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带式输送机的电动张紧装置设计【3张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【矿山输送机械】

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关键词：: 输送电动装置设计 cad 图纸毕业论文矿山机械

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摘要
随着带式输送机向长距离、高速度、大功率方向发展，除驱动装置外，拉紧装置是保证输送机正常启动、运行、制动、和停车的不可缺少的重要部件之一，直接影响带式输送机的安全可靠性和稳定性。
通过对带式输送机各种拉紧装置的比较和分析，本设计主要是自动绞车式张紧装置的设计，其传动部分由蜗轮蜗杆传动和一对开式齿轮传动两部分组成，绞车用蜗轮蜗杆传动带动卷筒来缠绕钢丝绳，从而拉紧胶带，同时采用变频调速电机对张紧力进行控制。根据不同工作情况随时调节张紧力的大小，从而使输送机在运行工矿下安全、平稳、可靠的运行。能最大程度的延长皮带的寿命，大大节约了成本。
本文从系统整体出发，对绞车式拉进装置作了详细的论述。在皮带机启动阶段，能提供足够大的张紧力；启动完毕后又可使皮带的张紧力恢复到额定值以维持皮带机的正常运行。此设计的特点是：可靠性高、体积小、拉力大等。
关键词：带式输送机；拉紧装置；蜗轮蜗杆；拉紧力；

ABSTRACT
With the development of belt conveyor towards long distance , high speed , long carring and large driving power , besides driver device , Especially under the condition of starting , running , braking and stopping , And also , as one of the most indispensable parts in belt conveyor , take-up has an direct effect on safety , reliability and sbability of conveyor system on a whole .
By contrasting and analyzing of various take-ups on belt conveyor . This design is mainly about automatic windlass tension station . Its drive part makes up into worm pair and gear driver . Windlass uses worm gear worm driving reel which binds wire rope to pull tight adhesive tape . In the meantime , it adopts the frequency conversion adjusting speed motor to control tensioning force . It adjusts pressing the strength size as necessary according to the different working condition . And the system can work safely and reliably in various conditions . It can be the greatest degree lengthen the leather belt the life , greatly saved the cost .
This paper expands on the strain unit of windlass in theory from the perspect of the whole system . When adhesive tape starts , strain unit can supply enough great tensioning force ; When finishes , it can make tensioning force of leather belt regaining assessed amount to keep normal running of leather belt . characteristic of this design is high reliability , small volume , big tensile force end so on .
Keywords: belt conveyor ; tensioning device ; worm pair ; tensioning force ;

目录
1. 前言 1
1.1拉紧装置的发展概况 1
1.2 拉紧装置的作用 1
1.3 对张紧装置的要求 1
1.4 拉紧装置的位置 2
2. 主要设计参数及方案确定 2
2.1 主要设计要求 2
2.2 方案的确定 2
2.2.1 参考方案 2
2.2.2 方案对比 5
2.2.3 传动方案的确定 5
3. 张紧装置总体设计 6
3.1电动机的确定 6
3.2机构工作级别的确定 8
3.2.1机构利用等级 8
3.2.2机构载荷状态 8
3.2.3机构工作级别 8
3.3钢丝绳直径计算与选取 8
3.4滚筒几何尺寸的确定 9
3.5传动比的分配 12
3.6开式齿轮传动的设计 13
4. 滑轮组及卷筒结构的设计 15
4.1滑轮设计计算 15
4.1.1滑轮结构和材料 15
4.1.2钢丝绳进出滑轮时的允许偏角 15
4.1.3滑轮主要尺寸 15
4.1.4绳槽断面尺寸 16
4.2铸造滑轮的形式及轴承尺寸 18
4.3卷筒的尺寸 20
4.4滚筒轴系设计 21
5. 设备的使用和维护 22
5.1钢丝绳的使用维护 22
5.2轴承的润滑与密封 23
结论 25
参考文献 26
致谢 27
1. 前言
1.1拉紧装置的发展概况
带式输送机输送散体物料是当今世界上广泛采用的手段之一，采用这种方式不仅可以实现长距离、大批量输送，而且与其他输送设备相比，具有更好的经济效益和更低的运输成本。拉紧装置是带式输送机必不可少的部件。尤其对于长距离、大功率带式输送机而言，它是除驱动装置外，保证输送机正常启动、运行、制动和停车的重要部件，并且它的性能好坏直接影响带式输送机的性能。拉紧装置可分为以下三个阶段。
第一阶段，纯机械张紧阶段。这一阶段的主要产品有两种:固定式绞车拉紧与重锤式拉紧。从本质上说，绞车拉紧的功能仅仅是张紧，当胶带由于种种原因伸长而张紧力下降时，只能通过人的观察发现后重新张紧;重锤式张紧装置通过滑轮组和重锤块达到张紧的目的，当胶带伸长时，能自动吸收其伸长。
第二阶段，张紧力可调阶段。这个阶段的典型产品是自动绞车(机械绞车或液压绞车)张紧装置。其技术发展表现为只能实现在稳定(匀速)阶段的自动张紧，保持胶带在该阶段的张力恒定，而在起动与制动等不稳定运行工况下则与固定式绞车相同。其结构特征表现为带有闸，绞车张紧时松闸，停止时紧闸，绞车运转的时间很短，而大部分时间处于停车待命状态;
第三阶段，动态自动张紧阶段。这个阶段的典型产品有液压绞车自动张紧与液压缸自动张紧。其特点为动态响应快，能在起动阶段和正常运行阶段两种状态下作用，保持张紧力的稳定。液压绞车长时间处于工作状态，其结构特征是不带闸。
1.2 拉紧装置的作用
(1) 保证输送带松边有足够的张紧力，防止在起动或运行中胶带在驱动滚筒上打滑；
(2) 保证输送带在最小张力点处有足够张力，限制输送带加载时在托辊间的垂度，防止输送带在托辊间距内过分松弛而丧失槽形，引起物料和输送带跑偏，减小输送带在托辊间的运行阻力；
(3) 补偿输送带的弹性伸长和塑性伸长。时间长了输送带会自动伸长，而且在过渡工况下发生永久性伸长，同时在起动，制动时输送带自动收紧，可免除机组振动；
(4) 为输送带重新接头提供必要的行程；
