摘要 4
第一章概述 5
1.1电缆车知识 5
1.1.1电缆车的应用背景 5
1.1.2电缆车的发展状况 6
1.2 3T电缆车装置 6
1.2.1概述 6
1.2.2功能简介 6
第二章设计任务书 8
2.1设计题目：3T电缆车设计 8
2.2设计背景： 8
2.2.1、题目简述 8
2.2.2使用状况： 9
2.2.3 设计参数 9
2.2.4设计任务： 9
第三章 3T电缆车的总体设计方案 9
3.1方案的选择 9
3.2前方导向机构的工作原理 11
3. 1.1牵引机构： 12
3. 1.2转向机构： 12
第四章手动液压泵的选择与转向轮介绍 12
4.1 手动液压泵的选择 12
4. 1. 1液压泵所需实现的性能要求 13
4、1、2 手动液压泵结构 13
4、 1、3、手动液压泵主要技术参数 13
4.2 手动液压泵的操作规程 14
4.3 转向轮的功能简介及选用 15
第五章电缆车的设计及各部件应力校核 16
5.1 电缆车的设计及应力校核 16
5.1.1电缆车支架的设计 16
5.1.2电缆车支架受力分析 17
5.1.3受力后弯曲幅度的校核 17
5 .1.4前方转向轮轮轴轴承的寿命校核核……………………….19
5.1.5 后轮轴轴承的寿命校核………………………………………………..19
第六章我国电力施工发展现状 20
第七章总结 20
参考文献 22
致谢 23

摘要

随着现代店电力施工的发展，电缆线盘托运及展放需要的自动化程度不断提高，电缆车是现代电力施工系统的重要设备之一，其主要功能是将电缆线盘进行运送和展放，从而达到高效架设电缆线的目的。3T电缆车对整个电力施工系统的可靠安装将起到重要的作用。

关键词：电缆线盘、电力施工

Abstract

With the development of modern shop electrical construction, shipping and exhibition of the cable reel to put the needs of the degree of automation, continuous improvement, the cable car is one of the important equipment of the construction of modern power system, its main function is to put the cable tray delivery and exhibition. so as to achieve the purpose of efficient erection of the cable. 3T and reliable installation of the cable car construction of the entire power system will play an important role.

Keywords: cable tray, electric power construction

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内容简介：: 图1-1图1-2山东轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）任务书机械与汽车工程学院 08 级机械设计制造及其自动化专业姓名郝常华题目 “ 3T电缆车”的设计课题简介：（目的意义、主要内容、现有条件、时间安排、预期成果及表现形式）1、目的意义随着现代电力施工的发展，电缆线盘托运及展放需要的自动化程度不断提高，电缆车是现代电力施工系统的重要设备之一，其主要功能是将电缆线盘进行运送和展放，从而达到高效架设电缆线的目的。3T电缆车对整个电力施工系统的可靠安装将起到重要的作用。2、主要内容本设计任务是国家电力行业的研究项目，已进行过前期的研发工作目前即将大规模开始投入使用，这次设计主要根据“3T电缆车”的工艺要求，对电力施工中电缆线盘进行托运及电缆展放。“3T电缆车”装置地设计。主要包括电缆线盘升降部分和运送部分二个子任务。要求移动灵活，效率高，稳定性高，并具有一定的野外作业使用能力。此系统技术先进，结构紧凑，效率高，而且目前国内尚无此种类型的定型产品，属开发改进设计。3、现有条件计算机，绘图机，绘图软件，设计手册。学生可以参照前期设计资料以及网上实物图像和实验数据进行改进设计。4、时间安排：前4周进行毕业实习，主要是到工矿企业参观电力行业现有设备的现状。检索资料，收集与课题相关的文献，了解课题的最新状况和发展趋势。后10周进行设计，包括方案设计，图纸设计，编写说明书。5、预期成果及表现形式：“3T电缆车”设计的任务要求：对“3T电缆车”的工作原理有全面细致的理解，结合光、机、电等相关知识进行设计。“3T电缆车”装置的设计图纸，写出设计论文。该课题具有很好的创新性。