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对称传动式剪板机的设计【CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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对称传动式剪板机的设计【CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】.rar

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关键词：: 对称传动板机设计 cad 图纸毕业论文答辩通过

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摘要

该设计的对称传动剪板机，其冲剪力为10吨，滑块的行程为22mm，每分钟剪切30次。由电动机提供动力，经过一级带传动和一级齿轮传动减速。设计中采用的执行机构为对心曲柄滑块机构，这一机构将剪板机传动系统的旋转运动转变为滑块的往复直线运动，实现对板料的剪切。曲柄滑块机构具有结构简单、加工容易、维修方便、经济实用的优点，在机械设备中应用广泛。本设计中，通过对平面曲柄滑块机构的数学建模，用Turbor C编程，输入曲柄滑块机构的机构参数和运功参数，实现对整个机构运动过程的仿真。关键词：Turbor C 运动仿真曲柄滑块剪板机

Abstract

The design of symmetric transmission shears, shear-to 10 tons, the itinerary for the slider 22 mm per 30 minutes shear. Powered by the motor through a belt drive and a slowdown Gear. Design of the implementation agencies right mind crank slider, This will shears transmission rotation slider into the reciprocating linear motion, the realization of the right of sheet metal shear. Crank slider is simple in structure, easy processing, easy to maintain and repair, economic and practical advantages in machinery, equipment widely used. The design, right through the plane crank slider mathematical modeling, Turbor C programming, input slider crank agencies that such remarks parameters and the parameters of the whole movement of the simulation process.
Key words: Turbor C Motion simulation Crank and slide block Cutting machine

摘要 I
Abstract II

第1章绪论 1
第2章方案论证 2
2.1 液压传动方案 2
2.2 机械传动方案 3
2.2.1凸轮机构方案 3
2.2.2曲柄滑块机构方案 4
第3章总体传动方案 5
第4章电动机的选择 6
4.1 电动机类型和结构形式的选择 6
4.2 电动机功率的选择 6
4. 3 计算传动装置的运动和动力参数 8
4.3.1计算传动装置的合理传动比 8
4.3.2计算运动和动力参数 8
第5章带传动的设计及计算 10
5.1 确定计算功率 10
5.2 选择带型 10
5.3 确定小带轮的基准直径 10
5.3.1初选小带轮的基准直径 10
5.3.2验算带的速度 11
5.3.3计算从动轮的基准直径 11
5.4 确定中心距和带轮的基准长度 11
5.5 验算主动轮上的包角 12
5.6 确定带的根数 13
5.7 确定带的预紧力 13
5.8 计算带传动作用在轴上压轴力 14
5.9 带轮结构的设计 14
5.9.1小带轮的结构设计 14
5.9.2大带轮的结构设计 17
第6章轴的设计 19
6.1 主动轴设计 19
6.1.1轴的材料 19
6.1.2 轴径的最小许用值 20
6.1.3确定轴上的零件的装配方案 20
6.1.4 轴上的零件定位 20
6.1.5轴各段直径和长度的确定 20
6.1.6 绘制主轴上零件的装配图及轴的结构图 20
6.1.7轴的强度校核计算 21
6.2 从动轴的设计 23
6.2.1材料选择 23
6.2.2轴径的最小许用值 24
6.2.3确定轴上零件的装配方案 24
6.2.4绘制从动轴上零件的装配图及轴的结构图 24
第7章齿轮设计 25
7.1 选定齿轮类型、精度等级、材料及齿数 25
7.1.1齿轮类型的选择 25
7.1.2齿轮材料的选择 25
7.1.3选取精度等级 25
7.1.4选择齿数 25
7.2 按齿面接触强度设计 25
7.2.1确定公式内的各个计算数值 26
7.2.2计算 27
7.3 按齿根弯曲强度设计 28
7.3.1确定公式内各计算数值 28
7.3.2设计计算 29
7.4 几何尺寸计算 30
7.4.1计算分度圆直径 30
7.4.2计算中心距 30
7.4.3计算齿轮宽度 30
7.5 验算 31
7.6 结构设计及绘制齿轮零件图 31
7.6.1对小齿轮的结构设计 31
7.6.2对大齿轮的机构设计 32
第8章曲柄滑块机构设计 34
8.1 材料的选择 34
8.2 确定曲柄滑块杆件长度 34
8.3 结构设计 35
8.4 强度校核 36
8.5 电动机的校核 37
第9章曲柄滑块机构的运动学分析 38
9.1 建立曲柄滑块机构的数学模型 38
9.1.1建立位移方程 38
9.1.2建立速度方程 39
9.1.3建立加速度方程 39
9.2 曲柄滑块机构的运动仿真 40
结论 43
参考文献 44
致谢 46

