[英语考试]驳论1.ppt

gmat作文驳论分析 上 gmat驳论作文目的是要考查你的批判性思维和分析的技巧 也包括写作技巧 你的任务是对提出的论证进行批判 但是不要提出你对主题的看法 每个论证问题都包括两个因素 题目 一段长的论证过程 要求 分析论证的特别要求 驳论分析 题目示例 thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinadailynewspaper thecomputerizedon boardwarningsystemthatwillbeinstalledincommercialairlinerswillvirtuallysolvetheproblemofmidairplanecollisions oneplane swarningsystemcanreceivesignalsfromanother stransponder aradiosetthatsignalsaplane scourse inordertodeterminethelikelihoodofacollisionandrecommendevasiveaction 驳论分析 discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument inyourdiscussion besuretoanalyzethelineofreasoningandtheuseofevidenceintheargument forexample youmayneedtoconsiderwhatquestionableassumptionsunderliethethinkingandwhatalternativeexplanationsorcounterexamplesmightweakentheconclusion youcanalsodiscusswhatsortofevidencewouldstrengthenorrefutetheargument whatchangesintheargumentwouldmakeitmorelogicallysound andwhat ifanything wouldhelpyoubetterevaluateitsconclusion 驳论分析 满分范文 theargumentthatthiswarningsystemwillvirtuallysolvetheproblemofmidairplanecollisionsomitssomeimportantconcernsthatmustbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument thestatementthatfollowsthedescriptionofwhatthiswarningsystemwilldosimplydescribesthesystemandhowitoperates thisalonedoesnotconstitutealogicalargumentinfavorofthewarningsystem anditcertainlydoesnotprovidesupportorproofofthemainargument mostconspicuously theargumentdoesnotaddressthecauseoftheproblemofmidairplanecollisions theuseofthesystembypilotsandflightspecialists orwhoisinvolvedinthemidairplanecollisions first theargumentassumesthat 驳论分析 thecauseoftheproblemisthattheplanes courses thelikelihoodofcollisions andactionstoavoidcollisionsareunknownorinaccurate inaweakattempttosupportitsclaim theargumentdescribesasystemthatmakesallofthesethingsaccuratelyunknown butifthecauseoftheproblemofmidairplanecollisionsisthatpilotsarenotpayingattentiontotheircomputersystemsorflightoperations thewarningsystemwillnotsolvethecollisionproblem second theargumentneveraddressestheinterfacebetweenindividualsandthesystemandhowthiswillaffectthewarningsystem sobjectiveofobliteratingtheproblemofcollisions ifthepilotorflightspecialistdoesnotconformtowhatthewarningsystemsuggests midaircollisionswillnotbeavoided finally 驳论分析 ifplanesotherthancommercialairlinersareinvolvedinthecollisions theproblemofthesecollisionscannotbesolvedbyawarningsystemthatwillnotbeinstalledonnon commercialairliners theargumentalsodoesnotaddresswhatwouldhappenintheeventthatthewarningsystemcollapses fails ordoesnotworkproperly becausetheargumentleavesoutseveralkeyissues itisnotsoundorpersuasive ifitincludedtheitemsdiscussedaboveinsteadofsolelyexplainingwhatthesystemsupposedlydoes theargumentwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandconvincing 335 驳论分析 一 驳论作文写作牢记三点 1 你的分析要严格集中在分析题目的逻辑合理性上 而不要在文中提出你对主题的观点 2 每道驳论作文的题目要求都是一样的 3 每道驳论作文题目都故意加入了一些逻辑缺陷 logicfallacy 你必须将其指出来并加以讨论 这算是正确答案的一部分 驳论分析 二 驳论作文的内容1 分析文中的推理思路以及证据的使用 2 评价题目论证思路的说服力 逻辑的合理性 3 用合理的推理或相关的例证来支持你的批判 4 谈谈什么能够让题目的论证更有说服力或什么能让你更好地评价该论证 驳论分析 写作时思考的问题 1 题目的结论是什么 