完成本设计应用大学本科阶段的基础知识和专业知识，任务明确，工作量适宜，适合作为学生的毕业设计选题。 2012年1月16日完成期限： 2012 年 4 月 15 日至 2012 年 6月 10 日指导教师：范维华教研室主任：沈敏德学院院长：许崇海 2012 年 6 月 15 日山东轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）中期进展报告表学院机械与汽车工程学院专业班级机械08-1班学生姓名郝常华学号20070101167导师姓名范维华设计（论文）题目“3T电缆车”的设计根据设计要求和“3T电缆车”的设计性能参数，在老师的指导下，前段时间主要完成了开题报告、英文翻译、实习报告的工作，并查阅相关的资料，拟定了设计方案。初步完成了“3T电缆车”的输送装置中提升部分的动力装置的选择，移动机构的设计，“3T电缆车”的整体结构图。提升装置采用手动启动方式。其中手动液压泵的选择主要根据电缆线盘与电缆整体重量的估计。在电缆车的前方设计牵引轮胎，它可以任意改变角度，移动灵活，电缆车配有的减震装置大大增强了其稳定性能。完成了对轴进行了应力校合。应力校合根据第三强度理论，对弯扭组合变形进行应力计算。完成了总体结构图，对各个零件的布置有了初步设计。在工作过程中，自己的疑问在老师和同学的帮助下，基本上都得到了解决。在以后的设计中将继续查阅相关资料，参考现有的设备对装配图进行优化。同时绘制零件图。根据设计要求，在老师的指导下，最快最好的完成各项工作。2012年06月17日指导教师评价意见1设计（论文）进展情况评价（基本完成计划、部分完成计划、没有完成计划）2学生工作态度情况评价（认真、一般、较差）3已完成设计（论文）质量评价（较好、一般、较差）4设计（论文）不足之处及改进意见指导教师签字：年月日注：每名学生填写一份，并由指导教师填写意见、签字后，返还学生归档。山东轻工业学院毕业实习报告院系名称机械工程学院学生姓名郝常华专业班级机械081班指导教师_ 范维华 _ 二一二年四月二十二日实习情况一览表时间地点实习内容（讲座、参观、车间工作、总结等）指导教师备注3月中旬将军集团济南卷烟厂参观了卷包车间，里面有数台生产速度为1000支/分钟的卷烟机和400包/分钟的包装机。尽管在卷丝车间有数台规模巨大的生产设备，然而所有设备都可以通过中央控制室来控制沈敏德范维华3月下旬济南烟草配送中心参观精准分拣系统厂房和储藏烟草的仓库沈敏德范维华一、实习目的大学四年即将结束，接踵而来的是找工作，毕业，就业。压力是如此的巨大，因为我们大学四年的学习并没有给我们带来实际的工作能力，也没有丝毫的社会经验。利用毕业前的这一段时间，学校组织我们去参加了这次的集体实习，让我们对社会，对工作有些许的了解，以便毕业之后工作时不至于捉襟见肘。1、将理论与实践相结合通过这次的毕业实习，我们先后接触与本专业相关的一些实际工作，对于工作所要求具备的专业理论知识和基本技能有个大体客观的认识。实习过程中，要求我们通过听取公司产品方面的讲座学会理论和实践有机结合，将我们平日里学的知识有机的结合到实践中，然后更好的理解书本上的理论知识2、找到差距，尽快缩短差距实习时，我们会参观一些有名企业，期间公司负责人会给我们作讲座，带领我们参观他们企业内部的流程，员工工作的环境以及了解员工应该具有的专业技能。通过观察，我看到了他们这些企业所要求员工所具备的那种职业素质，专业技能。而从我们身上体现出来的却只是稚气未退的学生气，我们之间的差距明显很大，我们毕业尽快调整自己使自己成为一名于社会需要，于企业合格的人才。3、让自己尽快转变为社会人我们是即将毕业踏入社会的大学生，学生时代的稚气已不适合于社会。由一个学生到一个职业人员的转变过程，要求我们学会独立、成熟和坚强，踏入社会我们必须学会担负责任，脚踏实地，消除自己原本的担忧，努力工作每一天。这次实习就是为了让我们明白工作人要拥有该有的素质和能力。二、实习内容马克思哲学告诉我们，实践是检验真理的唯一标准。在大学里，我们学习了很多的理论知识，不过我们总觉得很空，这正是因为缺乏实践。实习正式将我们理论运用至实际生活中的机会。我们要想成为对社会有用的人才，要想在毕业后就可以找个好工作，实现自己的人生价值，就要重视好在大学里的实习。同时实习是一次不可多得的集体活动。平时在学校，除了上课，大家聚在一起的时间很少，缺乏生活上的专业上的必要交流，通过这次实习首先加强了同学们之间的凝聚力。（一）将军集团济南卷烟厂将军集团济南卷烟厂是国有大型企业。在特别人员的带领下，我们首先参观了卷包车间，里面有数台生产速度为1000支/分钟的卷烟机和400包/分钟的包装机。卷烟机主要是将烟丝、滤棒和包装纸卷在一起。在车间里，我们重点参观了卷烟和包装机，一万多个零件组成的机构，高速运转着，卷接、包装设备自动化水平高。当时有台机器出现了问题，由于整套装置有阻塞、夹条、掉条检测控制剔除系统工人师傅们很容易的排除故障。在参观中，我们注意到了卷烟厂高度自动化的流水线和精确的质量控制系统。