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MC无机械手换刀刀库设计[3A0]【6张CAD图纸和毕业论文】【机械专业答辩通过】

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A1-刀盘.dwg
A1-锁止盘.dwg

摘要

随着数控技术的发展和普及，加工中心的作用越发突显它的重要性。为进一步提高数控机床的加工效率，数控机床正向着工件在一台机床一次装夹即可完成多道工序或全部工序加工的方向发展，因此出现了各种类型的加工中心机床，如车削中心、镗铣加工中心、钻削中心等等。这类多工序加工的数控机床在加工过程中要使用多种刀具，因此必须有自动换刀装置，也就是所说的刀库，以便选用不同刀具，完成不同工序的加工工艺。自动换刀装置应当具备换刀时间短、刀具重复定位精度高、足够的刀具储备量、占地面积小、安全可靠等特性。
本论文是开发设计出一种体积小、结构紧凑、价格较低、生产周期短的小型立式加工中心无机械手换刀刀库。首先介绍了国内外加工中心研究现状及发展趋势，阐明了本课题研究的目的、意义。然后进一步介绍本小型加工中心刀库总体结构和各部件方案的选择，并在此基础上进行了小型加工中心刀库的机械结构的设计计算，主要包括刀盘部件设计（含刀盘，夹块，刀爪），刀库转动定位机构设计（含转臂，槽轮，滚子，锁止盘），刀库总体机构设计（含轴承套，轴，箱盖，箱体）刀库移动部分设计。

关键词：数控系统加工中心刀库

Abstract

Along with the numerical control technology development and the popularization, the processing center function reveals its importance even more suddenly. For further enhances the numerical control engine laths the processing efficiency, the numerical control engine laths is clamping to the work piece in an engine laths attire then completes the multi-channel working procedure or the complete working procedure processing direction develops, therefore appeared each kind of type processing center engine laths, ike the turning center, the boring mill processing center, drills truncates center and so on. This kind of working procedure processing numerical control engine laths must use many kinds of cutting tools in the processing process, therefore must have trades the knife installment automatically, also is the knife storehouse which said, in order to select the different cutting tool, completes the different working procedure the processing craft. Trades the knife equipment to have automatically to have trades the knife time short, the cutting tool repetition pointing accuracy high, the enough cutting tool margin, the area small, safe reliable and so on the characteristics.
The present paper is the development designs one kind of volume slightly, the structure compact, the price is low, production cycle short small vertical processing center knife storehouse this article. Then further introduced this small processing center knife storehouse overall structure and various parts plan choice, and has carried on the small processing center knife storehouse mechanism design calculation in this foundation, mainly includes the knife storehouse overall organization design, the electrical machinery selection, the knife storehouse rotation detent mechanism design knife storehouse migration part design and so on.

Keywords: numerically controlled lathe machining centers cut database

摘要……………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………ii
1 绪论…………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 国内外的研究现状和发展趋势…………………………………………1
1.1.1 当前世界NC机床的研究现状……………………………………1
1.1.2 我国数控机床产业的发展状况……………………………………2
1.1.3 加工中心的发展动向………………………………………………3
1.1.4 我国数控机床研究存在的问题……………………………………3
1.2 加工中心概论……………………………………………………………4
1.2.1 自动换刀系统产品化的意义和前景………………………………6
1.3 本论文研究的目的和意义………………………………………………6
1.4 本论文完成的主要工作…………………………………………………6
2 总体方案的设计……………………………………………………………8
2.1 运动方案的设计…………………………………………………………8
2.1.1 运动数目的确定……………………………………………………8
2.1.2 运动方案的确定……………………………………………………8
2.2 功能部件的设计方案……………………………………………………9
2.2.1 主传动系统…………………………………………………………9
2.2.2 进给伺服系统………………………………………………………10
2.2.3自动换刀系统………………………………………………………11
2.2.4 基础部件……………………………………………………………13
2.2.5 数控系统……………………………………………………………14
2.2.6 辅助装置……………………………………………………………14
2.3 总体布局…………………………………………………………………14
2.4 主要技术参数……………………………………………………………14
2.5 小结………………………………………………………………………16
3 刀库的设计…………………………………………………………………17
3.1 刀库的结构设计…………………………………………………………17
3.1.1 刀库主要参数的确定………………………………………………17
3.1.2 刀盘部分的设计……………………………………………………17
3.1.3 刀库转动定位机构的设计…………………………………………18
3.1.4 轴的设计……………………………………………………………21
3.1.5 滚动轴承的选择计算………………………………………………24
3.1.6 键的选用与计算……………………………………………………25
3.1.7 刀库的支承部分的设计……………………………………………25
3.2 刀库移动部分的设计……………………………………………………26
3.2.1 刀库支承横梁和导轨的设计………………………………………26
3.2.2 刀库移动丝杠和电机的选择………………………………………27
3.3 刀库、横梁的安装………………………………………………………27
3.4 小结………………………………………………………………………38
结论………………………………………………………………………………29
致谢………………………………………………………………………………30
参考文献…………………………………………………………………………31

