中期检查,后期详细设计,装配草图等整个过程中都给予了我悉心的指导。我的设计较为复杂烦琐,但是曹老师仍然细心地纠正图纸中的错误。除了两位老师的专业水平外,他们的治学严谨和科学研究的精神也是我永远学习的榜样,并将积极影响我今后的学习和工作。为此,请允许我代表全组同学感谢您对我们各个方面的谆谆教诲。还要对我们组的全体同学表示感谢。感谢你们对我的帮助。谢谢!然后还要感谢大学四年来所有的老师,为我们打下机械专业知识的基础;同时还要感谢所有的同学们,正是因为有了你们的支持和鼓励。此次毕业设计才会顺利完成。最后感谢我的母校河南科技大学四年来对我的鼎力栽培。- 18 -目录第一章 前言 1 第二章 变速器的结构设计 32.1变速器由传动机构与操纵机构组成 3第三章 变速器的主要参数选择 5 3.1挡数 53.2传动比 53.2.1传动比范围 53.3确定变速器中心距 73.4齿轮参数的选择 83.4.1 模数 8 3.4.2压力角的选择 8 3.4.3螺旋角 9 3.4.4齿轮宽度 9 3.4.5变位系数的选择原则 9 3.4.6齿顶高系数 103.5变速器各挡齿数分配 103.5.1确定一挡齿轮的齿数 10 3.5.2对中心距A进行修正 10 3.5.3确定常啮合传动齿轮副的齿数 10 3.5.4确定其他各档齿轮的齿数 10第四章 变速器齿轮的强度计算及材料选择 124.1齿轮的设计计算 12 4.1.1直齿轮 12 4.1.2斜齿轮 124.2齿轮弯曲强度计算: 13 4.2.1一档倒档直齿轮 13 4.2.2常啮合,二,三挡斜齿轮: 144.3齿轮接触应力: 14第五章 结论 16第六章 参考文献 17第七章 致谢 18河南科技大学毕业设计(论文)开题报告(学生填表)院系:车动学院 2008年 月 日课题名称3吨柴油动力货车设计(变速器及操纵机构设计)学生姓名周鹏宇专业班级车辆042课题类型工程设计指导教师李水良/马心坦职称副教授课题来源生产1. 设计(或研究)的依据与意义变速箱由变速传动机构和变速操纵机构两部分组成。变速传动机构的主要作用是改变转矩和转速的数值和方向;操纵机构的主要作用是控制传动机构,实现变速器传动比的变换,即实现换档,以达到变速变矩。机械式变速箱主要应用了齿轮传动的降速原理。简单的说,变速箱内有多组传动比不同的齿轮副,而汽车行驶时的换档行为,也就是通过操纵机构使变速箱内不同的齿轮副工作。如在低速时,让传动比大的齿轮副工作,而在高速时,让传动比小的齿轮副工作。由于汽车行驶条件不同,要求汽车行驶速度和驱动扭矩能在很大范围内变化。例如在高速路上车速应能达到100km/h,而在市区内,车速常在50km/h左右。空车在平直的公路上行驶时,行驶阻力很小,则当满载上坡时,行驶阻力便很大。而汽车发动机的特性是转速变化范围较小,而转矩变化范围更不能满足实际路况需要。2. 国内外同类设计(或同类研究)的概况综述19802001年,我国汽车消费量年均增长高达18,特别是进入九十年代以后,国内汽车产量以l2年递增10万辆的速度高速增长,目前在汽车市场的比重己超过30,成为我国汽车需求增长的重要拉动力量。大力发展公共交通,“鼓励汽车进入家庭”己经被党中央写入“十五计划”。国家经贸委提出,“十五”期末我国汽车产量要达320万辆左右,力争到2010年使之成为国民经济的支柱产业。规划预计到2005年,轿车产量为 110万辆左右;汽车工业增加值为 1300亿元,占国内生产总值 1左右,汽车产品基本满足国内市场需求。 随着我国加入世界贸易组织,通用、福特、日产、丰田一批世界一流汽车生产企业纷纷进入中国,市场竞争日趋激烈.入世后,技术竞争将是我国汽车工业面临的最大挑战。随着国民经济的蓬勃发展,汽车己成为人们日常生活中重要的交通运输工具。人民生活水平的不断提高,则更对车辆的舒适性能提出高要求, 不仅如此,随着世界石油的越来越紧张,全球资源的减少,汽车变速性能还直接影响汽车燃油经济性和运输生产效率、变速过程的全面研究以提高汽车的动力性,具有积极的社会效益和明显的经济效益。现代汽车上广泛采用活塞式内燃机作为动力源,其转矩和转速变化范围较小,而复杂的使用条件则要求汽车的牵引力和车速能在相当大的范围内变化.所以,在汽车传动系中设置了变速器.手动变速箱的许多最近的发展集中在为降低成本和体积的新制造方法上。传统来说,变速箱制造包含大量的昂贵的机器,以及为机械加工和装配操作所需留出的空间限制的设计。最新的技术包括,比如说在最新的FordGetrag 6速变速箱中可以看到的激光焊接冲压钢滑动齿轮选择器轴套。为替代前一代变速箱的铸铁拨叉,这种精致而坚固的设计方案可以导致更少的对内部的伤害。齿轮盘片的激光和摩擦焊接同时保证了所需机器设计空间的降低,这是一种由雷诺公司在5速副轴原型变速箱设计中发明的技术,命名为EMl,曾在2000年展出并因为它的简单和轻便仅22公斤却能提供140N?m的转矩而出名。另一个方面上,设计人员也在其齿轮提供高转矩输出的设计上认真地研究过,提高了耐久性和低噪声水平。3. 课题设计(或研究)的内容货车的基本参数位:选用柴油发动机,最高车速位97km/h,最后转弯半径5.5米,乘员人数2人,档位数4+1,载重量为3吨.参照相应的车型的整体布局参数(网上可以查到,如庆铃系列轻型货车等)、东风3吨轻型货车实物(车辆与交通实验室整车陈列室内)和其他有关车型(到院资料室查阅),完成货车的变速器及操纵机构任务设计.4. 设计(或研究)方法根据所给技术条件和要求,按照变速器设计的方法,将变速器设计为中间轴式4+1挡手动变速器,无超速挡,换档机构用锁环式同步器。分动器有高低挡,不但支持常规的后轮驱动,且能进行四轮高速驱动和四轮低速驱动。5. 实施计划 第6周: 调研,收集、分析资料; 第7周: 全组集体讨论,制定、确定总体方案; 第8-11周: 完成总图设计; 第12-14周: 完成零、部件图纸设计及机绘图,按要求整理、编写设计说明书; 第15周: 整理全部设计文件,最后交卷; 第16周: 审核、互审评阅设计; 第17周: 答辩,评定成绩。指导教师意见指导教师签字: 2008 年 月 日研究所(教研室)意见研究所所长(教研室主任)签字: 2008年 月 日3车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书三吨柴油动力货车设计(变速器及操纵机构设计)摘要我设计的是题目是轻型货车的变速器及其操纵机构,发动机选用CY4D43T,主要任务是协助总体设计人员完成外形和总体布置方案,独立完成变速器及其操纵机构的设计。变速器用于改变发动机的曲轴的转矩及转速,以适应在起步、加速、行驶以及克服各种道路障碍等不同行驶条件下对驱动车轮牵引力及车速的不同要求的需要。在设计开始时,根据发动机给定的转速和设计所要求的车速来求出总传动比,然后初步确定主减速器的传动比,以及变速器的各档传动比,通过转矩来确定中心距,用初选的传动比来确定各齿轮的详细参数,之后确定实际传动比,并核算各齿轮是否满足弯曲强度和疲劳强度的要求,在画图过程中确定轴的实际尺寸和轴承的布置位置,然后计算轴的强度是否满足要求,之后通过转矩等条件计算各轴承的寿命。最后是把收集的外文资料进行翻译。关键词:变速器,转速,传动比,强度。