瓶盖注塑模设计(三维PROE)【含全套7张CAD图纸和毕业论文】【注塑模具】
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文档包括:
说明书一份,41页,14300字左右.
开题报告一份.
翻译一份.
三维模具图一份.
图纸共7张:.dwg
A0-模具装配图
A1-凹模
A1-凸模
A2-齿轮
A2-定位环
A2-浇口套
A2-轴承
目 录
第1章 绪 论
1.1注射成形基本过程…………………………………………………………3
1.2注射模的基本结构 …………………………………………………3第2章 瓶盖的造型设计……………………………………………………………4
2.1 瓶盖的选料及其性能………………………………………………………4
2.2 瓶盖注射成型工艺过程……………………………………………………4
2.3 瓶盖的结构分析……………………………………………………………5
2.4 瓶盖造型设计过程…………………………………………………………6
第3章 注射机的选择………………………………………………………………10
3.1 注射机规格………………………………………………………………10
3.2 注射机的校核……………………………………………………………11
3.2.1 注射机注射容量校核………………………………………………11
3.2.2 注射机锁模力校核…………………………………………………11
3.2.3 注射机注射压力校核………………………………………………12
3.2.4 注射机模具厚度校核………………………………………………12
3.2.5 注射机最大开模行程校核…………………………………………12
第4章 成型零件与浇注系统的设计……………………………………………13
4.1凹、凸模成型零件的设计…………………………………………………13
4.1.1 加载参照模型………………………………………………………13
4.1.2 成型零件设计………………………………………………………14
4.2浇注系统设计………………………………………………………………19
4.2.1 主浇道的设计………………………………………………………19
4.2.2 分浇道的设计………………………………………………………19
4.2.3 浇口及冷料穴设计…………………………………………………20
4.2.4 铸模和开模…………………………………………………………22
4. 3 冷却系统设计……………………………………………………………23
4.3.1 凹、凸模冷却系统设计……………………………………………23
第5章 模具零件设计………………………………………………………………24
5.1 推出系统设计……………………………………………………………24
5.2 确定模架…………………………………………………………………25
5.3 模架各装配零件设计……………………………………………………27
5.3.1 导向零件设计………………………………………………………27
5.3.2 浇注系统零件设计…………………………………………………29
5.3.3 推出机构零件………………………………………………………29
5.3.4定位圈………………………………………………………………30
5.3.5其他零件……………………………………………………………31
第6章 模具的装配和调试………………………………………………………32
6.1 模具的装配………………………………………………………………32
6.2 模具的调试………………………………………………………………32
结束语………………………………………………………………………………36
参考文献……………………………………………………………………………37
附录一 图纸………………………………………………………………………38
附录二 外文翻译…………………………………………………………………42
第1章 绪 论
1.1注射成形基本过程
注射成形是现在成形热塑性塑件的主要方法,因此应用范围很广。所使用的成形机称为注射机。
注射成形是把塑料原料(一般为经过造粒、染色、加入添加剂等处理后的颗粒料)放入料筒中,经过加热融化,使之成为高粘度的流体——称为“溶体”,容柱塞或螺杆作为加压工具,使溶体通过喷嘴以较高的压力(约为25~80Mpa)注入模具的型腔中,经过冷却、凝固阶段,而后从模具中脱出,成为塑料制品。
注射成形的全过程可以分为:
(1)塑化过程 现代的注射机基本上是采用螺杆式的塑化设备。塑料原料(称为“物料”)自送料斗以定容方式送入料筒。通过料筒外的电加热和料筒内的螺杆旋转的摩擦热使物料熔化,达到一定的温度后即开始注射。注射动作是由螺杆的推进完成的。
(2)充模过程 熔体自注射机的喷嘴喷出后,进入模具的形腔,把形腔内的空气排除,并充满形腔,然后升压到一定的压力,使熔体的密度增加,充实形腔的各部位。
(3)冷却凝固过程 热塑性塑料的注射成形过程是热交换的过程。即: 塑化 注射充模 固化成形
加热 (理论上绝热) 散热
热交换效果的优劣,觉得塑件的质量——外表面质量和内在的质量。因此,模具设计对热交换也要做充分的考虑。现代的设计方法中也采用了计算机。
(4)脱模过程 塑件在型腔内固化后,必须用机械的方式把它从形腔中取出。这个动作要由“脱模机构”来完成。不合理的脱模机构对塑件的质量有很大的影响;但塑件的几何形状是千变万化的,所以必然采用最有效的和最适当的脱模方式。
由(1)到(4)形成了一个循环。每一次循环,就完成一次成形——一个乃至数十个塑件。
1.2注射模的基本结构
注射模的基本结构依使用的目的而不同,大致上可以作如下的分类:
单腔二板式结构
二板式结构
多腔二板式结构
普通模具 单腔三板式结构
三板式结构
多腔三板式结构
滑动型心式结构
瓣合式结构
特殊模具 脱螺纹结构
多层结构
第2章 瓶盖造型设计
2.1瓶盖的选料及其性能
选用PS作为瓶盖的材料。
(1)PS的典型应用范围:
产品包装,家庭用品(餐具、托盘等),电气(透明容器、光源散射器、绝缘薄膜等)。
(2)注塑模工艺条件:
干燥处理:除非储存不当,通常不需要干燥处理。如果需要干燥,建议干燥条件为80℃、2~3小时。
熔化温度:180~280℃。对于阻燃型材料其上限为250℃。
模具温度:40~50℃。
注射压力:200~600bar。
注射速度:建议使用快速的注射速度。
流道和浇口:可以使用所有常规类型的浇口。
(3)化学和物理特性:
大多数商业用的PS都是透明的、非晶体材料。PS具有非常好的几何稳定性、热稳定性、光学透过特性、电绝缘特性以及很微小的吸湿倾向。它能够抵抗水、稀释的无机酸,但能够被强氧化酸如浓硫酸所腐蚀,并且能够在一些有机溶剂中膨胀变形。
典型的收缩率在0.4~0.7%之间。








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目 录凹模工艺过程卡片1定位环工艺过程卡片2浇口套工艺过程卡片3凸模工艺过程卡片4轴承工艺过程卡片5凹模工艺过程卡片零件名称凹模模具名称及编号瓶盖模具设计零件编号01材料名称45 钢毛坯尺寸155mm85mm28mm件数1工序机号工种施工简要说明定额工时实做工时制造者检验等级10备料将毛坯锻成所要求的尺寸20铣削六面加工留有磨量30平磨磨出六面再放磨40钳工划线划出瓶盖和流道中心线50钻削钻削加工流道60热处理淬火70平磨磨上下两平面80电火花电火花加工8处瓶盖型腔90检验工艺员年 月 日零件质量等级定位环工艺过程卡片零件名称定位环模具名称及编号瓶盖模具设计零件编号02材料名称45 钢毛坯尺寸115mm15mm件数1工序机号工种施工简要说明定额工时实做工时制造者检验等级10备料备所需棒料20车削数车加工端面,外圆,锥形孔,保证图示尺寸30钳工划线划出两螺纹孔中心线40钻削钻削两螺纹底孔50攻攻两螺纹孔60热处理淬火HRC60-6470平磨磨大圆端面80检验工艺员年 月 日零件质量等级浇口套工艺过程卡片零件名称浇口套模具名称及编号瓶盖模具设计零件编号03材料名称45 钢毛坯尺寸53mm45mm件数1工序机号工种施工简要说明定额工时实做工时制造者检验等级10备料备所需棒料20车削数车加工端面,外圆,圆弧,保证图示尺寸30热处理淬火HRC40-4540线切割线切割3.15锥度孔50检验工艺员年 月 日零件质量等级凸模工艺过程卡片零件名称凸模模具名称及编号瓶盖模具设计零件编号04材料名称45 钢毛坯尺寸155mm85mm28mm件数1工序机号工种施工简要说明定额工时实做工时制造者检验等级10备料将毛坯锻成所要求的尺寸20铣削六面加工留有磨量30平磨磨出六面再放磨40钳工划线划出瓶盖和流道中心线50铣削铣8处孔60钻削钻削加工流道70热处理淬火80平磨磨上下两平面90检验工艺员年 月 日零件质量等级轴承工艺过程卡片零件名称轴承模具名称及编号瓶盖模具设计零件编号05材料名称45 钢毛坯尺寸25mm38mm件数1工序机号工种施工简要说明定额工时实做工时制造者检验等级10备料备所需棒料20车削数车加工端面,外圆,保证图示尺寸30钳工划线划出键槽中心线40铣削铣键槽达尺寸要求50热处理淬火HRC54-5860外圆磨磨大圆外面70检验工艺员年 月 日零件质量等级5毕业设计(论文)开题报告学生姓名学 号专 业指导教师姓名职 称所在学院选题来源科研课题 生产实践 其它/选题类型毕业设计 毕业论文 /选题名称某药检用瓶盖注塑模设计研究的目的及意义注塑模具就是利用特定形状去成型具有一定形状和尺寸的塑料制品的工艺基础装备。