飞行模拟转台设计【CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】
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目录
1. 绪论 1
1.1 选题的依据及意义 1
1.2 国内外研究概况及发展趋势 1
2 . 单片机控制系统设计 2
2.1 单片机的选用及功能介绍 2
2.2 片外存储器功能简介 3
2.3 显示与键盘部分设计 4
2.4 交流异步电动机变频调速系统 6
2.4.1 交流异步电动机变频调速原理 7
2.4.2主电路和逆变电路工作原理 7
2.4.3 变频与变压 10
2.4.4 电动机与单片机的接口 12
2.5 位移和转速检测部分的设计 13
2.5.1 位移检测传感器和转速检测传感器的选用 13
2.5.2 光栅位移和转速传感器与单片机的接口设计 14
3． 机械结构与液压传动系统设计 17
3.1升降系统结构分析 18
3.1.1液压缸结构 18
3.1.2 液压缸零部件分析 21
3.1.3油缸的壁厚校验 23
3.2 传动系统结构分析与计算 24
3.2.1 电动机的选择 24
3.2.2.2轴尺寸设计 27
3.2.3 键的选择与校核 29
3.2.4 皮带的选择 30
3.3 液压系统分析 33
3.3.1液压系统 33
3.3.2 液压泵与电动机的选择 34
结论 36
参考文献 37
致谢 38
1. 绪论
1.1 选题的依据及意义
随着飞机和导弹的快速发展，要求其具有更高的性能和稳定性,这就要我们通过对他们的性能参数进行测量评估进而进行改进，但一架真正的飞机或一枚导弹的成本太高,我们不可能也没有必要用一架真正的飞机或导弹来进行实验采集数据,这就要求我们采用一些比较合理的实验装置来实现飞机或导弹的飞行状态，这样飞行模拟实验转台得以发展。该转台可以将重物放在其上面也可以用来对飞行员进行培训，因为它可以模拟飞机在空中飞行的各种姿态。该装置的出现既达到了对飞机或导弹性能参数的采集，进而改进，在成本上远远低于一架飞机或导弹的价格，对飞机和导弹的发展具有不可估量的价值。
1.2 国内外研究概况及发展趋势
目前,大部分飞行模拟转台采用串联式机构,而本设计则采用并联式机械机构来实现的。采用并联机构其承载能力大,机构简单。本机构由上下两个工作平台,下平台固定在地面上,上平台用来放待实验的物品,在上下平台之间采用三个液压缸连接,通过液压缸上声高度的不同,来实现上平台的倾斜,而上平台可由电动机带动旋转从而达到模拟飞机在飞行过程中的各种状态。
飞行模拟器研制及应用被认为是飞行模拟技术发展的基础性工程和关键环节，一直受到世界各国尤其是发达国家的高度重视。美国是世界上最早开展飞行模拟器研究和应用的国家，在技术和数量上一直居领先地位。据统计，美国的飞行模拟器研制和采办费用每年增长一倍，仅1995年～2000年的费用就高达36亿美元。俄罗斯同样是世界上的飞行模拟大国和强国，他们的所有飞机都配备有相应的飞行模拟器，仅空中飞行模拟器就有20余种，其中包括先进的空地综合飞行模拟系统。值得提出的是，俄罗斯在飞行模拟器的基础理论研究，特别是人-机工效学和飞行员建模与仿真等方面都名列前茅。英、德、法等国的飞行模拟器研制及应用也始终处于世界先进行列。
我国在飞行模拟器研制及应用方面虽然起步比美、俄、英法等国较晚，但仍是世界上发展飞行模拟器较早的国家。于20世纪60年代开始使用射击练习器和仪表飞行练习器，并建立了研究用飞机控制系统模拟试验台、航空发动机模拟试验台。20世纪80年代发展更快，先后研制成功了一系列研制用飞行模拟器和工程用飞行模拟器，并普及设计、制造和使用了各个机种的飞行模拟训练器。出此，我国还是世界上少数能够设计和建造空中飞行模拟器的国家之一，所以可堪称为“飞行模拟器大国”。
2 . 单片机控制系统设计
飞行模拟实验转台的控制系统可以是微机、单片机、可编程控制器等，考虑到本次设计的飞行模拟实验转台仅有3个液压缸和一个电动机，控制器需要进行的运算量不大，而且本系统提供的功能并不复杂，单片机MCS-51足以。所以从节省成本的角度出发选择了单片机控制系统。
将本次单片机的控制系统划分为以下几个模块：
图2-1 单片机模块图
2.1 单片机的选用及功能介绍
MCS-51系列单片机是美国INTEL公司在1980年推出的8位单片微型计算机。其典型产品有8031、8051和8751三种机型，除片内程序存储器的容量不同外，其内部结构与引脚完全相同。在此我们选用了较为常用的8051芯片。其引脚示意图如图3.1-1所示：MCS-51系列单片机由微处理器、存储器、定时器/计数器、串行和并行的I/O接口、中断系统合振荡器构成。
8051的P0.0～P0.7这8根引脚采用分时复用的方法作低8位地址线与双向8位数据线；P2.0～P2.4这5根引脚在访问片外存储器或扩展I/O接口时，提供高位地址；P2.5～P2.7和P1.0这4根引脚接2片74LS138译码器，产生片选信号；引脚ALE接地址锁存器74LS373、8155、8279和SA4828的使能端；EA/VPP端因不访问片内存储器而接地；X1、X2接6MHz的晶振；RESET端接重启电路。[8]
2.2 片外存储器功能简介
片外存储器扩展包括程序存储器（ROM）扩展和数据存储器（RAM）扩展。
MCS-51系列单片机具有64KB的程序存储空间，其中8051、8071片内有4KB的程序存储器，8031片内无程序存储器。当采用8051、8071型单片机而程序超过4KB，或采用8031单片机时，就需对程序存储器进行外部扩展。
外部程序存储器的扩展原理如图2-2所示：[2]
- 内容简介：