当烟叶从整包被分离后，就开始进入加工阶段。在经过皮带传输和振动运输到各个加工环节过程中，对流量有着严格的控制，皮带上安装有电子传感器，能通过控制带速来控制流量。尽管在卷丝车间有数台规模巨大的生产设备，然而所有设备都可以通过中央控制室来控制。由于企业引入了现场总线，使得所有生产状况都可以及时在中控室的电脑控制屏上显示，包括动力部门的能源控制。在现场，我们提出询问了许多感兴趣的问题，有关人员热情细致地给予解释，直到我们把整个工艺、生产流程了解为止。先进的生产设备，有序的生产现场，高素质的操作员工，给我们留下了深刻的印象。卷包车间的卷接包、装封箱、入库全部实现了自动化。经技术人员介绍，整个卷烟的生产流程如下：投料开包切片回槽(提温加水) 储存两个小时左右脱水卷烟包装。通过实习发现的不足：原机装封箱机速度不高，只能一台装封箱机对应一台套卷包设备；二是离仓库比较远，不利于输送并且在输送过程中易造成破损；设备多并且控制比较复杂，操作和修理维护都需要大量的人力物力。（二）济南烟草配送中心在本次主要对济南烟草配送中心两家单位进行了详细的实地的参观和了解，着重对这家单位的物流配送体系，物流配送设备，在各个环节中所采用的现代化技术以及整个物流的资源配置系统进行了详尽的认识和学习，因为两家企业的设备与流程大体相近，现主要介绍济南烟草配送中心。济南烟草配送中心隶属于济南烟草专卖局，济南市烟草专卖局资本雄厚，在面对国际间激烈的烟草市场的发展竞争下，积极采用先进技术，提高自己的信息化和自动化建设。尤其是以济南烟草配送中心是作为新型的现代物流来建设，坐落于济南高新区，与齐鲁软件园毗邻，尖端的环境优势使得济南烟草物流在收发配送方面独具优势，同时济南烟草物流中心通过网络营销、仓储系统、分拣系统、线路优化、GPS车辆监控等信息系统技术，使得济南烟草物流中心的快速反应令人吃惊，对济南地区的烟草配送在整个省内行业乃至全国位居前列。在济南烟草配送中心主要参观的是兰剑物流为济南烟草配送中心和烟台烟草配送中心设计的烟草的仓储系统、分拣系统和相关配送系统。在最开始的相关工作人员讲解中我们了解到，烟草行业的竞争已经不再局限于国内烟草企业的竞争，跨国烟草企业的竞争压力，让中国烟草行业面临巨大的挑战。能否全面建立完善的烟草物流配送体系是烟草行业能否取胜的关键环节，如何布局规划配送中心的建设是烟草行业不得不去思考的问题。而此套物流方案解决了配送运营体系中的许多问题，实现了配送网点的合理布局，资源的优化配置及时周转，提高了分拣的效率，大大降低了配送成本，总体上全面提升了烟草配送效率。电话访销、精准分拣、及时配送，提高了服务质量和顾客忠诚度，减少了市场上非正规渠道卷烟的冲击压力，降低了物流成本。根据老师和公司的安排流程，首先我们参观了烟草仓库的存储系统。根据老师解说，此烟草存储所用的仓库是一个自动化立体仓库。从货物进入，分为两种方式，一种是较为传统的传送带运输方式，但是效率仍然比人工快很多，用的比较多的是采取叉车托盘方式，整托盘烟草进入，然后进行仓库保管即入库。入库过程是放到传送带由电脑全程操作，然后经由由堆垛机，然后通过工业计算机的指令发送到由操作人员预先设定相关程序，采用了RFID射频识别技术可以读取货物的一切信息并将其分配到应有的位置，堆垛机按以获取的信息自动将货物准确无误放在应在的位置。这种入库工作流程几乎是全自动化，只需要很少的几个操作人员进行监控和操作，而且效率很高，整个系统设计的全面合理，功能的密切统一和集中以及自动化的程度之高，都给我了很大的震撼。接下来我们又去了分拣区的流水线查看其工作流程，刚开始，还没有运作，只是听讲解，说这套系统属于第三代烟草分拣系统（第四代也已经研制完毕，尚未完善投入），分拣速度很快，以及精确的自动化包装处理，听得我们云里雾里，因为每条线上工作的也就四五个人，到底搞不清到底是怎么分拣这么多烟草满足济南市这么多客户的订单，稍等了几分钟，分拣线开始运作。根据一步步的流程，各种烟从不同的槽口被吐出，快速的经过传送带，然后送到包装台，快速的进行包装，然后电子显示屏显示下一个客户的订单数量，看似很简单的流程，但是能够控制的这么好，而且很精确的控制各类的烟草所要出具的数量，这一系列流程的整合，大大的提高了分拣的效率和精确度。全部自动一体化的完成，让我深深感受到了现代化的信息系统所创造的价值。最后关于烟草的配送系统，由于GPS系统正在更新为3G，所以老师根据历史资料进行解说，经过查资料了解到，从整个烟草配送体系功能来看，本系统的在运输方面，使用采用的电子地图和GPS实时定位系统,地图上面标明了根据各销售点的位置而设计好的最优配送路线以及货车采用的GPS定位系统，可准确地了解每一辆货车所在的位置及每次所消耗的时间，最终可准确的落实每一天的工作效率。同时对济南烟草运输线路的全面优化，重新将济南各个区域布局，减少各区间之间的叠加、冲突，使得交叉覆盖面积最小交叉覆盖率小于15%，路线得到更加合理的配置。