用注塑模具生产的主要优点是制造简便、材料利用高、生产率高、产品的尺寸规格一致,特别是对大批量生产的机电产品,更能获得价廉物美的经济效果。注塑模具的现代设计与制造和现代注塑工业的发展有极密切的关系。随着注塑工业的飞速发展,注塑模具工业也随之迅速发展。国内外同类研究概况与传统的模具设计相比,计算机辅助工程(CAE)技术无论是在提高生产率、保证产品质量方面,还是在降低成本、减轻劳动强度方面,都具有极大的优越性。注塑模具的设计不但要采用CAD技术,而且还要采用CAE技术,这是发展的必然趋势。由于用模具加工成形零部件,具有生产高效、质量好、节约原材料和能源、成本低等一系列优点。注塑模具已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。注塑模具应用广泛,现代制造业中的注塑产品构件成形加工,几乎都需要使用注塑模来完成。应用快速制模技术,注塑模应当是未来520年的模具生产技术的发展趋势。研究内容及计划第1: 熟悉任务,收集资料,准备绘图工具及图纸,调研。第2:继续进行必要的设计准备包括复习并掌握有关模具设计的各种知识;掌握绘图或计算机绘图基本技能,填写开题报告。第3:绘制零件图,进行工艺分析,确定分型方案。第4 :确定选择浇点、确定顶出机构、确定横向抽芯机构、解决模具的加热和冷却等问题,绘制模具草图,并进行复查、修改。第 5 :模具装配图、浇注系统及冷却系统图等。第 6:设计并绘制非标准零件图。第 7: 整理设计说明书等。第 8:做好毕业答辩准备工作,并进行毕业设计答辩。特色与创新本模具采用电机自动卸螺纹,避免用人手动去取,节约了劳动成本,提高了生产效率,真正实现了自动化的生产模式.指导教师意 见 指导教师签名: 年 月 日要求:弄好后,帮我在特色与创新栏写一下你们设计这套模具的特色,创新就不要写了附录二 外文翻译Treating and the modern mould make high speedOne, summarizes1 the present situation that the mould makes at present and trendThe mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. The mould is important handicraft equipment , occupies decisive position in industrid departments such as consumer goods , electrical equipment electron , automobile , aircraft fabrication. Industrial product part rough process 75%, the finish machining 50% and plastic part 90% will be completed from the mould. The Chinese mould market demand already reaches scale of 500 hundred million yuan at present. The automobile mould , the annual growth rate covering piece of mould especially will exceed 20 %; Also prompt building material mould development , various heterotype material the mould , wall surface and floor mould become new mould growth point , plastic doors and windows and plastic drain-pipe increase to exceeding 30 by in the upcoming several years %; The home appliance mould annual growth rate will exceed 10 %; The IT industry year increases % speed equally exceeding 20 , the need to the mould accounts for 20 of mould marketplace %.2004 annual Chinese machine tools implements industry output value will continue to increase. Our country mould fabrication market potential is enormous. The basis data counts , in recent years, our country mould year gross output value reaches 3 billion U. S. dollar , entrance exceeds 1 billion U. S. dollar, exceed 100 million U. S. dollar outlet. Increase by from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995. The expert foretells that abroad: Asia portion being occupied by in mould fabrication in the whole world, will from 25% to increase to 2005 50% of 1995.Chinese mould industry has been expanding by leaps and bounds , has formed east China and two big South China bases, and has expanded gradually arriving at other province. In 2002 (Shandong , Anhui , Sichuan) in 1996 , mould manufacturing industry output value annual average growth 14% , grows by 25% in 2003. In 2003 our country mould output value is 45 billion RMB. The gross product place occupies the world the 3rd, exports a mould increases 33.5% compared to last year 336,800,000 U. S. dollar. But, contents low our country technology moulds already pile up in excess of requirement , very most support