(5) 在长距离带式输送机中，减小起、制动时输送带中出现的动负荷；
(6) 使输送带有足够的张力，以保证输送带与传动滚筒产生必须的摩擦力并防止打滑；
1.3 对张紧装置的要求
（1）响应速度快，工作可靠；
（2）拉紧滚筒上输送带的包角，并与滚筒位移平行，施加的拉紧力应通过滚筒中心，以免张力由于其位置不同而变化；
（3）不能出现死区，即拉紧滚筒作反向移动时，不至于产生张力突然变化。尤其机尾有低谷的高垂度输送机，制动时在低谷处会由于垂度过大

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内容简介：: 中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计题目带式输送机电动张紧装置系别工程技术系专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名孟祥南学号 05208329 指导教师李纪刚职称副教授 2012 年 4 月 20 日中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：孟祥南学号： 05208329 2012 年 3 月 1 日外文资料翻译译文Discussion about pull installation of belt conveyerBelt conveyer also claimed rubber belt conveyor, which is called leather belt in the Produce scene, is the continuous facility for transporting of the common enterprise of factories and mines. It is widely used under the well of coal mine, particularly extensively. The major parts of belt conveyer include conveyer belt, actuating device, bearing roller, cylinder, frame, tension station, brake, supplementary equipment as well as electromechanical protective device and so on. When designing belt conveyer, first, should determine original enumerated data, such as the expected productivity, conveyer transport line picture, the way of giving material and discharge way by working condition and the installation feature of conveyer as well as the physical mechanical performance of transportation stock and so on; And in the design cacula- tion of type selecting need to select related parameter reasonably, for example band- width, belt speed and wraps angle of the driving pulley, the operation resistance coefficient of parts , make them close to actual operation state worth in order to raise economic benefits and the comprehensive technology of belt conveyer. Since belt conveyer is to lean conveyer belt, the friction with drive pulley transmits haulage , therefore tension station can be designed with definite parameter according to the requirement for tension in the operation of conveyer belt which including characteristic, installation location, tension adjusting range and the type of tension station and so on. Tension station can directly affect the performance of belt conveyer as its performance of essential important composition part of belt conveyer. In belt conveyer system, the main effect of tension station has the following:（1）Guarantee conveyer belts split of driving pulley have proper tension in order to prevent conveyer belt from dozening slippery. Belt conveyer depend on the friction between support conveyer belt and driveing pulley, in appearance meet with split to produce a tension haulage of system. Therefore to make belt conveyer stabilize operation need to guarantee conveyer belt have enough tension in driveing pulley split place, in order to make conveyer belt rely on , with the friction of cylinder, transmiting the haulage needed by system. If split place has little tension, the friction haulage that conveyer belt transmits cant make belt conveyer run , conveyer belt would hit on cylinder slippery. (2) Guarantee having necessary tension each on the girth of conveyer belt so as satisfy sag requirement. Conveyer belts sag between two bearing rollers should not be exceptional , otherwise conveyer belt would relax excessly to lose groove shape cause the sideslip of conveyer belt , arouse spillage , increase operation resistance. Therefore automatic tension station should guarantee that conveyer belt has enough tension in the minimum tension place in order to restrict sag between bearing rollers on conveyer belt, keep