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110kV降压变电站电气一次系统设计一、选题意义随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，用户对电能质量和供电可靠性的要求日益提高，高压、超高压变电站的设计、控制和保护系统必须适应这种新形势。因此，改善电网结构，提高供电能力与可靠性以及综合自动化程度，以满足日益增长的社会需求成为电力企业的首要目标1。其中，变电站作为电网输配电系统中的一个重要环节，它起着变换电压、接受和分配电能、控制电能流向、联系各级电压电网等重要作用。科学的变电站设计方案能够提升配电网的供电能力和适应性，降低配电网损耗和供电成本，体现“增容、升压、换代、优化通道”的技术改造思路2。同时可以增加系统的可靠性，节约占地面积，使变电站的配置达到最佳，不断提高经济效益和社会效益3。由于变电站综合自动化技术的不断发展与进步，变电站综合自动化系统最终将取代或更新传统的变电所二次系统，变电站自动化朝着无人化、数字化和智能化方向发展已成为电力系统新的发展方向和趋势。这种在计算机和网络通信技术基础上发展起来的变电站综合自动化系统，给变电站设计、安装、调试和运行、维护、管理等方面都带来了一系列技术上的变革。它成功解决了传统变电站及其控制技术越来越难满足电力系统降低投资、提高效益的难题，符合了国家电网公司贯彻的“两型一化”变电站设计要求4。该技术为在全面实现数字化变电站的基础上，进一步拓展变电站自动化系统的功能，逐步向智能化变电站转变打下了坚实的基础。同时，也为智能电网在中国的发展创造更有利的条件。二、变电站建设的国内外现状和发展趋势 为了更好地服务经济和社会的发展，巩固和提升我国电网的技术领先水平和国际竞争力，国家电网公司提出了建设中国特色统一坚强智能电网的战略发展思路5。以下将从变电站发展的几个阶段入手，简单介绍各阶段变电站的特点：1、传统变电站20世纪80年代及以前，变电站保护设备以晶体管、集成电路为主，二次设备均按照传统方式布置，各部分独立运行。随着微处理器和通信技术的发展，远动装置(RTU)的性能得到较大提高，传统变电站才逐步增加了“遥测”、“遥信”、“遥控”、“遥调”的四遥功能。传统的变电站存在如下缺点:1）安全性、可靠性不能满足现代电力系统高可靠性的要求；2）供电质量缺乏科学的保征；3）占地面积大，增加了征地投资；4）不适应电力系统快速计算和实时控制的要求；5）维护工作量大，设备可靠性差，不利于提高运行管理水平和自动化水平6。2、无人值守变电站20世纪90年代，随着微机保护技术的广泛应用，以及计算机、网络、通信技术的发展，变电站自动化取得实质性进展。综合自动化系统先后经历了集中式、分散式、分散分层式等不同结构的发展，使得变电站设计更合理，运行更可靠，更利于变电站无人值班的管理。对于无人值班变电站，其站内一般不考虑设置固定的运行、维护值班人员，其运行监视和检测、主要控制操作均由上级调度中心或集控中心的远方控制端完成，设备采取定期巡视维护方式7。在我国，许多220kV及以下电压等级变电站已经开始由监控中心进行监控，基本上实现了变电站无人值守。但是国内500kV和330kV电压等级的变电站，即使采用了变电站自动化系统，也都是实行有人值守的管理方式。而在欧美发达国家，各个电压等级变电站都能实现变电站无人值守。由此可见，在国内外无人值守变电站之间、国内外变电站自动化系统之间都还有很大的差异8。全面实现变电站无人值守对我国电网建设有如下显著的技术经济效益：1）传送负荷和限电速度快，电压调整迅速，从而改善电网电压质量，稳定电网运行，提高无功管理水平；2）预防事故，加快事故处理；3）大量节省人员，提高企业劳动生产率；4）遥控由调度员直接执行，无中间环节，不易发生误操作9。3、数字化智能变电站随着智能化开关，光电式电流电压互感器、一次运行设备在线状态检测及自诊断、变电站运行操作培训仿真这些新技术的日趋成熟以及广泛应用必将对现有变电站自动化技术产生深刻的影响，带来全数字化的变电站新概念10。数字化变电站是由智能化一次设备和网络化二次设备按过程层、间隔层、站控层三层结构体系分层构建，建立在符合国际标准的IEC61850通信规范基础之上，能够实现变电站内智能电气设备间信息共享和互操作的现代化变电站。数字化变电站使传统变电站的所有信息采集、传输、处理、输出过程由过去的模拟信息全部转换为数字信息，并建立与之相适应的通信网络和系统11。2009年9月11日华北电网首家220千伏数字化智能变电站郭家屯变电站正式启动，它的建成对国内数字化变电站技术的发展及智能电网的建设具有重要意义12。4、智能变电站国家电网公司在建设统一坚强智能电网的变电环节中，提出建设智能变电站的目标。