of accurate , complicated top grade mould imports. Every year the entrance mould exceeds 1 billion U. S. dollar. Exceed 100 million U. S. dollar outlet.Precise mould accuracy requires that 3 mu ms , large-scale moulds require that 8000 satisfied kN agree well with model force injection machine request in 2 ; The minitype mould needs the request satisfying the diameter 1 mm silent stock tube. At present, adopt quick-cutting to produce a mould already becoming the general trend that the mould makes, a few moulds have produced a manufacturer in abroad , high-speed machine tool large area has substituted the electric spark machine tool , quick-cutting has improved the mould efficacy greatly. Machine tool enterprise aims at mould manufacturing enterprises , some treating centres 60% all above of the machine tool producing a factory sells treating enterprise to a mould. The mould fabrication enterprise substituting the electric spark finish machining mould gradually in abroad has adopt quick-cutting already commonly , quick-cutting has produced a mould already becoming the general trend that the mould makes gradually , has improved the mould efficacy and mass greatly. Adopt quick-cutting to replace electric spark producing a mould , can get on the stick obviously , improves mould accuracy , life time growing.2 high speed processes application in making in the mould2.1 quick-cutting merit:1) cutter high rotation rate and the machine tool height enter be given to and high acceleration , improve metal excision rate greatly;2) quick-cutting diminutions cut a force;3) quick-cutting heat major part generate heat from the cuttings entrainment , workpiece being short;4) quick-cutting cut down vibration , improve treating mass;2.2 high speed treating apply to the beneficial result that the mould processes1) fleetness rough process and half finish machining, improve treating efficiency;2) high speed high-accuracy finish machining replace only entire the height processing , indicating mass , form accuracy rise , 50%, cuts down repair a mill by hand than EDM processes a potentiation;3) cuts the surface processing final molding stiffly , improve surface mass , form accuracy, the treating (not only being that surface harshness is low, and the surface radiance is high) , being used for complicated surface has more advantage;4) the surface loss that EDM treating produces , improve mould life-span 20%;5) processes an electrode rapidly combining with the CAD/CAM technology , especially, the form is complicated , thin-wall is similar to an electrode.3 adopt quick-cutting to process a mould needing the problem solvingIn in the homeland, since the aspect cause such as fund , technology , the quick-cutting applying produce a mould be in the initial stage stage. Return the machine tool , cutter , handicraft back to existence as well as some problem of aspect needs to proceed orderly other solve.The shortcoming is that finished cost is high, correct cutter sigmatism have comparatively high demand, can not have used big cutters , need to have the complicated computer programming technology to be used for support , equipment running cost height.Two, the high speed processing a moulds processes a machine toolMould finish machining and hard cutting treating require that the numerical control high-speed machine tool , form board , model put up the precision processing need , high-effect numerical control machine tool etc.The mould aiming at produces a lot of machine tool enterprise , some treating centres 60% all above of the machine tool producing a factory sells