THREE TONS OF DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLE DESIGN(TRANSMISSION AND MANIPULATION OF DESIGN)AbstractI design is the subject of a light goods vehicle transmission and manipulation of institutions,engine choice CY4D43T,main task is to help shape and design to complete the overall layout scheme,Independent Transmission completed the design and manipulation.Transmission to change the engine torque and speed of the crankshaft,to meet at the starting to accelerate, on the road and obstacles to overcome all kinds of different driving conditions on the drive wheels, traction and speed the needs of the different requirements.At the beginning of the design,according to the top of the engine speed and the speed required by the design in order to obtain the transmission ratio,then tentatively determined the main transmission ratio reducer.And the transmission of the file transmission ratio,through the torque to determine the distance,with the primary transmission gear ratio to determine the details of the parameters.After the actual transmission ratio,and whether the accounting of the gear bending strength and fatigue strength to meet the requirements,paint in the process of determining the actual size and shaft bearings of the layout position.Then calculate the strength of the shaft to meet demand.After the torque through the bearings, and other conditions of life calculated。Finally, the data collected by the foreign-language translation。KEY WORDS:transmission,speed,transmission ratio,strength车辆与动力工程学院毕业设计说明书The NV4500 five-speed transmission in our high-mileage diesel-powered 95 Chevy 2500 pickup was exhibiting some bad behavior. Part of the problem was that the clutch wasnt releasing completely when the clutch pedal was depressed. This made selecting First Gear a grinding challenge. Eventually, the main driver of this rig quit using the clutch during standard gearshifts because it wasnt disengaging anyway. Another problem was that as the transmission began to age, it began to leak. In a pinch, someone ignored the requirement of Castrol Syntorq LT synthetic oil (or equivalent) and fed it petroleum-based oil. Things quickly went from bad to worse as the synchronizer rings objected to the wrong oil. It wasnt long before the trans was becoming very hard to live with.Since were not manual-transmission rebuild experts, we took the truck to someone who is. Larrys Automotive is located on the outskirts of Rock City, Illinois. The owner, Rick Jacobson, has been wrenching on trucks and cars since he was 12 years old, so he knows his stuff. His knowledge is vast and varied, and his resume includes a couple of years fabricating and wrenching for noted off-road racer Scott Taylor. Jacobson and his team of technicians not only have a working knowledge of vehicles (including heavy trucks) from end to end, they also know the intricate workings of both automatic and manual transmissions. Best of all, Jacobson is a wheeler, so hes intimately familiar with how we use our rigs.Jacobson and his crew removed our crusty trans and then they totally disassembled it and gave us the tally of what bad things were lurking inside. The list of parts we needed was lengthy. Normally, theyd just order the parts and complete the rebuild in a few days, but we wanted to utilize specific companies, so we hit the phone.The first place we called was Rockland Standard Gear. RSG, as theyre called, has been in business for more than 25 years, and theyre one of the largest suppliers of manual transmission and transfer-case parts in the country. Heres some mind-boggling facts: They are the only aftermarket company ever selected to rebuild transmissions for ZF; they are one of five Master distributors for Borg-Warner transfer-case parts; they are one of 10 Elite distributors for