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A0-槽轮.gif

A0-刀库总装配图.gif

A0-机床联系尺寸图.gif

A0-轴.gif

A1-刀盘.gif

A1-锁止盘.gif

内容简介：: 毕业设计（论文）MC无机械手换刀刀库设计学生姓名：许亮学号：0515011130所在系部：机械工程系专业班级：指导教师：李兆铨（高工）日期：二九年六月毕业设计(论文)任务书系部机械工程系指导教师李兆铨职称高工学生姓名许亮专业班级05机制本学号0515011130设计题目MC无机械手换刀刀库设计设计内容目标和要求加工中心（MC）的自动换刀装置（ATC）通常分为无机械手换刀和有机械手换刀两类，前者结构较为简单、紧凑，常用于刀具数量不太多的MC中。无机械手换刀是利用刀库与机床主轴的相对运动实现换刀动作的。设计一个装有1216把刀具的刀库，具有两个直线运动和一个旋转运动，能完成刀具拔、插和交换动作，并考虑刀库的定位。一设计内容1 调研一个加工中心，了解其无机械手换刀刀装置和结构。2 参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。画出机床总体布置图和刀库总装配图，要有方案分析，不能照抄现有机床。3 设计该刀库的一个重要部分，如刀库的转位机构（包括定位装置，刀具的夹紧装置等），画出该部件的装配图和主要零件（如壳体、蜗轮、蜗杆等3张以上工作图。4撰写设计说明书。二设计要求1 设计必须独立完成，要有创造性，不要照抄照搬实习现场的工艺、工装、设备等。2设计绘图工作总量一般不少于2.5A0，其中用计算机绘图不少于一张A1，但不超过总绘图量的一半。3说明书的内容应是围绕本人设计的内容进行分析、计算和论证，不要抄书。说明书内容一般不少于25页，建议写出英文摘要。4其它有关事项按院、系有关规定执行。三参考资料教材：数控机床机械工程手册（第二版）第8、9卷机械工业出版社指导教师签名 2009-1-10 系部审核2-1毕业设计（论文）学生开题报告课题名称MC无机械手换刀刀库设计课题来源生产实践课题类型AX指导教师李兆铨学生姓名许亮学号0515011130专业班级05gb机制1本课题的研究现状、研究目的及意义本课题开发设计的小型加工中心刀库。随着数控技术的发展和普及，加工中心的作用越发突显它的重要性。为进一步提高数控机床的加工效率，数控机床正向着工件在一台机床一次装夹即可完成多道工序或全部工序加工的方向发展，因此出现了各种类型的加工中心机床，如车削中心、镗铣加工中心、钻削中心等等。这类多工序加工的数控机床在加工过程中要使用多种刀具，因此必须有自动换刀装置，也就是所说的刀库，以便选用不同刀具，完成不同工序的加工工艺。自动换刀装置应当具备换刀时间短、刀具重复定位精度高、足够的刀具储备量、占地面积小、安全可靠等特性。课题类型：（1）A工程实践型；B理论研究型；C科研装置研制型；D计算机软件型；E综合应用型（2）X真实课题；Y模拟课题；（1）、（2）均要填，如AY、BX等。2-2本课题的研究内容本论文是开发设计出一种体积小、结构紧凑、价格较低、生产周期短的小型立式加工中心无机械手换刀刀库。主要完成以下工作： 1 调研一个加工中心，了解其无机械手换刀刀装置和结构。2 参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。画出机床总体布置图和刀库总装配图，要有方案分析，不能照抄现有机床。3 设计该刀库的一个重要部分，如刀库的转位机构（包括定位装置，刀具的夹紧装置等），画出该部件的装配图和主要零件（如壳体、蜗轮、蜗杆等3张以上工作图。4撰写设计说明书。本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排本课题采取的研究方法为：（1）理论分析，参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。进度安排：2009.3.16-3.20 收集相关的毕业课题资料。2009.3.23-3.27 完成开题报告。2009.3.30-4.17 完成毕业设计方案的制定、设计及计算。2009.4.20-5.15 完成刀库的设计2009.5.18-5.29 完成毕业设计说明书。2009.6.01-6.08 毕业设计答辩。2-3已查阅的主要参考文献1 廉元国,张永洪. 加工中心设计与应用 M. 北京：机械工业出版社，1995.3 2 惠延波,沙杰.加工中心的数控编程与操作技术 M. 北京：机械工业出版社2000.12 3 励德瑛.加工中心的发展趋势 J. 机车车辆工艺，1994，6 4 徐正平.CIMT2001 加工中心评述J. 制造技术与机床，2001，6 5 刘利. FPC-20VT 型立式加工中心J. 机械制造，1994，7 6 李洪. 实用机床设计手册 M. 沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社，1999.1 7 刘跃南.机械系统设计M.北京：机械工业出版社，1998.8 8 Panasonic 交流伺服电机驱动器 MINASA 系列使用说明书 9 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 2 卷M. 北京：化学工业出版社，2001.11 10 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 3 卷M. 北京：化学工业出版社，2001.11 指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日3毕业设计（论文）学生申请答辩表课题名称MC无机械手换刀刀库设计指导教师（职称）李兆铨（高级工程师）申请理由毕业设计任务已完成，说明书已编好。学生所在系部机械工程系专业班级05gb机制1学号0515011130 学生签名：许亮日期：毕业设计（论文）指导教师评审表序号评分项目（理工科、管理类）评分项目(文科)满分评分1工作量外文翻译152文献阅读与外文翻译文献阅读与文献综述103技术水平与实际能力创新能力与学术水平254研究成果基础理论与专业知识论证能力255文字表达文字表达106学习态度与规范要求学习态度与规范要求15总分100评语（是否同意参加答辩）指导教师签名：另附毕业设计（论文）指导记录册年月日4毕业设计（论文）评阅人评审表学生姓名许亮专业班级05gb机制1学号0515011130设计（论文）题目MC无机械手换刀刀库设计评阅人评阅人职称序号评分项目（理工科、管理类）评分项目(文科)满分评分1工作量外文翻译152文献阅读与外文翻译文献阅读与文献综述103技术水平与实际能力创新能力与学术水平254研究成果基础理论与专业知识论证能力255文字表达文字表达106学习态度与规范要求学习态度与规范要求15总分100评语评阅人签名：年月日5毕业设计（论文）答辩表学生姓名许亮专业班级05gb机制1学号0515011130设计（论文）题目MC无机械手换刀刀库设计序号评审项目指标满分评分1报告内容思路清新；语言表达准确，概念清楚，论点正确；实验方法科学，分析归纳合理；结论有应用价值。402报告过程准备工作充分,时间符合要求。103创新对前人工作有改进或突破，或有独特见解。104答辩回答问题有理论依据，基本概念清楚。主要问题回答准确，深入。