enterprise to a mould. The fixed assets having 5 billion yuan without exception in the upcoming several years throws into mould industry , 80% is the machine tool buying a mould process equipment , just saying every year having 4 billion yuan of RMB to buy Jinqie among them.At present average our country numerical control machine tool utilization ratio approximately 20%, the high-speed machine tool utilization ratio 3 5%. Also, mould enterprise has the unit suitable to buy a high-speed machine tool , complies with 6000 40000 rmps to have.1 high-speed machine tool technology parameter demandsProcess centre chief axis high-power , high rotation rate , satisfied rude finish machining; The finish machining mould wants to need to reach 15000 20000 rmp like the cutter , the machine tool with minor diameter. Generally, the chief axis rotation rate machine tool under 10000 rpm can carry out rough process and half finish machining , cannot reach the finish machining accuracy; Have no way to reach 400 the above m/min cutting speed.2 five scrolls of machine tools application increases a trend1) treating route is nimble , the surface form is complicated;2) treating range is big , the various type mould suitable processes;3) cuts life-span of condition easy to cut down cutter wear , to raise a cutter,;3 the softwares buying CAD/CAM and high-speed machine tools assortOn the grounds of the machine tool , major part counting , having several billions U. S. dollar to be used to enter port every year, the electromachining machine tool and the high-speed machine tool need to import.Three, quick-cutting mould cutter technologyQuick-cutting processes the cutter needing allocating proper quick-cutting. Progressing processing cutter materials in high speed has urged development of high speed treating. The cutter , knife edge headquarter and high tenacity base gathering crystal strengthening the ceramics cutter being able to be used giving consideration to high hardness experience and observe carbide alloy coating becoming possibility. Gather the crystal cube nitriding boron (PCBN) bit, whose hardness may amount to 3500 4500 HV. Gather crystal miamond (PCD) its hardness but amount to 6000 10000 HV. Germany SCS , Japan Mitsubishi (magical steel) and Sumitomo , Switzerland Shanteweike , USA Kenna are in recent years swiftly large wait for the famous abroad cutter company to successively have debuted the respective quick-cutting cutter, not only cutter having average structural steel of quick-cutting, the ceramics cutter still having direct quick-cutting of energy quenching hard steel is waiting for an effect to surpass the hard cutter, especially the coating cutter appears all of a sudden , bringing into play in quenching half finish machining and finish machining of hard steel. New cutter material and cutter technology appearing already make the bottleneck problem that high speed has processed no longer be able to appear on the cutter.But, expensive entrance cutter price also blocks quick-cutting mould key factor.Above to come to saying the cutter and the cutter holder acceleration reach 3 gs the sort, the cutter circular runout needs to be smaller than 0.015 mm, but the knife length is unable greater than 4 times cutters diameter. The reality according to SANDVIK company has counted , the carbide alloy has stood on in the entirety using carbon nitriding titanium (TICN) coating when milling cutters (58 HRC) carry out high speed bright metal chopping , rough process cutter linear speed has been 100 m/min about , whose linear speed has exceeded but 280 m/min when finish