2 作者支持结论的理由是什么 3 作者题目所依赖的假设是什么 至少想一个 4 题目的逻辑是否可信 如果是 为什么是 如果不是 为什么不是 5 增加什么样的信息或证据可以加强论证 6 增加什么样的信息或证据可以削弱论证 驳论分析 三 如何组织驳论作文最好能有独立的开头段和结尾段 还要有至少两个中间段对题目进行批判 1 开头段 2 4句 1 简要复述论证 2 简要说明论证的推理思路 3 指出论证的逻辑上的可信度有多大 2 中间第一段 3 5句 1 批判论证的推理 2 批判论证的前提之一 3 批判论证的假设之一 驳论分析 3 中间第二段 3 5句 1 批判论证的推理 2 批判论证的前提之一 3 批判论证的假设之一 4 更多中间段 3 5句 5 结尾段 2 4句 1 总结对题目的批判 2 谈谈如何加强论证或者还需要什么信息来对论证进行更好的评价 驳论分析 四 gmat驳论作文中常出现的推理错误以及应对方法出题人故意在作文的题目中加入了一些推理问题和容易让论证受到攻击的证据 一般的论证都会包含3 4个错误 下面是最常出现的逻辑错误 驳论分析 1 在两个事物之间进行的弱类比gmat驳论作文的题目可能会通过与类似事物的比较得出关于某一个事物的结论 但是这样的论证过程其实是假设 由于两个事物在某些方面具有相似性 所以它们在其他所有方面都具有相似性 至少在论证中考虑的方面都具有相似性 除非题目能够提供足够的证据来证明这一假设 当然 它不会 这个题目就很容易遭到攻击 驳论分析 题型示例1 thefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyolympicfoods aprocessoroffrozenfoods overtime thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter theybecomemoreefficient incolorfilmprocessing forexample thecostofa3 by 5 inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive dayservicein1970to20centsforone dayservicein1984 thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood andsinceolympicfoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty fifthbirthday wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument etc 驳论分析 以下摘自奥林匹克食品公司 一家冷冻食品公司 给股东的年度报告 随着时间的推移 企业学会了更好的工作方法 从而提高了效率 因此加工成本会逐渐下降 以彩色胶卷冲印为例 1970年冲印一张3 5英寸的照片需要5天时间 花费50美分 到了1984年 冲印时间缩短到1天 花费也降低到20美分 食品加工的情况也一样 我们奥林匹克食品公司马上就要25周年庆典了 这么长的从业经历 无疑可以帮我们实现成本最小化和利润最大化 驳论分析 写作思路 1 毫无根据的假设 因为公司有25年的从业经验 就得出它能更好地处理问题 作者没有提出任何证据来支持这一假设 2 错误类比 从彩色胶卷冲印行业得出的事实是否适用于食品加工行业是很令人怀疑的 3 排除他因 效率的提高一定能导致成本的最小化吗 有没有别的原因会导致成本的最小化 成本的最小化一定能导致利润的最大化吗 有没有别的原因会导致利润的最大化 范文中未体现 驳论分析 作文提要 thesissentence thisargumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws view1 theauthor sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatolympicfoods longexperience hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter view2 itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry 驳论分析 范文 citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendinthecostsoffilmprocessingovera24 yearperiod theauthorarguesthatolympicfoodswilllikewisebeabletominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofitsinthefuture insupportofthisconclusiontheauthorcitesthegeneralprinciplethat asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter theybecomemoreefficient thisprinciple coupledwiththefactthatolympicfoodshashad25yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor srosyprediction thisargumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws 驳论分析 first theauthor sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatolympicfoods longexperience hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter thereis however noguaranteethatthisisthecase nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption justaslikely olympicfoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthefood processingbusiness lackingthisassumption theexpectationofincreasedefficiencyisentirelyunfounded second itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid forexample problemsofspoilage contamination andtimely 驳论分析 transportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthefilm processingindustry problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountable 不可抗拒的 obstaclesthatpreventloweringfood processingcostsinthefuture asitstandstheauthor sargumentisnotcompelling tostrengthentheconclusionthatolympicfoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsinthefuture theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25yearsofexperience supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood processingindustrywouldfurthersubstantiate 证实 theauthor sview 329 驳论分析 2 混淆因果关系和相关性或时间先后次序许多gmat作文的题目所依据的论断都是某事的发生造成了另一件事的发生 因果关系论断的基础可能是 两个现象发生的显著相关性 两个现象一般一起发生 两者的时间关系 一个在前 一个在后 这两者可能是两者之间因果关系的一个表征 但是这两者都不足以证明因果关系的存在 除非论证能够考虑并排除所有其他可能造成结果的原因 当然 它不会 否则论证就很容易遭到攻击 驳论分析 题型示例2 thefollowingappearedaspartofapromotionalcampaigntoselladvertisingspaceinthedailygazettetogrocerystoresinthemarstonarea advertisingthereducedpriceofselectedgroceryitemsinthedailygazettewillhelpyouincreaseyoursales considertheresultsofastudyconductedlastmonth thirtysaleitemsfromastoreindowntownmarstonwereadvertisedinthegazetteforfourdays eachtimeoneormoreofthe30itemswaspurchased clerksaskedwhethertheshopperhadreadthead two thirdsofthe200shoppersaskedansweredintheaffirmative furthermore morethanhalfthecustomerswhoansweredintheaffirmativespentover 100atthestore discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument etc 驳论分析 以下内容摘自dailygazette向marston地区的食品杂货店推销其广告空间而做的广告宣传 在dailygazette上登出选定商品的降价广告能够刺激销售额的上扬 不妨考虑一下上个月开展的一项研究的结果 marston市中心某家商店连续4天在dailygazette上登载30种降价商品的广告 每当有人采购这些降价商品时 售货员就问他们有没有看过这则广告 在受访的200名顾客中三分之二的人回答说看过 此外 超过一半回答说 看过 的顾客在店中消费超过一百美元 驳论分析 写作思路 1 相关关系并不必定构成因果关系 读过广告并不意味着是因为看了广告而来的 可以有很多因素促使消费者前来购买 2 缺少论证 购买的人大多读过广告并不意味着销售额总体上升 没有对比做广告前和做广告后的销售额 也许做广告前后的销售情况是一样的 即便是销售额上升 也有可能是因为别的因素而不是广告 3 错误类比 即使这个例子是正确的 也不能说明其他店也会这样 4 真实性方面 引言部分告诉我们这是一则广告 广告只会展示对自己有利的方面 所以其真实性值得怀疑 后两点在范文中未体现 驳论分析 作文提要 thesissentence thisargumentisunconvincingfortworeasons view1 itdoesnotestablishageneralcausalrelationshipbetweentheseevents otherfactorsthatcouldbringaboutthisresultmustbeconsideredandeliminated view2 amuchclearerindicatorofthead seffectivenesswouldbeacomparisonofoverallsalesondaystheadranwithoverallsalesonotherwisesimilardayswhentheaddidnotrun 驳论分析 范文 theconclusionofthisargumentisthatadvertisingthereducedpriceofselecteditemsinthedailygazettewillresultinincreasedsalesoverall tosupportit theauthorcitesaninformalpollconductedbysalesclerkswhencustomerspurchasedadvertiseditems eachtimeoneormoreoftheadvertiseditemswassold theclerksaskedwhetherthecustomerhadreadthead itturnedoutthattwo thirdsof200shoppersquestionedsaidthattheyhadreadthead inaddition ofthosewhoreportedreadingthead morethanhalfspentover 100inthestore thisargumentisunconvincingfortworeasons 驳论分析 tobeginwith theauthor slineofreasoningisthattheadvertisementwasthecauseofthepurchaseofthesaleitems however whilethepollestablishesacorrelationbetweenreadingtheadandpurchasingsaleitems andalsoindicatesacorrelation thoughlesssignificantly betweenreadingtheadandbuyingnon saleitems itdoesnotestablishageneralcausalrelationshipbetweentheseevents