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数控十字滑台设计【10张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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摘   要

随着制造业的发展,人们深刻的感受到数控机床在生产中的地位是越来越重要。本文结合机电一体化的需要,设计以单片机作为控制系统的X-Y型工作台(X-Y工作台是指能分别沿着X向和Y向移动的工作台)。通过对X-Y型工作台机械结构设计和控制电路接口的设计,阐述了机电一体化设计中的共性和关键技术。这种工作台通常与整机设计成一个整体,其形状,尺寸,结构因机器类型不同而有较大差异,但其工作原理有着共同点。

关键词:X-Y数控十字滑台;机电一体化;单片机

Abstract
Along with manufacturing industry development,people's profound feeling numerical control engine bed in production status is more and more important. Combine mechanical-electrical integration’s need, design a Model X-Y working bench with one-chip computer as the of the control system(X-Y working bench is separately along X and Y motion work table.). Though describing the working bench mechanical’s design of structure and interface of the control circuit to Model X-Y, have explained generality in the design of mechanical-electrical integration and its key technology. This kind of working bench is usually designed with the complete machine into a whole , its form , size, there is a greater difference because types of the machine are different in the structure, but its operation principle has common point.

Keywords: X-Y numerical control cross slippery platform; The mechanical-electrical integration; One-chip computer



目    录
1 绪论 1
1.1数字控制技术的产生和发展 1
1.2我国数控机床的发展情况 2
1.3数控机床中十字滑台的设计 2
2 机床改造总体方案设计 4
3 确定机械传动改造方案 5
3.1 设计原始参数 5
3.2 确定切削用量 5
3.3 进给运动的切削负载分析及计算方法 5
3.3.1、各个方向的分力 5
3.3.2、摩擦阻力 5
3.3.3、等效转动惯量计算 6
3.3.4、丝杠摩擦阻力矩的计算 6
3.3.5、等效负载转矩Tm的计算 6
3.3.6、起动惯性阻力矩的计算 6
3.3.7、步进电机输出轴总的负载转矩的计算 6
3.4 步进电机的匹配选择 7
3.5 滚珠丝杠的选择与校核 7
3.5.1、工作原理及结构 7
3.5.2、滚珠丝杠副的特点 7
3.5.3、承载能力的校核 8
3.5.4、压杆稳定性验算 8
3.5.5、刚度验算 8
3.6 齿轮的校核计算 9
3.7 轴承的选择与校核 12
3.8 导轨的选择 13
4 控制系统的硬件及软件设计 14
4.1 确定控制系统方案 14
4.2 单片机控制系统硬件设计 14
4.2.1、单片机控制系统的硬件构成 14
4.2.2、单片机引脚及其功能 15
4.2.3、控制线 15
4.3 单片机的选择 16
4.4 存储器的选用与扩展 16
4.5 存储器的选用及连接 16
4.6 地址锁存器 17
4.7 键盘与显示电路及其程序 18
4.7.1、8155工作方式设定 19
4.7.2、状态查询 20
4.7.3、8155定时功能 20
4.7.4、键盘显示电路工作原理 22
4.8 步进电机接口电路 29
5 总结 32
参考文献 33
致谢 34