machining and microstoning. Such demands to cutter material (include the hardness , tenacity , red hardness keep the form (include row of crumbs function , surface accuracy , dynamic balance sex etc. (cutting the function) , the cutter under high temperature state) as well as cutter life-span all has very highly.Experience according to in the homeland mould high speed finish machining, linear speed has exceeded 400 800 m/min when adopt the young diameter ball head milling cutter to carry out mould finish machining. The machine tool choosing sufficient high-speeds cuts mould finish machining stiffly.Delcam adopt 0.8 mm diameter cutter to process the narrow slot , rotation rate 40000 rpm , 0.1 mm depth, feed speed 30 m/min.1 chooses the cutter parameter , the cutter waits if shouldering an anterior angle. The cutter requires that the ability processing request shock resistance tenacity more highly , requiring that heat resistance pounds than average is strong;2 adopts various method improving cutter life-span , reduces cutter cost.3 adopt the high speed hilt , HSK hilt , heat pressing applying the most being at present to pretend to grip a cutter. Pay attention to a cutter pretend to grip overall in the day afer tomorrow dynamic balance;4current cutter enterprise has already done many jobs in the field of the technology resolving the quick-cutting cutter , serving facing the cutter processing may help to solve much problem , the cutter has produced a manufacturer becoming the main body , the reference cutter has produced the technology parameter that the manufacturer provides.Four, improve quick-cutting mould efficiency technology1 cutter diameter and the length choice2 HSM and the EDM choice3 does cutting and the lubricating cooling4 feeds choice: Move forward generally giving amounts milling cutter diameters 10% , move forward giving a width milling cutter diameter 40%. According to material, condition chooses the parameter processing handicraft rationallyHigh speed bright metal cuts the mass processing part material abroad fairly good, material quality level is identical , the treating function comparison is stable; But, the cutter that the company produces abroad is also that the standard makes an experiment with their material; The treating being recommended by is suitable to their standard comparatively like the parameter , material quality has the certain difference with domestic part , this difference shows comparatively obviously , some parameters can apply directly, but some effect dispatches right away comparatively during the period of high speed bright metal chops if using their cutter. But select and use part material quality in the homeland like enterprise having the certain standard, what be put into use part material, can use the part material quality that high speed processes especially , the general meeting is limited in some part material range inner, that this applies the high speed processing technology to us has also provided advantageous condition , has been able to apply to less treating material within range. Being needing to emphasize that here, must choose the treating technological parameter optimizing out a set of capital suitable enterprise on these material , is brought into company standard and.The technology selecting and using the domestic cutter , seldom having the bright metal recommending high speed to chop parametric , is necessary making an experiment, get the comparatively satisfied parameter , produce a manufacturer had better to select and use the fixed cutter , cut down the number of times