物流信息，作为中枢神经系统的物流信息在整个配送系统中起到的作用计划预测、动态分析、及时提供市场动态等相关内容。济南烟草配送信息这一块做的比较到位，从计算机中能及时获得相关的信息，为做出研究分析、制定相关策略提供了有力的保障。本次实习总结：通过这次实习，我更深刻的认识到物流这个概念的深度和广度，以及在现实生活中，我们对物流的应用的层面，我发现课本的理论知识在实际过程中运用的很巧妙，因地制宜，灵活贯通给我了很大的启示，也发觉了真正的实际操作中，我们对课本知识掌握的不够扎实，也不够全面，更没有系统的思维和考虑。所以，我要学习的东西还很多，要真正领会课本的理论知识以及运用的方法和价值。结论和建议：在济南烟草中心，采用了现代信息化的设施和自动化的整合系统，在很大程度上降低人员的劳动强度，节约生产成本，提高工作效率；对于在烟草行业推广应用新兴的物流技术，降低物流成本、实现配送现代化管理起了推动作用。然而在实际运作中，完备齐全的自动化系统会花费很大资金，希望在系统的设计方面能加以改善以节约成本，同时注重成本和效能，达到性能最优化，从而可以推广到其他物流企业，真正的做好我国物流行业的领头羊。同时在做烟草的同时，关于实地的配送运输问题上，建议与部分物流相关企业进行合作，实现附带运输，以增加附加值和利润，同时可以降低成本。三、实习总结毕业前安排这次毕业实习使我收获很多。老师带领我们参观一些卷烟厂和物流中心公司还有知名企业-张裕公司，深入到各公司的生产车间观看员工的工作环境、产品生产工艺和研发设计产品。每到一个公司，负责人都会很详细地给我们介绍公司产品以及它们利用的基本原理。这次毕业实习让我了解专业有关的工作，对之前的毕业后从事的工作存在的疑惑也解除了。在学校里，我们学习专业基本知识，缺乏专业实践能力的锻炼，离现实社会所需专业人才还有很大的差距，一直抱怨学校里学到的知识没有实际利用价值，其实这都是借口，进入大学，我们首先学会独立自学，然而我们这点没有做好，更没有人限制我们时间，是我们没有利用好它。尽管实验室条件有限，那些都是客观理由。“活到老学到老”这句话永远具有现实意思。就像那位引导员说的，别把自己想象的太优秀，真正踏入社会，你会发现很多问题。无论工作还是上研究生，都要认真对待每一件事情，而且要学会改正自己的缺点，企业不会因为你个人去重新制定规范。你有能力才有企业利用的价值。通过这次毕业实习，我知道自己存在的很多的不足，缺乏实践经验，没有独立对机械构造设计过，专业方面具备的基本设计能力还不够，以后要想从事和机械专业相关的工作，我还要付出很大的努力，学习更多的专业知识！指导教师评语：实习成绩：指导教师：年月日山东轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告课题名称“3T电缆车”的设计课题类型工程设计X导师姓名范维华学生姓名郝常华学号200701011067专业班级机械08-1班一.目的及意义随着现代店电力施工的发展，电缆线盘托运及展放需要的自动化程度不断提高，电缆车是现代电力施工系统的重要设备之一，其主要功能是将电缆线盘进行运送和展放，从而达到高效架设电缆线的目的。3T电缆车对整个电力施工系统的可靠安装将起到重要的作用。二.目前现状国内此种类型的定型产品还有很多缺陷和不足，属开发改进设计阶段，该装置是一种提高电力施工效率的一个环节，是目前很多需要电力野外施工公司研究项目，是一个很有价值的研究课题，发展前景广泛。三研究设计内容“3T电缆车”的设计，主要包括件电缆车升降部分和移动部分二个子任务。移动灵活，效率高，稳定性高，并具有一定的野外作业使用能力。此系统技术先进，结构紧凑，效率高，而且目前国内尚无此种类型的定型产品。四研究设计方法及技术路线该设计所涉及的电缆车是电力施工中电缆线盘托运及电缆展放的必备工具，要求增加减震装置使电缆车在运送电缆线盘的过程中稳定性提高；在电缆车上设计升降装置使电缆车可以实现与地面脱离，使电缆车避免运送电缆线盘的磕碰损伤；设计架设电缆车的轮轴使电缆车可以通过手动摇杆的控制实现转动，从而可以卷放自如。五毕业设计时间安排前4周进行毕业实习，主要是到工矿企业参观电力行业现有设备的现状。检索资料，收集与课题相关的文献，了解课题的最新状况和发展趋势。后10周进行设计，包括方案设计，图纸设计，编写说明书。六参考文献： 1.濮良贵，纪名刚主编.机械设计.7版.北京:高等教育出版社,20012.刘鸿文主编. 材料力学I.北京:高等教育出版社,20063.吴宗泽，罗圣国主编. 机械设计课程设计手册.北京:高等教育出版社,1999 4.郑志峰，王运炎，叶尚川主编. 机械工程材料.北京:机械工业出版社,20005.郑志峰主编.链传动设计与应用手册M.北京:机械工业出版社,19926.张福润等主编.机械设计技术基础M. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社 20007. 姜继海宋锦春高常识主编.液压与气压传动.北京：高等教育出版社,2001 指导教师意见：指导教师： 2012年月日注：课题类型填写：工程设计、技术开发、软件工程、理论研究等，同时注明X真实课题；Y模拟课题；Z虚拟课题。Introduciton of MachiningIntroduciton of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is : www.ChinaC www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCcut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting ToolWe already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t : www.ChinaC www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaChe work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in p : www.ChinaC www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCrimary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0. inches itinerary, pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 00-inch clamping force.The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati : www.ChinaC www.CAD.Name BBS.CAD.Name www.ChinaCon. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices - the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 0% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.加工基础作为产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。基本的机械加工参数切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的：刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和吃刀深度。切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。吃刀深度以英寸计是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来，吃刀深度较深。切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响金属切削操作中，热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线，从中可以看出：像所能预料的那样，当工件材料在主变形区被切削时，沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度，而当在副变形区，切屑被切落时，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热，那就可以预料：被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗曾家的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时，将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小，因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应，刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例，而切削温度变化倾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小，这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化，实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上

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