1 绪论
1.1数字控制技术的产生和发展
最早采用数字控制技术进行机械加工的思想,是在20世纪40年代提出的。当时美国北密执安的一个小型飞机叶片轮廓样板时,利用全数字电子计算机对叶片轮廓的加工路径进行了处理,并考虑了刀具对加工路径的影响,使加工精度达到±0.0381mm。以当时的水平来看,是相当高的。
1952年,美国麻省理工学院研制出一套实验性数字控制系统,并把它装在一台数字立式铣床上,成功地实现了同时控制三轴的运动。这台数控机床被大家称为世界上的第一台数控机床,是数控机床的第一代。但是这台机床毕竟是一台实验性机床,到了1954年11月,在帕尔森专利的基础上,第一台工业用的数控机床由美国本迪克公司生产出来的。
1959年,电子行业研制出晶体管元器件,因而数控系统中广泛采用晶体管和印刷电路版,从而使数控机床跨入了第二代。同年3月,由美国克耐·杜列克公司发明了带有自动换刀装置的数控机床,称为“加工中心”。现在加工中心已成为数控机床中一种非常重要的品种,在工业发达的国家中占数控机床总量的1/4左右。
1960年,研制出了小规模集成电路。由于它的体积小,功耗低,使数控系统的可靠性得以进一步提高,数控系统发展到第三代。
以上三代,都是采用专用控制的硬件数控系统(NC)。
1967年,英国首先把几台数控机床联成具有柔性的加工系统,这就是最初的FMS-Flexible Manufacturing System 柔性制造系统。之后,美、欧、日等国也相继进行了开发和应用。
随着计算机技术的发展,小型计算机的价格和使用了微处理器。1974年,美、日等国首先先研制出以微处理器为核心的数控机床。30多年来,微处理机数控系统的数控机床得到飞速发展和应用,这是第五代数控。后来,人们将MNC也统称为CNC。
20世纪80年代初,国际上又出现了柔性制造单元FMC。这种单元投资少、见效快,既可单独长时间少人看管运行,也可集成制造系统中使用。所以近几十年来,得到