toestablishthisrelationship otherfactorsthatcouldbringaboutthisresultmustbeconsideredandeliminated forexample ifthefourdaysduringwhichthepollwasconductedprecededthanksgivingandtheadvertiseditemsweretraditionallyassociatedwiththisholiday thentheresultsofthepollwouldbeextremelybiasedandunreliable 驳论分析 moreover theauthorassumesthatthepollindicatesthatadvertisingcertainsalewillcauseageneralincreaseinsales butthepolldoesnotevenaddresstheissueofincreasedoverallsales itinformsusmainlythat ofthepeoplewhopurchasedsalesitems morehadreadtheadthannot amuchclearerindicatorofthead seffectivenesswouldbeacomparisonofoverallsalesondaystheadranwithoverallsalesonotherwisesimilardayswhentheaddidnotrun insum thisargumentisdefectivemainlybecausethepolldoesnotsupporttheconclusionthatsalesingeneralwillincreasewhenreduced priceproductsareadvertisedinthedailygazette tostrengthentheargument theauthormust attheveryleast providecomparisonsofoverallsalesreportsasdescribedabove 355 驳论分析 3 认为整体特征适用于群体中的每个个体gmat驳论作文题目可能会用一个群体的情况来支持关于群体中某个成员的论断 除非论证能够证明该个体可以代表整体特征 当然 它不会 否则这个论证就很容易遭到攻击 驳论分析 题型示例3 thefollowingispartofabusinessplanbeingdiscussedataboardmeetingoftheperkscompany itisnolongercost effectivefortheperkscompanytocontinueofferingitsemployeesagenerouspackageofbenefitsandincentivesyearafteryear inperiodswhennationalunemploymentratesarelow perksmayneedtooffersuchapackageinordertoattractandkeepgoodemployees butsincenationalunemploymentratesarenowhigh perksdoesnotneedtoofferthesamebenefitsandincentives themoneythussavedcouldbebetterusedtoreplacetheexistingplantmachinerywithmoretechnologicallysophisticatedequipment oreventobuildanadditionalplant discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument etc 驳论分析 以下内容摘自perks公司董事会正在讨论的一份商业计划 继续年复一年地为员工提供丰厚的福利待遇和激励措施对于perks公司来讲不再划算 当全国失业率低的时候 必须提供丰厚待遇条件 吸引并保留优秀员工 现在失业率已经很高了 无需对原来的优厚待遇和激励措施死守不放 从中省出的费用可以用来购买技术先进的设备 换掉现在的机器设备 或者再建一个新厂 驳论分析 写作思路 1 从整体错误推断个体 全国总体失业率情况不能用于判断本行业的情况 perks公司所处的行业可能并不能代表总体的失业水平 2 片面性 是否划算不仅仅取决于劳动力市场的情况 如果取消这些福利待遇和激励措施 员工的士气可能会下降 有可能会导致某些员工生产率下降甚至辞职 那样就造成较高的员工流动率 有可能会抵消把资金用于更换设备或建厂所带来的收益 驳论分析 作文提要 thesissentence whilethisargumenthassomemerit itslineofreasoningrequirescloseexamination view1 theparticularindustrythatperksisinvolvedinmaynotberepresentativeofunemploymentlevelsgenerally view2 theargumentreliesonanassumptionwhichoverlookstheperipheralcostsofreducingoreliminatingbenefits 驳论分析 范文 theauthorofperkscompany sbusinessplanrecommendsthatfundscurrentlyspentontheemployeebenefitspackageberedirectedtoeitherupgradeplantmachineryorbuildanadditionalplant theauthorreasonsthatofferingemployeesagenerouspackageofbenefitsandincentivesyearafteryearisnolongercost effectivegivencurrenthighunemploymentrates andthatperkscanattractandkeepgoodemployeeswithoutsuchbenefitsandincentives whilethisargumenthassomemerit itslineofreasoningrequirescloseexamination 驳论分析 tobeginwith theauthorreliesonthereasoningthatitisunnecessarytopayrelativelyhighwagesduringperiodsofhighunemploymentbecausethemarketwillsupplymanygoodemployeesatlowerratesofpay whilethisreasoningmaybesoundinageneralsense theparticularindustrythatperksisin