belt conveyers steady operation. (3)The regulation of tension in the not steady working condition of start , brake etc. In the course of starting, because of acceleration sport of belt conveyer, the haulage that conveyer belt need to transmit bigger than steady operation much, therefore it has to raise the tension value in the split place of the driveing pulley to produce larger haulage. And in brake course, especially for the conveyer of long distance and big volume, as the role of force, the tension on the tight side of conveyer belt can reduce , even arouse the tape of layer upon layer probably; Loose side, the tension of conveyer belt can increase , even arouses belt broken probably , therefore tension value must be prompted in time. Additionally, in operation course, the change of load make leather belt appear suddenly tension unusual, tension station should be given prompt adjustment , in order to reduce leather belt to hit the accidents such as belt sliding, belt broken. (4) Compensate line viscous elongation and the flexible elongation of conveyer belt.conveyer belt can automatic elongation as time goniong, and occur permanent elongation under transitional operating mode, , so it is needed to compensate plasticity and the change of elongation in transitional operating mode. Since load change can arouse conveyer beltslength changing, vermicular phenomenon can also cause the elongation of conveyer belt, and tensile force changes , it has to regulate the location of tension pulley often , and guarantee the normal operation of belt conveyer. (5)Offer necessary route for conveyer belt to contact again.Each belt conveyer has some joints , possibility in certain contact for a short while can arise problem, must stop first and then make the joint again. Tension station has prepared the belt besides load for belt conveyer, so contacting fault can be contacted again through relax tension station to solve problem. For stretch out and draw back allowing belt conveyer, when storing up tape district to store up full tape, we can take out extra conveyer belt through tension station. Tension station, for belt conveyer transportation system, has the important role that cannot replace , therefore domestic and international scholar has carried out plenty of researches for it , has developed a lot of new products. Its development course can be sumed up approximately for 3 following stages:First stage is pure mechanical tension stage. The major product of this stage : Spiral tension station and stationary winch tension station and heavey hammer tension station. Heavey hammer tension station reaches the purpose that pulled through pulley groups and heavey hammer piece, , when the elongation of gummed belt, it can absorb its elongation voluntarily. The stationary winch tension stations function of tension is to pull only, when belt elongation tensile force drop because of various reason, it can be pulled again only it its discovered that is rear to pull . Since belt conveyer is different in starting and runing normally course for the tension requirement of conveyer belt,but the location of stationary winch tension station is tighted in conveyer operation course and all along to fix, to surmount this shortcoming,we can alter it for half stationary starts tightly , that is to say tension pulley fixed in starting location , when runing normally fixed in operation location , two locations uses route switch to control , domestic also can produce this kind of tension station. Second stage, the adjustable