40总分100答辩组评语答辩组组长（签字）：年月日答辩委员会意见答辩委员会负责人（签字）：年月日6-1毕业设计（论文）答辩记录表学生姓名许亮专业班级05gb机制1学号0515011130设计（论文）题目MC无机械手换刀刀库设计答辩时间答辩地点答辩委员会名单朱森酉、李兆铨、王海涛、蒋小盼问题1提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题2提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题3提问人：问题：回答（要点）：记录人签名（不足加附页）6-2问题4提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题5提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题6提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题7提问人：问题：回答（要点）：问题8提问人：问题：回答（要点）：记录人签名7毕业设计（论文）成绩评定总表学生姓名：许亮专业班级： 05gb机制1毕业设计（论文）题目：MC无机械手换刀刀库设计成绩类别成绩评定指导教师评定成绩评阅人评定成绩答辩组评定成绩总评成绩40%+20%+40%评定等级注：成绩评定由指导教师、评阅教师和答辩组分别给分(以百分记)，最后按“优(90-100)”、“良(80-89)”、“中(70-79)”、“及格(60-69)”、“不及格(60以下)”评定等级。其中，指导教师评定成绩占40%，评阅人评定成绩占20%，答辩组评定成绩占40%。摘要随着数控技术的发展和普及，加工中心的作用越发突显它的重要性。为进一步提高数控机床的加工效率，数控机床正向着工件在一台机床一次装夹即可完成多道工序或全部工序加工的方向发展，因此出现了各种类型的加工中心机床，如车削中心、镗铣加工中心、钻削中心等等。这类多工序加工的数控机床在加工过程中要使用多种刀具，因此必须有自动换刀装置，也就是所说的刀库，以便选用不同刀具，完成不同工序的加工工艺。自动换刀装置应当具备换刀时间短、刀具重复定位精度高、足够的刀具储备量、占地面积小、安全可靠等特性。本论文是开发设计出一种体积小、结构紧凑、价格较低、生产周期短的小型立式加工中心无机械手换刀刀库。首先介绍了国内外加工中心研究现状及发展趋势，阐明了本课题研究的目的、意义。然后进一步介绍本小型加工中心刀库总体结构和各部件方案的选择，并在此基础上进行了小型加工中心刀库的机械结构的设计计算，主要包括刀盘部件设计（含刀盘，夹块，刀爪），刀库转动定位机构设计（含转臂，槽轮，滚子，锁止盘），刀库总体机构设计（含轴承套，轴，箱盖，箱体）刀库移动部分设计。关键词：数控系统加工中心刀库AbstractAlong with the numerical control technology development and the popularization, the processing center function reveals its importance even more suddenly. For further enhances the numerical control engine laths the processing efficiency, the numerical control engine laths is clamping to the work piece in an engine laths attire then completes the multi-channel working procedure or the complete working procedure processing direction develops, therefore appeared each kind of type processing center engine laths, ike the turning center, the boring mill processing center, drills truncates center and so on. This kind of working procedure processing numerical control engine laths must use many kinds of cutting tools in the processing process, therefore must have trades the knife installment automatically, also is the knife storehouse which said, in order to select the different cutting tool, completes the different working procedure the processing craft. Trades the knife equipment to have automatically to have trades the knife time short, the cutting tool repetition pointing accuracy high, the enough cutting tool margin, the area small, safe reliable and so on the characteristics. The present paper is the development designs one kind of volume slightly, the structure compact, the price is low, production cycle short small vertical processing center knife storehouse this article. Then further introduced this small processing center knife storehouse overall structure and various parts plan choice, and has carried on the small processing center knife storehouse mechanism design calculation in this foundation, mainly includes the knife storehouse overall organization design, the electrical machinery selection, the knife storehouse rotation detent mechanism design knife storehouse migration part design and so on. Keywords: numerically controlled lathe machining centers cut database目录摘要iAbstractii1 绪论1 1.1 国内外的研究现状和发展趋势1 1.1.1 当前世界NC机床的研究现状1 1.1.2 我国数控机床产业的发展状况2 1.1.3 加工中心的发展动向3 1.1.4 我国数控机床研究存在的问题3 1.2 加工中心概论4 1.2.1 自动换刀系统产品化的意义和前景6 1.3 本论文研究的目的和意义6 1.4 本论文完成的主要工作6 2 总体方案的设计8 2.1 运动方案的设计8 2.1.1 运动数目的确定8 2.1.2 运动方案的确定8 2.2 功能部件的设计方案9 2.2.1 主传动系统9 2.2.2 进给伺服系统10 2.2.3自动换刀系统11 2.2.4 基础部件13 2.2.5 数控系统14 2.2.6 辅助装置142.3 总体布局142.4 主要技术参数14 2.5 小结16 3 刀库的设计17 3.1 刀库的结构设计17 3.1.1 刀库主要参数的确定17 3.1.2 刀盘部分的设计17 3.1.3 刀库转动定位机构的设计18 3.1.4 轴的设计21 3.1.5 滚动轴承的选择计算24 3.1.6 键的选用与计算25 3.1.7 刀库的支承部分的设计25 3.2 刀库移动部分的设计26 3.2.1 刀库支承横梁和导轨的设计26 3.2.2 刀库移动丝杠和电机的选择27 3.3 刀库、横梁的安装27 3.4 小结38 结论29 致谢30 参考文献31 