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Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual designIn recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent.One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analysesOur country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover packers for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise.2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction.3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice.4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low.5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful.Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design contentPeople long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structures design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a functions , satisfies the various technology and various there existing in economic targets , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly:1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc.2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front.3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection.4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time. Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a products turn.5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole.Three, concluding remarksThe thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that queen GMP times brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual designs.论药品包装机械的概念设计 近年来，由于我国经济形势的持续高涨和国家对制药行业强制性推行GMP(药品生产质量规范)认证制度，药品包装机械取得了长足的进步。新产品日益增多，技术水平有了很大的改进。但与国际水平相比还存在着很大的差距，近60%的产品达不到发达国家上世纪80年代的水平，先进大型的设备主要依赖进口。我国药品包装机械的低技术水平在很大程度上是由我国企业设计人员低水平设计引起的。一、我国药品包装机械现状分析我国药品包装机械与国际先进水平相比尚有较大的差距.国产药品包装机械设计上主要存在以下几点不足：1) 机械性能落后，国产药品包装机械大多精度低、速度慢、平稳性差。包装机械运转过程包含大量复杂的间歇式运动，主要由凸轮、连杆来实现。然而许多设计人员不会根据工作循环图和精度要求独立设计计算凸轮连杆机构的运动学和动力学参数，只是简单的把国外样机的凸轮连杆零件拆卸下来进行逐点测绘，造成执行机构误差很大。国产药品包装机械大多运行速度较低，如铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率一般为100300个/min，全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度50200盒/min，而国际上先进的铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率能够达到600个/min，全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度能够达到600 800盒/min。国产药品包装机械不仅运行速度慢，而且还伴有较大的噪音。2) 控制水平落后。国产药品包装机械大多控制水平低、自动性差、故障率高。国产药品包装机械(主要指盒装和灌装机械)大多采用PLC作现场控制，而国外先进的药品包装机械大多由计算机系统实现监控，控制水平相对落后。大多数国产药品包装机械自动性较差。一是普遍采用单机生产模式，全自动生产线少。二是做不到全自动运转，需要人工加料，手动装箱。如一些纸盒包装机中，药板、说明书纸页、纸盒都需要手动加料，且需专人随时注意说明书、药板、纸盒是否已经用完，以免造成机器空转或造成缺说明书、药板、药盒现象的发生。另外，国产药品包装机械故障率较高。控制元器件(如继电器、电磁阀、接触器、断路器等)等经常容易损坏，死机故障也时有发生。3)功能单一、可扩展性差。药品包装机械是针对特定的包装形式设计的。一般在规定的规格范围内可调。而我国许多药品包装机械在设计时考虑不充分，没有为进一步的改造留出足够的空间，致使设计的机械只能适应于几种简单的模板，不适应包装材料或模板尺寸的变化，即使适应生产的包装成品质量也不佳。 4）综合考虑不足，资源没有充分利用。我国药品包装机械设计存在着混乱现象，许多机械设计人员对电机拖动同步技术、伺服传动技术不了解，可用简单的电器设备解决的问题却用复杂的机械装置来实现，有的虽然采用了同步电机等装置来控制机构运行，但选取不当。这些情况不仅造成了资源的极大浪费，而且使设计的机械的性能低下。5)造型死板。我国的药品包装机械设计时很少考虑机械的造型，很多厂家生产的机械造型不美观，甚至没有造型，给人感觉僵硬、死板、没有活力。一些药盒包装机中，螺钉螺母都安装在机器的外面板上，而一些润滑用的油杯和油嘴也随处可见，加油时容易使机器到处沾满油污，给人印象粗糙，不美观。 二、药品包装机械概念设计的内容人们经过多年的研究，将概念设计定义为：“在确定了任务后，通过抽象化拟定功能结构，寻求适当的作用原理及其
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