stage of tensile force. The typical product of this stage is voluntarily winch( mechanical winch or hydraulic winch) tension station. Its technology develop looked that it can only realize the automatic tight in steady( even speed) stage, it is constant to maintain the tension of gummed belt in steady stage. And its tensile force under the instability operating conditionses such as brake or starting-up is same as the stationary winch identical. Its structural feature shows: With floodgate, when winch is opened , loosens floodgate, when stoping tight floodgate. The time of winch operation is very short, and the most of times is in parking await orders state. Reduce the hydraulic of air tight system is to use compressed empty ware drive oil pump, offer tight oil cylinder with pressure oil to tight conveyer belt. That system only in the countries such as Germany and Engl get application, its structure is compact , has reliable work, it cover a little area.The stage of 3th, development automatic tight stage. Major product has hydraulic winch automatic tension station and hydraulic automatic tension station of big jar. Such as KJ2029 model which is domestic and international widely used belt conveyer esprcialy used in mines, the hydraulic automatic of big jar tight system used in A model belt conveyer produced in French, DYI hydraulic type of big jar tight system, these kinds of automatic tight system can accomplish the voluntarily regulation tensile force of conveyer belt , development is responded quickly , can offer corresponding tensile force under starting stage and normal operation stage two operating modes. Hydraulic winch is in working form hero for a long time, its structural feature is have no floodgate. Automatic tension station pulls conveyer belt with the tension station of pulling force, automatic tension station can not only come from according to the haulage of active cylinder to move regulation tensile force , and can also compensate plasticity and the flexible elongation of conveyer belt to warp, at the same time, allocate tension sensor and change to send ware, to survey the tension of conveyer belt. When the tension of conveyer belt occurs change , exceeds the scope of conveyer normal operation, the quick movement of tension station adjust the tension of conveyer belt , guarantee the normal operation of conveyer. Automatic tension station combines with moving tail coordination to use, it can realize conveyers tail move with conveyer belt stretch out and draw back in conveyer while do not need to stop machine ,which has raised the working efficiency of belt conveyer greatly. Now, the domestic and international various does not have the unify view for the applicability of tension stations yet, this shows that some conclusions which determines the nature still not perfect ,it is must to have ration conclusion to guide design. Refering to actual use condition, winch tension station and hydraulic tension station can realize automatic control and tensile force is adjustable , heavey hammer tension station has higher reliability. Along with the development of industry and technology, the large scale belt conveyer that has long distance, big volume and the high feature of belt speed has become the main stream of development, so as tension station puts forward , is higher to ask. Traditional tension station shows its shortcoming gradually, technical people will already change over to automatic tight field step by step as tighting systematic research direction . Such as the YZL series