testing that , the standard forming a processing technology, such can improve effective utilization ratio of equipment , lowers production costs , can get the fairly good economic effect.Five, quick-cutting route processing a cutter and programming1) flat surface feeds the route choice2) 2) outlines process the route choice3) Keep cutting loading stable4) keeps relatively stable moving forward giving amounts and feed speed5) keeps the garden corner in flat surface cutting6) chooses the finish machining margin rationallyProgramming demand of HSC finish machining to CAM: 1) the bright metal avoiding a corner to the full cuts motion; 2) tries ones best to avoid external feed of workpiece and enter next depth return knife motion , direct from the outline. Or adopt a helical line or being sure enter slanting to moving forward; 3) constant each edge feed , improve the quality, prolongs cutter life-span; 4) outline treating are kept waiting in level surface.Quick-cutting CAM software:Several years ago will have started quick-cutting processing programming technology research, the Delcam company , has developed the quick-cutting automation programming software module; Lately, the MasterCAM company has also developed the quick-cutting automation programming software module; You also are in in the homeland north navigation developing the quick-cutting automation programming software module;Six, high-speed machine tool numerical control system characteristic1) high speed data is processed2) corner forecasts are handled3) NURBS are not justified appearance strip runin curve treatingSeven, safe quick-cutting mould problem1) Monitoring wearing a cutter away and destroying;2) Intensity that the bit links;3) Strict with the machine tool and the cutter examination is very important and before the average machine tool processing diversity , safety protects and starts up.Eight, there exists problem in our country at present in adopt high speed to process the mould technology1 machine tool:1) domestic high-speed machine tool overall function still has the gap , the function component function to be able to not satisfy a request. Power and rotation rate including the electricity chief axis, entrance machine tool price is high;2)Under the machine tool high speed, the dynamic behaviour studies the function being not enough to affect a complete machine as a result,;3)The five scroll of machine tool is not enough mature , entrance machine tool price is very high;4) supporting technology and equipment are fairly incomplete.2 cutters:1) domestic cutter is not able to adapt to the quick-cutting application , high speed cuts only entire treating especially stiffly. Entrance cutter price is high. The cutter technology is to affect quick-cutting processing a key factor of mould.2) supporting technologies are not enough to include hilt , online dynamic balance in complete set etc.3 high speed moulds process the technology and the experiment1) Be short of the accumulation applying experience since high speed processes the mould history comparatively shortly,;2)The comparison studying comparison stops throwing into lack, sets up a project to quick-cutting handicraft is difficult;3) Be short of the quick-cutting data base or the handbook , is still blank space at present;4) moulds produce the manufacturer cognition lack to quick-cutting , the analysis contrast being short of long range beneficial result;4 Be short of the quick-cutting automation programming software;5 Be short of a five scroll of gear quick-cutting automation programming CAM software.Concluding remarkThe