ivThe MC inorganic manipulator trades the knife knife storehouse designByXu LiangJune 2009NUMERICAL CONTROLNumerical control(NC)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbolsThe numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or jobWhen the job changes，the program of instructions is changedThe capability to change the program is what makes NC suitable for low-and medium-volume productionIt is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipmentThere are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：pointtopoint and continuouspath(also called contouring)Pointtopoint machines use unsynchronized motors，with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement，or while only one motor is runningMachines of this type are principally used for straightline cuts or for drilling or boring The NC system consists of the following components：data input，the tape reader with the control unit，feedback devices，and the metalcutting machine tool or other type of NC equipmentData input，also called“mantocontrol link”，may be provided to the machine tool manually，or entirely by automatic meansManual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputsExamples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials，pushbuttons，switches，or thumbwheel selectorsThese are located on a console near the machineDials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometerIn most cases，pushbuttons，switches，and other similar types of selectors aye digital input devicesManual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operationIt is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special casesIn practically all cases，information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards，punched tapes，or by magnetic tapeEightchannel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional NC systemsThe coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocksEach block represents a machine function，a machining operation，or a combination of the twoThe entire NC program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocksPrograms resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture filmPrograms on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loopOnce installed，the tape is used again and again without further handlingIn this case，the operator simply loads and unloads the partsPunched tapes ale prepared on type writers with special tapepunching attachments or in tape punching units connected directly to a computer systemTape production is rarely error-freeErrors may be initially caused by the part programmer，in card punching or compilation，or as a result of physical damage to the tape during handling，etcSeveral trial runs are often necessary to remove all errors and produce an acceptable working tape While the data on the tape is fed automatically，the actual programming steps ale done manuallyBefore the coded tape may be prepared，the programmer，often working with a planner or a process engineer, must select the appropriate NC machine tool，determine the kind of material to be machined，calculate the speeds and feeds，and decide upon the type of tooling needed. The dimensions on the part print are closely examined to determine a suitable zero reference point from which to start the programA program manuscript is then written which gives coded numerical instructions describing the sequence of operations that the machine tool is required to follow to cut