hydraulic winch type automatic tension station developed by the China university of mining industry mining industry. It can not only offers corresponding belt tension according to the different requirements of accelerating stage and smoothly operation stage for the tension of leather belt according to belt conveyer , but aslo accurate inspection and in time automatic adjustmentin when the tension of leather belt changed . Automatic tension station can raise the reliability of belt conveyer operation greatly. Early in last century in 40 decade, automatic tension station already comes out abroad, the Soviet is earlier to start with Japan in this field about type selecting of tension station. But the history of tightly systematic used in home is not quite long , theoretical research and design method about tension station till not perfect , it is slow to have tensile force comparing with abroad to respond , layout not reasonable , existence the insufficient places such as vibration phenomenon, for voluntarily calculation method, is also vague , is not as basic as ample theory. As belt conveyer develops to the direction of long distance, big volume and high belt speed, tension station should be able to realize that the tensile force can be measured adjustable and can be controled when woring , and should rise respond speed and respond precision, raise stroke of tension.For the belt conveyer of not large inclination, mostly uses vehicle type pulls which include: pushcart,cylinder ,tension generated equipment and the control system,tension generated equipment include: heavy hammer, Winch, hydraulic oil cylinder and so on.The way of the regulation tension of tension station of leather belt can be the tension value of constant maintenance; Or maintain the two constant tension values of leather belt ( start tension value and operation tension value ); Or maintain constant tension Proportion . In belt conveyer is systematic to arrange , reasonable definite tension station is to guarantee conveyer normal operation , start and brake safety and reliable as well as the necessity with reasonable economy prerequisite. The working property of tension station not only depend on its structural performance,but aslo concern with belt conveyers start ,brake property, the installation location of tension station. Thus to get the working property of accurate analysis tension station ,we must combine it with overallbelt conveyer,but not analyse tension station isolatedly. But when the belt conveyers structural , way of start-up,brake and tension installation location is definited, the property of tension station depends on its self performance.Tension station can be divided into stationary, heavy hammer type and automatic type 3 kinds according to structural type.(1) stationary tension station include spiral pull and regular winch pull.It is put up that pulls the bearings of pulls cylinder in spiral system to install when move about, moving frame can slide on rail, when revolving screw rod, it is together ongoing to make the nut on moving frame follow moving frame with retreat , reach the purpose that pulls and relaxes. Its characteristic is structure simple, but stroke of tension is too little , applies to the conveyer of short distance only, when general captain is smaller than 80 metres, just chooses. The shortcoming of spiral tension station is: After conveyer belt is used a not long time, as a result of plasticity is deformed, elongation, if havnt prompt adjustment, the tensile force of conveyer belt would reduce , conveyer belt can change loose and arouses conveyer belt to hit, is slippery. Additionally, because of load often change , conveyer belt receives load impact, the regular bolt that causes tension pulley is loose , screw rod retreats , from this cause the pine of conveyer belt Chi cause conveyer belt dozen slippery. Can not tight with the method of tightening screw rod after still having the screw rod that gets rusty , after causing the elongation of conveyer belt.Regular winch tension is to pull using small-sized winch. Winch use worm and worm gear reducer normally to drive reel twine wire rope, in order to pull belt. The advantage of this kind of tension station is: Volume is little , pulling force big, so have been applied extensively on belt conveyer under the well of coal mine. Its shortcoming is: It can only regulate according to needs, after regulating , produce regular tensile force. When winch arises problem with control system, for belt conveyer, can not produce constant tensile force or tensile force to become invalid, safe and reliability reduces relatively.Fix winch tight way that can only adjust conveyer belt tight level regularly.Normally, beginning has been in to tight state , makes the conveyer belt bear extra additional load, and in operation course, tensile force Gradually reduces along with permanently change of conveyer belt to increase,and regular appearance gradually to hit slippery phenomenon. Additionally, use regular winch as the tension station of the belt conveyer of long distance, conveyer belts moveing stress is big for the conveyer belt of certain strength, its safe and reliability will drop , arises broken tape accident easily. Once belt breaking accident occur, conveyer belt need to be joined again, and the falled down coal need to be cleaned, it usually need to stop production for 24 hours even more long time. Besides break to take accident occur would still cause the casualty accidents of pedestrian on the side of belt conveyer.(2) type of heavey hammer tight.Heavy hammer tension equipment ,including one hammer type, multiple hammers type and hammer vehicle type. The structure of heavy hammer tension equipment is simple , it is applied comparatively extensively, can guarantee tensile force maintenance constant in various operating conditionses, and can absorb and compensate the elongation of conveyer belt voluntarily. Heavy hammer tension equipment pulls conveyer belt through takeing affect wire rope tension pulley , Pull pushcart can level or incline to arrange, it can be also vertical to arrange. It acts using heavy hammer, to hang heavy hammer need to boil one special room. In belt conveyer system that pulling pushcart arranged on incline to pull belt,neednt to arrange heavy hammer but to put hammer on pushcart,so that pushcart can pull belt using its using slope force, it is also called heavy hammer vehicle tension equipment. The characteristic of heavy hammer tension equipment is that tensile force does not change , has higher reliability; Pull force do not change is also its shortcoming at the same time, as a result of tensile force can not regulate , at the stage of starts , as well as transport quantity occur change conveyer belt can hit since tension is below slippery, in starting and stabilizing not operation course, also produce vibration easily since tension is not suitable. Besides,since the arange room is restricted ,the displacement of hammer should not be too large.