第1章绪论

在使用金属板材较多的工业部门，都需要根据尺寸要求对板材进行切断加工，所以剪板机就成为各工业部门使用最为广泛的板料剪断设备。
剪板机目前主要有以下几种：
1．平刃剪板机：剪切质量较好，扭曲变形小，但剪切力大，耗能大。机械传动的较多，该剪板机上下两刃彼此平行，常用于轧钢厂热剪切初扎方坯和板坯。
2．斜刃剪板机：分闸式剪板机和摆式剪板机，剪切质量较前者差，有扭曲变形，但力能消耗较前者小，适用于中大型剪板机。
3．多用途剪板机：板料折弯剪板机，即在同一台机器上可完成两种工艺，假期下部进行板料剪切，上部进行折弯，也有的机器前部进行剪切，后部进行板料折弯。
4．专用剪板机：气动剪板机大多用在剪切线上速度快，剪切次数高。
5．数控剪板机：直接对后挡料器进行位置编程，可进行位置校正，具有多工步编程功能，可实现多步自动运行，完成多工步零件一次性加工，提高生产效率[1]。
对称传动剪板机是一种典型的对称传动的机械，主要用于剪裁各种尺寸金属板材的直线边缘。该设备应用广泛，具有结构简单，维修方便，经济实用的优点。
本机器的工作原理：动力源电动机通过二级传动（一级带轮传动，一级齿轮传动）减速驱动执行机构—曲柄滑块机构，该机构将电动机的旋转运动转化为往复的直线运动，在此过程中，由切刀（固定在滑块上）来进行对板料的切削。
在这次设计中，针对该剪板机的执行机构—曲柄滑块机构，通过数学建模，运用Turbor C强大的编程运算能力，研究了曲柄以匀角速度旋转时，曲柄滑块机构中滑块的位移、速度、加速度的变化规律。
第2章方案论证