the part to the drawing specificationsThe control unit receives and stores all coded data until a complete block of information has been accumulatedIt then interprets the coded instruction and directs the machine tool through the required motionsThe function of the control unit may be better understood by comparing it to the action of a dial telephone，where，as each digit is dialed，it is storedWhen the entire number has been dialed，the equipment becomes activated and the call is completedSilicon photo diodes，located in the tape reader head on the control unit，detect light as it passes through the holes in the moving tapeThe light beams are converted to electrical energy，which is amplified to further strengthen the signalThe signals are then sent to registers in the control unit, where actuation signals are relayed to the machine tool drivesSome photoelectric devices are capable of reading at rates up to 1000 characters per secondHigh reading rates are necessary to maintain continuous machinetool motion；otherwise dwell marks may be generated by the cutter on the part during contouring operationsThe reading device must be capable of reading data blocks at a rate faster than the control system can process the dataA feedback device is a safeguard used on some NC installations to constantly compensate for errors between the commanded position and the actual location of the moving slides of the machine toolAn NC machine equipped with this kind of a direct feedback checking device has what is known as a closed-loop systemPositioning control is accomplished by a sensor which，during the actual operation，records the position of the slides and relays this information back to the control unitSignals thus received ale compared to input signals on the tape，and any discrepancy between them is automatically rectifiedIn an alternative system，called an openloop system，the machine is positioned solely by stepping motor drives in response to commands by a controllersThere are three basic types of NC motions, as follows: Point-to-point or Positional Control In point-to-point control the machine tool elements (tools, table, etc.) are moved to programmed locations and the machining operations performed after the motions are completed. The path or speed of movement between locations is unimportant; only the coordinates of the end points of the motions are accurately controlled. This type of control is suitable for drill presses and some boring machines, where drilling, tapping, or boring operations must be performed at various locations on the work piece. Straight-Line or Linear Control Straight-Line control systems are able to move the cutting tool parallel to one of the major axes of the machine tool at a controlled rate suitable for machining. It is normally only possible to move in one direction at a time, so angular cuts on the work piece are not possible, consequently, for milling machines, only rectangular configurations can be machined or for lathes only surfaces parallel or perpendicular to the spindle axis can be machined. This type of controlled motion is often referred to as linear control or a half-axis of control. Machines with this form of control are also capable of point-to-point control.Continuous Path or Contouring Control In continuous path control the motions of two or more of the machine axes are controlled simultaneously, so that the position and velocity of the can be tool are changed