mould marketplace has the intense need, but technology to be unable to keep abreast with to high speed treating. Starting is late , the basis is relatively poor , overall engineering level not being taller than , develops slowlyRequire that one by one, aspect coordinated growth , the product mimic inkstone throwing into combining with enlarging, each comprehensive utilization aspect strengths drive quick-cutting application in making in the mould. Our hope , effort passing every aspect, before the market demand push go down , pass technological progress, look like automobile , machine tool , home appliance , before long, not only our country being going to become a mould producing Great Power, and be going to become a mould producing the powerful country.References1, Jin Diecheng , Song Fangzhi. The modern mould makes the technology , Beijing: Mechanical industry press, 2001.2, Xu Hefeng, The digitization mould makes the technology , Beijing: Chemical industry press, 2001.3,Zhao Bo ,High speed processes the forward position technology that the mould processes. Mould technology , 2000 , (2)4,Zhang Haiou,The fleetness mould makes the technology current situation and their developing trend. Mould technology , 2000 , (6)5,Guo Dongming,Wang Xiaoming,Be geared to the needs of the particular kind processing technology that the fleetness creates. Chinese mechanical engineering , 2000 , (11)高速加工和现代模具制造一、概述1目前模具制造的发展现状和趋势模具作为重要的工艺装备,在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中,占有举足轻重的地位。模具作为重要的工艺装备,在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中,占有举足轻重的地位。工业产品零件粗加工的75%,精加工的50%及塑料零件的90%将由模具完成。目前中国模具市场需求已达 500 亿元之规模。汽车模具、特别是覆盖件模具年增长速度将超过 20 %;建材模具也迅速发展,各种异型材模具、墙面和地面模具成为模具的新增长点,今后几年塑料门窗和塑料排水管增长将超过 30 %;家电模具年增长速度将超过 10 %;IT 业年均增长速度超过 20 % ,对模具的需求占模具市场的 20 %。2004 年中国机床工具工业产值将继续增长。我国模具制造市场潜力巨大。根据资料统计,近年来,我国模具的年总产值达到30亿美元,进口超过10亿美元,出口超过1亿美元。增长从1995年的25%增加到2005年的50%。国外专家预言:亚洲在全球模具制造中占据的份额,将从1995年的25%增加至2005年的50%。 中国模具工业发展迅速,形成了华东和华南两大基地,并且逐渐扩大到其他省份。(山东,安徽,四川) 1996年2002年,模具制造业产值年平均增长14%,2003年增长25%。2003年我国模具产值为450亿人民币。总产量位居世界第3,出口模具3.368亿美元,比上年增长33.5%。但是,我国技术含量低的模具已供过于求,精密、复杂的高档模具很大部分依靠进口。每年进口模具超过10亿美元。出口超过1亿美元。精密模具精度要求在 23 m,大型模具需要满足8000kN合模力注塑机的要求;小型模具需满足直径1mm塑料管的要求。目前,采用高速切削生产模具已经成为模具制造的大趋势,在国外一些模具生产厂家,高速机床大面积取代电火花机床,高速切削大大提高了模具生产效率。机床企业瞄准模具生产企业,有的加工中心生产厂机床的60%以上卖给模具加工企业。高速切削逐渐取代电火花精加工模具在国外的模具制造企业已经普遍采用,高速切削生产模具已经成为逐渐模具制造的大趋势,大大提高了模具生产效率和质量。采用高速切削替代电火花生产模具,可以明显提高效率、提高模具精度、使用寿命长。2高速加工在模具制造中的应用 21高速切削的优点:1) 刀具的高转速和机床的高进给以及高加速度,大大提高金属切除率;2) 高速切削减小切削力; 3) 高速切削热大部分由切屑带走,工件发热少; 4) 高速切削减少振动,提高加工质量; 22高速加工应用于模具加工的效益 1) 快速粗加工和半精加工,提高加工效率; 2) 高速高精度精加工硬切削代替光整加工,表明质量高,形状精度提高,比EDM加工提高效率50%,减少手工修磨; 3) 硬切削加工最后成型表面,提高表面质量、形状精度,(不仅是表面粗糙度低,而且表面光亮度高),用于复杂表面的加工更具优势; 4) 避免EDM加工产生的表面损伤,提高模具寿命20%; 5) 结合CAD/CAM技术快速加工电极,特别是形状复杂、薄壁类电极。 3 采用高速切削加工模具需要解决的问题 在国内,由于资金、技术等方面的原因,应用高速切削生产模具还处于初期阶段。还存在机床、刀具、工艺以及其他方面的一些问题需要逐步解决。缺点是加工成本高,对刀具的使用有较高的要求,不能使用过大的刀具,要有复杂的计算机编程技术做支持,设备运行成本高。 二、加工模具的高速加工机床 模具精加工和硬切削加工需要数控高速机床,模板、模架加工需要精密、高效数控机床等。许多机床企业瞄准模具生产,有的加工中心生产厂机床的60%以上卖给模具企业。模具行业今后几年年均有50亿元的固定资产投入,其中80%是购买模具加工设备,也就是说每年有40亿元人民币要购买金切机床。 目前我国数控机床的平均利用率大约20%,高速机床的利用率35%。模具企业也有相当的单位购买高速机床,从600040000rmp的都有。 1高速机床的技术参数要求 加工中心主轴大功率、高转速,满足粗精加工;精加工模具要用小直径刀具,机床一般要达到1500020000rmp。通常主轴转速在10000rpm以下的机床可以进行粗加工和半精加工,达不到精加工的精度;无法达到400m/min以上的切削速度。 2 五轴机床的应用增加趋势 1)加工路线灵活,表面形状复杂; 2)加工范围大,适合多种类型模具加工; 3)切削条件好,减少刀具磨损,提高刀具寿命; 3 购买CAD/CAM软件和高速机床配套 据统计,每年有几十亿美元用于进口机床,大部分电加工机床和高速机床需要进口。 三、高速切削模具的刀具技术高速切削加工还需配备适宜高速切削的刀具。高速加工刀具材料的进展促使了高速加工的发展。硬质合金涂层刀具、聚晶增强陶瓷刀具使得兼顾高硬度的刀刃部和高韧性的基体成为可能。聚晶立方氮化硼(PCBN)刀片,其硬度可达35004500HV。聚晶金刚石(PCD)其硬度可达600010000HV。近年来德国SCS、
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