Tremec; and they are a major distributor for New Venture Gear. Needless to say, we knew they could handle our NV4500 needs.Since were not manual-transmission rebuild experts, we took the truck to someone who is. Larrys Automotive is located on the outskirts of Rock City, Illinois. The owner, Rick Jacobson, has been wrenching on trucks and cars since he was 12 years old, so he knows his stuff. His knowledge is vast and varied, and his resume includes a couple of years fabricating and wrenching for noted off-road racer Scott Taylor. Jacobson and his team of technicians not only have a working knowledge of vehicles (including heavy trucks) from end to end, they also know the intricate workings of both automatic and manual transmissions. Best of all, Jacobson is a wheeler, so hes intimately familiar with how we use our rigs.Jacobson and his crew removed our crusty trans and then they totally disassembled it and gave us the tally of what bad things were lurking inside. The list of parts we needed was lengthy. Normally, theyd just order the parts and complete the rebuild in a few days, but we wanted to utilize specific companies, so we hit the phone.The first place we called was Rockland Standard Gear. RSG, as theyre called, has been in business for more than 25 years, and theyre one of the largest suppliers of manual transmission and transfer-case parts in the country. Heres some mind-boggling facts: They are the only aftermarket company ever selected to rebuild transmissions for ZF; they are one of five Master distributors for Borg-Warner transfer-case parts; they are one of 10 Elite distributors for Tremec; and they are a major distributor for New Venture Gear. Needless to say, we knew they could handle our NV4500 needs.Since the clutch in our Chevy was original, our second call was to Center force. The company has been around since the early 80s and was started by Bill Hays, the founder of Hays Clutches in the 1950s. Bill Hays designed and patented the Center force Weighted Clutch System, which increases pressure-plate clamping force while maintaining easy pedal effort. Further, his new design solved the sticking-over-center problem of diaphragm clutches. Centerforce offers a full range of clutches and flywheels for a number of applications.What follows is a synopsis of the major items addressed by the team at Larrys Automotive. Itll give you a good idea of what you can expect if you plan on having your NV4500 rebuilt. Heres our Larrys Automotive-rebuilt trans ready to reinstall in our Chevy pickup. The folks at RSG note that one of the important things to remember about the NV4500 is that it requires Castrol Syntorq LT synthetic oil (or equivalent-RSG has an equivalent that they sell under their own brand name) due to the synchronizer material and design, as well as the large amount of gear teeth in mesh in this unit. Using standard gear oil will cause the NV4500 to shift poorly and eventually fail.Our input shaft (left) was showing significant wear at the point where the pilot bearing contacted the shaft, so we installed a new shaft from RSG. Jacobson always inspects the entire shaft for any signs of wear. Surprisingly, the gear on the other end (which is actually Fourth Gear) was in pretty good shapeOn the left you can see our old synchro ring for the Third to Fourth gearshift, pictured next to the new RSG synchro ring. All synchro rings are a common wear item on manual