内容简介:
Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing1.INTRODUCTIONTodays industry competes in a truly international marketplace. Efficient transportation networks have created a “world market” in which we participate on a daily basis. For any industrial country to compete in this market, it must have companies that provide economic high-quality products to their customers in a timely manner. The importance of integrating product design and process design to achieve a design for production system cannot be overemphasized. However, even once a design is finalized, manufacturing industries must be willing to accommodate their customers by allowing last-minute engineering-design changes without affecting shipping schedules or altering product quality.Most U.S.-based manufacturing companies look toward CAD/CAM and CIM to provide this flexibility in their manufacturing system . Today ,the use of computers in manufacturing is common . Manufacturing system are being designed that not only process parts automatically ,but also move the parts from machine to machine and sequence the ordering of operations in the system. Figure 1 contains a plot of the economic regions of manufacturing. It should be noted that manual handcrafted goods will always have a market in the United States as well as abroad. This is also true of industrial productsthere will continue to be a need for special one-of-a-kind items. The spectrum of one-of-a-kind goods through high-volume goods dictates that a variety of manufacturing methods be used to meet our various industrial needs. Some of these systems will look like the factories that our grandparents labored in, whereas others will take on a futuristic look. In the following sections, a discussion of flexible manufacturing systems is presented.Figure 1 Volume versus variety regions for economic manufacturing(Courtesy of Cincinnati Milacron.)2.FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMSA flexible manufacturing system, or FMS as they are more commonly known, is a reprogram-able manufacturing system capable of producing a variety of products automatically. Since Henry Ford first introduced and modernized the transfer line, we have been able to perform a variety of manufacturing operations automatically. However, altering these systems to accommodate even minor changes in the product has been quite taxing. Whole machines might have to be introduced to the system while other machines or components are modified or retired to accommodate small changes in a product. In todays competitive marketplace ,it is necessary to accommodate customer changes or the customer will find someone else who will accommodate the changes. Conventional manufacturing system s have been marked by one of two distinct features:1. Job shop type systems were capable of producing a variety of product ,but at a high cost.2. Transfer lines could produce large volumes of a product at a reasonable cost, but were limited to the production of one ,two, or very few different parts.The advent of numerical control (NC) and robotics has provided us with reprogramming capabilities at the machine level with minimum setup time. NC machines and robots provide the basic physical building blocks for re-programmable manufacturing systems.2.1.FMS Equipment2.1.1Machines In order to meet the requirements of the definition of an FMS, the basic processing in the system must be automated. Because automation must be programmable in order to accommodate a variety of product-processing requirements, easily alterable as well as versatile machines must perform the basic processing.For this reason, CNC turning centers, CNC machining centers, and robotic workstations comprise the majority of equipment in these systems. These machines are not only capable of being easily reprogrammed, but are also capable of accommodating a variety of tooling via a tool changer and tool-storage system. It is not unusual for a CNC machining center to contain to 12 or more tools (right-hand turning tools, left-hand turning tools ,boring bars, drills ,and so on ) . The automatic tool changer and storage capabilities of NC machines make them natural choices for material-processing equipment.Parts must also be moved between processing stations automatically. Several different types of material-handling systems are employed to move these parts from station to station. The selection of the type of material-handling system is a function of several system features. The material-handling system, first, must be able to accommodate the load and bulk of the part and perhaps the part fixture. Large, heavy parts require large , powerful handling systems such as roller conveyors guided vehicles or track-driven vehicle systems. The number of machines to be included in the system and the layout of the machines also present another design consideration. If single material handler must be at least as large as the physical system. A robot is normally only capable of addressing one or two machines and load-and-unload station. A conveyor or automatic guide vehicle(AGV) system can be expanded to include miles of factory floor. The material-handling system must also be capable of moving parts from one machine to another in a timely manner. Machines in the system will be unproductive if they spend much of their time waiting for parts to be delivered by the material handler. If many parts are included in the system and they require frequent visits to machines, then the material-handling system must be capable of supporting these activities. This usually can be accommodated by using either a very fast handling device of by using several devices in parallel, for example, instead of using a single robot to move parts to all the machines in the system, a robot would only support a single machine.2.1.2 Tooling and fixtures.Versatility is the key to most FMSs, and as such the tooling used in the system must be capable of supporting a variety of products or parts. The use of special forming tools in an FMS is not typical in practice. The contours obtained by using forming tools can usually be obtained through a contour-control NC system and a standard mill. The standard mill then can be used for a variety of parts rather than to produce a single special contour. An economic of the cost and benefits of any special tooling is necessary to determine the best tooling combination. However, because NC machines have a limited of tools that are accessible, very special tools should be included. One of the commonly neglected aspects of an FMS is the fixturing used. Because fixtures are part of the tooling of the system, one could argue that they should also be standard for the system. Work on creating “flexible fixtures” that could be used to support a variety of components has only recently begun. See Chapter 5.One unique aspect of many FMSs is that the part is also moved about the system in the fixture (or pallet fixture). Fixtures are made to the same dimensions so that the material-handling system can be specialized to handle a single geometry. Parts are located precisely on the fixture and moved from one station to another on the fixture. Fixtures of this type are usually called pallet fixtures, or pallets. Many of the pallet fixtures employed today have standard “T-slots” cut in them, and use standard fixture kits to create the part-locating and-holding environment need for machining.3.COMPUTER CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS3.1 FMS ArchitectureAn FMS is a complex network of equipment and processes that must be controlled via a computer or network of computers. In order to make the task of controlling an FMS more tractable, the system is usually divided into a task-based hierarchy. One of the standard hierarchies that have evolved is the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) factory-control hierarchy. (NIST was formerly the National Bureau of standards. NBS.) This hierarchy consists of five levels and is illustrated in Figures 2 and Figures 3 The system consists of physical machining equipment at the lowest level of the system. Workstation equipment resides just above the process level and provides integration and interface functions for the equipment. For instance pallet fixtures and programming elements are part of the workstation. The workstation typically provides both man-machine interface as well as machine-part interface. Off-line programming such as APT for NC or AML for robot resides at the workstation level.The cell is the unit in the hierarchy where interaction between machines becomes part of the system. The cell controller provides the interface between the machines and material-handling system. As such ,the cell controller is responsible for sequencing and scheduling parts through the system. At the shop level integration of multiple cells occurs as well as the planning and management of inventory. The Figure 3 The relationship between the data-administration (DAS) in the NIST architecture :(1)the topologies of the Integrated Manufacturing Data Administration System(IMDAS) data-administration system;(2)the net work data-communication network; (3)the hierarchical system of data-driven control: data preparation is implied in (4) the facility level of controlfacility level is the place in the hierarchy where the master production schedule is constructed and manufacturing resource planning is conducted. Ordering materials planning inventories and analyzing business plans are part of the activities that affect t he production system. Poor business and manufacturing plans will incapacitate the manufacturing system just as surly the unavailability of a machine.3.2 FMS Scheduling and controlFlexible manufacturing systems, like other manufacturing system can differ significantly complexity . This complexity is not only determined by the number of machines and the number of parts resident in the system, but also by the complexity of parts and control requirements of the specific equipment . Some FMSs require only a simple programmable controller to regulate the flow of parts though the system, whereas others require s
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