(3) automatic pull.Automatic tension equipment is the type of tension equipment of extensive application in modern conveyer, it make conveyer belt have reasonable tension distribution , and compensates the flexible deformed and plasticity elongation of conveyer belt voluntarily. Automatic tension equipment twines wire rope normally by winch to pull cylinder, so pull leather belt.Automatic tension equipment can be divided into electric winch tension equipment and hydraulic winch tension equipment according to different forms of driving; according to the change law of a little tension on split point which can be regulated , it can be divided into steady type , follow to move type and comprehensive type 3 kinds of type. Stabilize type automatic tension station can make split the tension of conveyer belt keep in the sphere of certain error constant, and do not rely on other parameter and adhesion condition as well as the change of belt conveyer load. To guarantee belt conveyer to start conveyer belt do not hit slippery, ask steady type automatic tension station to guarantee conveyer to start conveyer belt split tension reach steady operation deserve 1.4 1.8 times. Follow to move type automatic tension station can make conveyer belt appearance meet tension with split the ratio of tension maintenance is decided value.its role way is follow to move type, and when stabilizing operation, its role way is steady type Or it is opposite，that is the character of synthesize the characteristic of Synthesize type automatic tension station.The advantage of automatic winch tension station is known gradually extensively by people, but also exist a lot of shortcomings. Electric winch tension station is to use tension sensor in order to feedback , adjusts the size of tensile force voluntarily according to the different operating conditions of belt conveyer , has not high quality by tension sensor or mechanical systematic inertia and the influences such as signal hysteresis and automatic winch have misoperation phenomenon , affect it to use ; Hydraulic winch tension station is to regulate the size of tensile force by the pressure oil that hydraulic station produces through controling hydraulic winch , since hydraulic station and oil cylinder are in working state all along, when hydraulic systematic or control system arises fault, for conveyer belt, can not produce tensile force or tensile force to become invalid, reliability reduces relatively. Besides winch, hydraulic big jar can also be carry out element to pull, the hydraulic automatic tension station of big jar can also accomplish the voluntarily regulation tensile force of conveyer belt, satisfy conveyer belt in start as well as the tensile force needed by steady operating conditions of different requirement, but also, have a lot of limitations . as aresult of the restriction of the route of oil cylinder, entire tight system can not have greater stroke of tension, so, the hydraulic adjustment scope of big jar of tension station is little , applies to the belt conveyer of short distance only; Additionally hydraulic big jar is in the state of high voltage for a long period which can cause weather strip and hydraulic damage , cause system to leak , and then cause the tensile force of belt drop rapidly and slippery to initiate dozen , the accidents such as wear.In actual application, will first calculate haulage reasonably according to the working condition of belt conveyer , then select tension station and its installation location according to specific condition. Generally speaking, for the belt conveyer of short distance, can adopt