transmissions. When these wear, they basically lose friction and the result is grinding when shifting. All of our synchros were toast, so they were replaced with new units from RSG. The NV4500 uses two kinds of synchros: multi-piece and single-piece.This is our Second Gear (left) pictured next to our new RSG Second Gear. Jacobson found that the drive ring on the First to Second Gear single-piece synchro was worn into the teeth on Second Gear. Also, where the shift collar engages into the teeth of the gear, the teeth were chipped. This was most likely due to forcing the unit into gear before the synchro had caught up to the gear5 Here you can see Fifth Gear. Our old one is on the left and the new RSG unit is on the right. Ours clearly showed wear from pulling heavy loads. The hard surface was worn off the teeth and the inside splines also showed wear.On the left you can see an example of a tapered roller bearing that we removed from our trans. These are critical components that must be inspected, but they dont always need to be replaced. All of our bearings, with the exception of the caged needle bearings, showed gray areas indicating wear, as well as pitting. New tapered roller bearings were included in RSGs Bearing and Seal kit.RSG sent us a remanufactured shift tower (right). Our shift forks showed a lot of wear, which often results in them not engaging the shift collar far enough into the gear. This can cause the trans to pop out of gear. Jacobson normally inspects the shift tower for a variety of wear items that can make a trans operate poorly.This is the front bearing retainer, which holds the front main bearing in, and its what the throwout bearing rides on. After a thorough inspection, Jacobson gave ours a clean bill of health. After inspecting the bearing surfaces, splines, and Fifth Gear nut retaining threads, Jacobson also found that our mainshaft was in great shape. As we started reassembling our trans, Jacobson pointed out that all new items such as snap rings are included in the RSG small parts kit and they must be installed. Here you can see the shaft with First and Second Gear and other components installed. Jacobson is installing the pin that locks in a thrust washer. Part of its duties include keeping Second Gear from turning against Third Gear. There are three pins like this in the NV4500.Here you can see the mainshaft with everything mocked up but without the bearings pressed on in their finished position. During reassembly, Jacobson says its important to ensure that the synchros and slide collars arent installed backwards. All transmissions, especially the NV3500, will have all kinds of issues if these parts are reassembled incorrectly12 Surprisingly, our countershaft was in good shape. We just installed a new bearing and overdrive synchro ring. This shaft carries a load in all gears except Fourth Gear (Fourth Gear is the 1.00:1 gear, so it doesnt route power through the countershaft)Its important to correctly install the rear bearing retainer (shown), because it also holds the reverse idler gearshaft in place. If the reverse idler gearshaft is incorrectly installed, you can bend the bearing retainer and even possibly crack the transmission case.These shims go between the rear bearing retainer and the bearing to provide proper endplay for the mainshaft (the countershaft also uses shims to set endplay). After installing new bearings, the endplay may