剪板机主要是通过滑块上刀片的往复直线运动来实现切断功能，能实现这个目的主要由液压传动和机械传动两种。

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剪切机总装图.jpg

机械传动机构.jpg

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内容简介：: 外文原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go 马棚网od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in 马棚网ertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows: 1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes3. Band type4. Disk or axial type5. Cone type6. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This 马棚网type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, Machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry - to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics - for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts - with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed iscut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。 Depth of penetration of a cutting tool - to inches dollars - is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Wears of Cutting ToolWe already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of the work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis. If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting TemperaturesIn metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force.The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices - the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders. According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic. Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents. 译文：齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。齿轮和轴主要安装在主轴箱来传递力的方向。通过加工制造它们可以分为许多的型号，分别用于许多的场合。所以我们对齿轮和轴的了解和认识必须是多层次多方位的。关键词:齿轮；轴在直齿圆柱齿轮的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在单一平面的。我们将研究作用力具有三维坐标的齿轮。因此，在斜齿轮的情况下，其齿向是不平行于回转轴线的。而在锥齿轮的情况中各回转轴线互相不平行。像我们要讨论的那样，尚有其他道理需要学习，掌握。斜齿轮用于传递平行轴之间的运动。倾斜角度每个齿轮都一样，但一个必须右旋斜齿，而另一个必须是左旋斜齿。齿的形状是一溅开线螺旋面。如果一张被剪成平行四边形（矩形）的纸张包围在齿轮圆柱体上，纸上印出齿的角刃边就变成斜线。如果我展开这张纸，在血角刃边上的每一个点就发生一渐开线曲线。直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接触是一点，当齿进入更多的啮合时，它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中，接触是平行于回转轴线的。在斜齿轮中，该先是跨过齿面的对角线。它是齿轮逐渐进行啮合并平稳的从一个齿到另一个齿传递运动，那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变的大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时，那就可以使用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮（人字齿轮）是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他们产生相反的轴向推力作用，这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多个单向齿斜齿轮被在同一轴上时，齿轮的齿向应作选择，以便产生最小的轴向推力。交错轴斜齿轮或螺旋齿轮，他们是轴中心线既不相交也不平行。交错轴斜齿轮的齿彼此之间发生点接触，它随着齿轮的磨合而变成线接触。因此他们只能传递小的载荷和主要用于仪器设备中，而且肯定不能推荐在动力传动中使用。交错轴斜齿轮与斜齿轮之间在被安装后互相捏合之前是没有任何区别的。它们是以同样的方法进行制造。一对相啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿向，即左旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。在交错轴斜齿设计中，当该齿的斜角相等时所产生滑移速度最小。