the structural stationary tension station of simple, period adjustment tension; Is away from the regular belt conveyer of not large longer, tension requirement , can adopt heavy hammer type tension station,hammer type tension station can offer constant tension , and defend comparatively less; If inclination is greater , type tension station can also turn with heavy hammer; For long distance and big volume belt conveyer, tension is asked to adopt automatic tension station , though, the structure of tension station is complex , has higher cost, but automatic tension station can adjust tensile force often according to the requirement of operating mode , reduces the strength grade of conveyer belt , saves the investment of conveyer belt , can reduce cost in general; And for stretch out and draw back belt conveyer, use winch type automatic tension equipment, it is a better option.外文原文浅谈带式输送机的拉紧装置带式输送机又称胶带输送机，又称“皮带”，是厂矿企业常见的连续运输设备，尤其在煤矿井下，使用非常广泛。带式输送机的主要部件包括：输送带、驱动装置、托辊、滚筒、机架、张紧装置、制动器、辅助设备以及机电保护装置等等。设计带式输送机时，首先应确定原始的计算数据，比如输送机的计算生产率，输送机的输送线路图，输送机的工作制，被运输物料的物理机械性能以及输送机的安装特征和工作条件，给料和卸料方式等等；而在设计选型计算中需要合理选择相关参数，如带宽、带速、驱动滚筒围包角，部件的运行阻力系数等，使其接近实际运行状态值，以提高带式输送机的综合技术及经济效益。由于带式输送机是靠输送带与驱动滚筒的摩擦来传递牵引力的，因此，在各个参数都确定的情况下，就可根据输送带运行中对张力的要求来设计张紧装置，包括张紧装置的型式、安装位置、张力调节范围及特点等等。张紧装置作为带式输送机必不可少的重要组成部分它的性能好坏直接影响带式输送机的性能。在带式输送机系统中，张紧装置的主要作用有以下几点: （1）保证输送带在驱动滚筒分离点有适当的张力以防止输送带打滑带式输送机是依靠输送带与驱动滚筒间的摩擦，在相遇点与分离点产生一个张力差作为系统的牵引力。因此，为使带式输送机能够稳定运行，需要保证输送带在驱动滚筒分离点处有足够的张力，以使输送带能够依靠与滚筒的摩擦传递系统所需的牵引力。若分离点处张力过小，输送带传递的摩擦牵引力不足以使带式输送机运行，输送带就会在滚筒上打滑。（2）保证输送带周长上各点具有必要的张力以满足悬垂度要求输送带在两托辊间的悬垂度不应太大，否则输送带会应过分松弛丧失槽形而导致物料和输送带跑偏，引起撒料，增加运行阻力等。因此自动张紧装置应能保证输送带在最小张力点处有足够的张力以限制输送带在托辊之间的悬垂度，使带式输送机稳定运行。（3）启、制动等非稳定工况下动张力的调节起动过程中，由于带式输送机加速运动，输送带需传递的牵引力要比稳定运行时大得多，因此须提高驱动滚筒分离点张力值以产生更大的牵引力。而制动过程中，尤其对长距离、大运量的输送机，由于惯性力的作用，紧边处输送带张力会减小，甚至可能引起叠带:松边处输送带张力会增大，甚至可能引起断带，因此须及时调整张力值。另外，运行过程中，由于负载的变化而使得皮带出现突然的张力异常，张紧装置应给予及时调整，减少皮带打滑、断带等事故。（4）补偿输送带的弹性伸长和线粘性伸长时间长了输送带会自动伸长，而且在过渡工况下发生永久伸长，因此需补偿塑性变形与过渡工况时输送带伸长量的变化。由于负载变化会引起输送带发生长度变化，蠕变现象也会造成输送带伸长，张紧力是变化的，必须经常调节张紧滚筒的位置，并能保证带式输送机的正常运行。（5）为输送带重新接头提供必要的行程每部带式输送机都有若干个接头，可能在某一时间接头会出现问题，必须截头重做，张紧装置为带式输送机已准备了负荷以外的输送带，这样接头故障就可以通过放松张紧装置重新接头来解决问题。对于可伸缩带式输送机，当储带区储满带时，即可通过张紧装置将多余的输送带取出。张紧装置对带式输送机运输系统有着不可替代的重要作用，因此，国内外学者对其进行了大量的研究，开发了许多新产品。其发展过程大致可归纳为以下三个阶段：第一阶段，纯机械张紧阶段。这一阶段的主要产品有：螺旋张紧、固定式绞车张紧与重锤式张紧。重锤式张紧装置通过滑轮组和重锤块达到张紧的目的，当胶带伸长时，能自动吸收其伸长。固定式绞车张紧的功能仅仅是张紧，当胶带由于种种原因伸长而张紧力下降时，只能通过人的观察发现后重新张紧。由于带式输送机在起动和正常运行时对输送带张力要求是不同的，而固定式绞车张紧在输送机运转过程中位置始终是固定的，为克服此缺点，可将其改为半固定式张紧，即起动时，张紧滚筒固定在起动位置上，正常运行时，固定在运行位置上，两个位置用行程开关控制，国内也有生产此种张紧装置的。第二阶段，张紧力可调阶段。这个阶段的典型产品是自动绞车(机械绞车或液压绞车)张紧装置。其技术发展表现为只能实现在稳定(匀速)阶段的自动张紧，保持胶带在该阶段的张力恒定，而在起动与制动等不稳定运行工况下则与固定式绞车相同。其结构特征表现为带有闸，绞车张紧时松闸，停止时紧闸。绞车运转的时间很短，而大部分时间处于停车待命状态。压缩空气驱动的液压张紧系统是利用压缩空器驱动油泵，给张紧油缸提供压力油来张紧输送带。该张紧系统仅在德国、英国等国得到应用，其结构紧凑、工作可靠，占地面积小。第三阶段，动态自动张紧阶段。主要产品有液压绞车自动张紧与液压缸自动张紧，如国内外使用较多的KJ2029型矿用带式输送机自动张紧系统，法国A型带式输送机液压缸自动张紧系统、DYI.液压缸型张紧系统，这几种自动张紧系统都可以做到自动调节输送带张紧力，动态响应快，能在起动阶段和正常运行阶段两种工况下提供相应的张紧力。液压绞车长时间处于工作状杰，其结构特征是不带闸。自动张紧装置采用大拉力张紧装置张紧输送带，不但能根据主动滚筒的牵引力来自动调节张紧力，而且还能补偿输送带的弹性伸长和塑性变形，同时配备张力传感器及变送器，测定输送带的张力。当输送带张力发生变化，超过输送机正常运行的范围时，自动张紧装置迅速动作，调整输送带张力，保证输送机的正常运行。自动张紧装置与自移机尾配合使用，可在输送机不停机的条件下，实现输送机机尾的移动和输送带的伸缩，大大提高了带式输送机的工作效率。目前，国内外对各种张紧装置的适用性，即张紧装置在不同运量、运输距离、运输倾角、运行工况下的合理适用范围尚无较统一的看法，这说明己有的定性结论还不完善，必须要有定量地结论来指导设计。从实际的使用情况看，绞车张紧和液压张紧可以实现自动控制且张紧力可调，重锤张紧装置有较高的安全可靠性。随着工业和技术的发展，具有长距离、大运量、高带速特征的大型带式输送机已成为发展的主流，由此对张紧装置提出更高要求，传统的张紧装置逐渐显示出其缺点，技术人员已将对张紧系统的研究方向逐步转入到自动张紧领域，如中国矿业大学开发的YZL系列皮带机液压绞车式自动张紧装置，它能根据带式输送机起动加速阶段和平稳运行阶段对皮带张力的不同要求，提供相应的皮带张力，并能在皮带张力发生变化时准确监测并及时自动调整。自动张紧装置可大大提高带式输送机运行的可靠性。早在上世

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