change, so endplay must be measured with a dial indicator. New shims are included in the RSG small parts kit.Here you can see our dual mass flywheel after it was resurfaced. Before it was sent out, Jacobson gave it a thorough inspection that included looking for heat cracks and inspecting the springs to make sure they were intact and in good shape. Overall, our flywheel was in good shape, especially considering the high mileage and abuse it has endured.With almost 100,000 miles on the odometer, it came as no surprise that out factory clutch was shot, so we installed a new Centerforce Dual Friction clutch assembly. This bad boy generates up to a 90 percent increase in holding capacity over the stock clutch. Even with this vastly increased holding capacity, it provides smooth engagement and light pedal pressure. Centerforce also sent a clutch pilot tool and a clutch release (throwout) bearing.The technicians at Larrys Automotive did battle with our pilot bearing in an effort to remove it from the engine block. Part of the problem was that the input shaft had severely worn the pilot bearing, so there was little for the puller to latch onto. This is a common issue with high-mileage manual-transmission vehiclesFluid leakage and a dragging clutch forced us to install a new clutch slave. The leakage problem was solved, but not the dragging. Jacobson and his crew ended up lengthening the stock clutch linkage by about 0.25 inch to effectively raise the clutch pedal from the floor when depressed. This allowed the clutch to totally disengageA busy shop and our tight deadlines meant we had to install the trans old-school without the truck on a hoist. First, the clutch and bellhousing were installed, then the trans, and then the transfer case and driveshafts. Our first drive revealed a perfect shifting transmission, and thanks to the creativity of the guys at Larrys Automotive, we no longer have a dragging clutchFifth Gear And The Dodge NV4500.Having problems with Fifth Gear in your Dodge NV4500? There is a fix. According to the folks at Rockland Standard Gear, the Dodge NV4500 had a design defect in the splines on the mainshaft Fifth Gear. The splines were not long enough and they were manufactured with an incorrect angle. This caused a slight creep of the Fifth Gear on the mainshaft due to throttle changes, which resulted in many of the units having the Fifth Gear loosen its retaining nut. This allowed the gear to move out of position on the mainshaft and cease to function. If you have a Dodge NV4500 with this problem, you have options. One is to purchase the kit that RSG offers. It includes a gear and mainshaft that utilize split-ring washers under a locknut to retain the gear under thrust loads. It also has redesigned full-length splines on the gear and corrected spline angles.NV公司5速传输在我们的高里程柴油动力95雪佛兰2500皮卡中显露出一些不良性能。部分4500存在当离合器踏板被压抑时离合器不能完全释放的问题。这就出现了要选择第一齿轮磨床的挑战。最终,这种钻机退出的主要驱动力是使用装在标准齿轮之间的离合器,因为它无论如何都不会脱离。另一个问题是当传输时间变长就会开始泄漏。在一个夹送,有人无视Castrol Syntorq审裁处合成油和美联储它以石油为基础的石油的规定。事情很快变得更糟糕,作为同步器戒指反对错了油。 因为我们还没有手动传动重建专家,我们选择了适当的人选去做。拉里汽车是坐落于郊区的岩城,伊利诺州。它的所有人是里克雅各布森,在他12岁的时候就一直沉浸在卡车和汽车里,所以他了解他所拥有的。他拥有丰富的和广泛的知识,他的重新开始包括两年的改造和离道车手斯科特泰勒。雅各布森和他的团队的技术不仅对车辆(包括重型卡车)有头至尾的操作知识,他们也知道关于自动和手动变速器的错综复杂的运作。最重要的是,雅各布森是一个创始者,所以他很熟悉我们是如何使用我们的装备。雅各布森和他的机组人员删除我们的,然后他们把它完全拆解,并给我们所有潜伏在其中的不好的方面的总数。名单中的一部分方面我们需要漫长的时间去解决。通常,他们只要求这部分可以在数天内完成重建,但我们想要利用特定的公司,所以我们要找到
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