然而当该齿的斜角不相等时，如果两个齿轮具有相同齿向的话，大斜角齿轮应用作主动齿轮。蜗轮与交错轴斜齿轮相似。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数，通常是一到四齿，由于它们完全缠绕在节圆柱上，因此它们被称为螺纹齿。与其相配的齿轮叫做蜗轮，蜗轮不是真正的斜齿轮。蜗杆和蜗轮通常是用于向垂直相交轴之间的传动提供大的角速度减速比。蜗轮不是斜齿轮，因为其齿顶面做成中凹形状以适配蜗杆曲率，目的是要形成线接触而不是点接触。然而蜗杆蜗轮传动机构中马棚网存在齿间有较大滑移速度的缺点，正像交错轴斜齿轮那样。蜗杆蜗轮机构有单包围和双包围机构。单包围机构就是蜗轮包裹着蜗杆的一种机构。当然，如果每个构件各自局部地包围着对方的蜗轮机构就是双包围蜗轮蜗杆机构。着两者之间的重要区别是，在双包围蜗轮组的轮齿间有面接触，而在单包围的蜗轮组的轮齿间有线接触。一个装置中的蜗杆和蜗轮正像交错轴斜齿轮那样具有相同的齿向，但是其斜齿齿角的角度是极不相同的。蜗杆上的齿斜角度通常很大，而蜗轮上的则极小，因此习惯常规定蜗杆的导角，那就是蜗杆齿斜角的余角；也规定了蜗轮上的齿斜角，该两角之和就等于90度的轴线交角。当齿轮要用来传递相交轴之间的运动时，就需要某种形式的锥齿轮。虽然锥齿轮通常制造成能构成90度轴交角，但它们也可产生任何角度的轴交角。轮齿可以铸出，铣制或滚切加工。仅就滚齿而言就可达一级精度。在典型的锥齿轮安装中，其中一个锥齿轮常常装于支承的外侧。这意味着轴的挠曲情况更加明显而使在轮齿接触上具有更大的影响。另外一个难题，发生在难于预示锥齿轮轮齿上的应力，实际上是由于齿轮被加工成锥状造成的。直齿锥齿轮易于设计且制造简单，如果他们安装的精密而确定，在运转中会产生良好效果。然而在直齿圆柱齿轮情况下，在节线速度较高时，他们将发出噪音。在这些情况下，螺旋锥齿轮比直齿轮能产生平稳的多的啮合作用，因此碰到高速运转的场合那是很有用的。当在汽车的各种不同用途中，有一个带偏心轴的类似锥齿轮的机构，那是常常所希望的。这样的齿轮机构叫做准双曲面齿轮机构，因为它们的节面是双曲回转面。这种齿轮之间的轮齿作用是沿着一根直线上产生滚动与滑动相结合的运动并和蜗轮蜗杆的轮齿作用有着更多的共同之处。轴是一种转动或静止的杆件。通常有圆形横截面。在轴上安装像齿轮，皮带轮，飞轮，曲柄，链轮和其他动力传递零件。轴能够承受弯曲，拉伸，压缩或扭转载荷，这些力相结合时，人们期望找到静强度和疲劳强度作为设计的重要依据。因为单根轴可以承受静压力，变应力和交变应力，所有的应力作用都是同时发生的。“轴”这个词包含着多种含义，例如心轴和主轴。心轴也是轴，既可以旋转也可以静止的轴，但不承受扭转载荷。短的转动轴常常被称为主轴。当轴的弯曲或扭转变形必需被限制于很小的范围内时，其尺寸应根据变形来确定，然后进行应力分析。因此，如若轴要做得有足够的刚度以致挠曲不太大，那么合应力符合安全要求那是完全可能的。但决不意味着设计者要保证；它们是安全的，轴几乎总是要进行计算的，知道它们是处在可以接受的允许的极限以内。因之，设计者无论何时，动力传递零件，如齿轮或皮带轮都应该设置在靠近支持轴承附近。这就减低了弯矩，因而减小变形和弯曲应力。虽然来自M.H.G方法在设计轴中难于应用，但它可能用来准确预示实际失效。这样，它是一个检验已经设计好了的轴的或者发现具体轴在运转中发生损坏原因的好方法。进而有着大量的关于设计的问题，其中由于别的考虑例如刚度考虑，尺寸已得到较好的限制。设计者去查找关于圆角尺寸、热处理、表面光洁度和是否要进行喷丸处理等资料，那真正的唯一的需要是实现所要求的寿命和可靠性。由于他们的功能相似，将离合器和制动器一起处理。简化摩擦离合器或制动器的动力学表达式中，各自以角速度w1和w2运动的两个转动惯量I1和I2，在制动器情况下其中之一可能是零，由于接上离合器或制动器而最终要导致同样的速度。因为两个构件开始以不同速度运转而使打滑发生了，并且在作用过程中能量散失，结果导致温升。在分析这些装置的性能时，我们应注意到作用力，传递的扭矩，散失的能量和温升。所传递的扭矩关系到作用力，摩擦系数和离马棚网合器或制动器的几何状况。这是一个静力学问题。这个问题将必须对每个几何机构形状分别进行研究。然而温升与能量损失有关，研究温升可能与制动器或离合器的类型无关。因为几何形状的重要性是散热表面。各种各样的离合器和制动器可作如下分类： 1轮缘式内膨胀制冻块；2轮缘式外接触制动块；3条带式；4盘型或轴向式；5圆锥型；6混合式。分析摩擦离合器和制动器的各种形式都应用一般的同样的程序，下面的步骤是必需的：1假定或确定摩擦表面上压力分布；2找出最大压力和任一点处压力之间的关系；3应用静平衡条件去找寻（a）作用力；（b）扭矩；(c)支反力。混合式离合器包括几个类型，例如强制接触离合器、超载释放保护离合器、超越离合器、磁液离合器等等。强制接触离合器由一个变位杆和两个夹爪组成。各种强制接触离合器之间最大的区别与夹爪的设计有关。为了在结合过程中给变换作用予较长时间周期，夹爪可以是棘轮式的，螺旋型或齿型的。有时使用许多齿或夹爪。他们可能在圆周面上加工齿，以便他们以圆柱周向配合来结合或者在配合元件的端面上加工齿来结合。虽然强制离合器不像摩擦接触离合器用的那么广泛，但它们确实有很重要的运用。离合器需要同步操作。有些装置例如线性驱动装置或电机操作螺杆驱动器必须运行到一定的限度然后停顿下来。为着这些用途就需要超载释放保护离合器。这些离合器通常用弹簧加载，以使得在达到预定的力矩时释放。当到达超载点时听到的“喀嚓”声就被认定为是所希望的信号声。超越离合器或连轴器允许机器的被动构件“空转”或“超越”，因为主动驱动件停顿了或者因为另一个动力源使被动构件增加了速度。这种离合器通常使用装在外套筒和内轴件之间的滚子或滚珠。该内轴件，在它的周边加工了数个平面。驱动作用是靠在套筒和平面之间契入的滚子来获得。因此该离合器与具有一定数量齿的棘轮棘爪机构等效。磁液离合器或制动器相对来说是一个新的发展，它们具有两平行的磁极板。这些磁极板之间有磁粉混合物润滑。电磁线圈被装入磁路中的某处。借助激励该线圈，磁液混合物的剪切强度可被精确的控制。这样从充分滑移到完全锁住的任何状态都可以获得。加工基础作为产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加马棚网工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机

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