continuously. In this way curves and surfaces can be machined at a controlled feed rate. It is the function of the interpolator in the controller to determine the increments of the individual controlled axes of the machines necessary to produce the desired motion. This type of control is referred to as continuous control or a full axis of control.Some terminology concerning controlled motions for NC machines has been introduced. For example, some machines are referred to as four-or five-or even six-axis machines. For a vertical milling machine three axes of control are fairly obvious, these being the usual X, Y, Z coordinate directions. A fourth or fifth axis of control would imply some form of rotary table to index the work piece or possibly to provide angular motion of the work head. Thus, in NC terminology an axis of control is any controlled motion of the machine elements (spindles, tables, etc). A further complication is use of the term half-axis of control; for example, many milling machines are referred to as 2.5-axis machine. This means that continuous control is possible for two motions (axes) and only linear control is possible for the third axis. Applied to vertical milling machines, 2.5axis control means contouring in the X, Y plane and linear motion only in the Z direction. With these machines three-dimensional objects have to be machined with water lines around the surface at different heights. With an alternative terminology the same machine could be called a 2CL machine (C for continuous, L for linear control). Thus, a milling machine with continuous control in the X, Y, Z directions could be termed be a three-axis machine or a 3c machine, Similarly, lathes are usually two axis or 2C machines. The degree of work precision depends almost entirely upon the accuracy of the lead screw and the rigidity of the machine structureWith this systemthere is no self-correcting action or feedback of information to the control unitIn the event of an unexpected malfunction，the control unit continues to put out pulses of electrical currentIf，for example，the table on a NC milling machine were suddenly to become overloaded，no response would be sent back to the controllerBecause stepping motors are not sensitive to load variations，many NC systems are designed to permit the motors to stall when the resisting torque exceeds the motor torqueOther systems are in use，however，which in spite of the possibility of damage to the machine structure or to the mechanical system，ale designed with special hightorque stepping motorsIn this case，the motors have sufficient capacity to“overpowerthe system in the event of almost any contingency The original NC used the closedloop systemOf the two systems，closed and open loop，closed loop is more accurate and，as a consequence，is generally more expensiveInitially，openloop systems were used almost entirely for light-duty applications because of inherent power limitations previously associated with conventional electric stepping motorsRecent advances in the development of electro hydraulic stepping motors have led to increasingly heavier machine load applications.数控技术数控是可编程自动化技术的一种形式，通过数字、字母和其他符号来控制加工设备。数字、字母和符号用适当的格式编码为一个特定工件定义指令程序。当工件改变时，指令程序就改变。这种改变程序的能力使数控适合于中、小批量生产，写一段新程序远比对加工设备做大的改动容易得多。数控机床有两种基本形式：点位控制和连续控制(也称为轮廓控制)。点位控制机床采用异步电动机，因此，主轴的定位只能通过完成一个运动或一个电动机的转动来实现。这种机床主要用于直线切削或钻孔、镗孔等场合。数控系统由下列组件组成：数据输入装置，带控制单

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