智能电网中的智能变电站是由先进、可靠、节能、环保、集成的设备组合而成，以高速网络通信平台为信息传输基础，自动完成信息采集、测量、控制、保护、计量和监测等基本功能，并根据需要支持电网实时自动控制、智能调节、在线分析决策、协同互动等高级应用功能的变电站13。智能变电站分为过程层、间隔层、站控层。过程层包括变压器、断路器、隔离开关等一次设备及其所属的智能组件以及独立的智能电子装置。间隔层包括继电保护、系统测控等二次智能电子装置，实现使用一个间隔的数据并且作用于该间隔一次设备的功能14。站控层包括自动化站级监视控制系统、站域控制、通信系统等，实现面向全站设备的监视、控制、报警及信息交互功能，完成数据采集和监视控制、操作闭锁以及同步相量采集、电能量采集、保护信息管理等相关功能15。三、变电站设计内容110kV降压变电所电气部分设计的主要内容是首先对原始资料进行详细地分析，并结合相关的设计手册，辅助资料和国家有关规程选择主变压器。同时根据对主接线经济可靠、运行灵活的要求，选择三种或四种待选主接线方案进行技术经济比较，淘汰较差的方案，确定变电站最优的电气主接线方案。然后以最优方案为例进行短路电流计算，从三相短路计算中得到当短路发生在各电压等级的母线时，其短路电流的稳态值和冲击电流值。综合短路计算结果、各电压等级的额定电压、最大持续工作电流三个方面进行主要电气设备选择及校验，进而完成配电装置的选择以及防雷保护的设计。最后，绘制电气主接线图、变电所平面布置图、防雷保护配置图等相关设计图纸。参考文献1 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Research on Smart Grid in China：report of IEEE T&D AsiaRAsia： IEEE，20092 饶莹，郭炜，徐鑫乾110/20kV变电站电气一次部分设计J电力设备，2008，9(9)：11-133 张宏阳浅谈220kV变电站设计思路及实践J科技咨讯，2009，(18)：1284 许学亮，周晋中“两型一化”在变电站设计中的应用J电力技术，2010，19(1)：47-495 高骏，高志强我国统一坚强智能电网建设综述J河北电力技术，2009，28(增刊)：1-36 聂士广220千伏传统变电站综合自动化应用研究D安徽：合肥工业大学，20077 艾抗，曹增功无人值班变电站设计要求及应用J江西科学，2005，23(5)：569-5758 陈志军国内外变电站无人值守的比较与思考J广东电力，2006，19(1)：35-389 王亚，时国平，李湘闽浅谈无人值班变电站实现的技术方案J科技广场，2004，10：51-5210 金旭东数字化变电站介绍J江苏电机工程，2007，26：38-4011 李孟超，王允平，李献伟，王峰，蔡卫锋智能变电站及技术特点分析J电力系统保护与控制，2010，38(18)：59-6212 A Goikoetxea，JA Barrena， MARodriguez， GAbadActive Substation design to maximize DG integration， IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference，2009CRomania：IEEE， 200913 刘娇，刘斯佳，王刚智能变电站建设方案的研究J華東電力，2010，38(7)：974-97714 D Atanackovic， D McGillis，FD Galiana A New Tool for Substation DesignJIEEETransactions on Power SystsmsVol 13 No 4， November 199815 汤乃传智能变电站Jscience&Technology summarize，2010，3：13-181Research on Smart Grid in China Jingjing Lu, Da Xie, Member, IEEE and Qian Ai, Member, IEEE?Abstract-The Smart Grid is the latest direction for the future power system development. In this paper, firstly the background of Smart Grid, its meaning, as well as the concept and structure were presented. Typical diagram of Smart Grid was illustrated. Then, the current development of Smart Grid in United States and Europe were described, development ideas and the future trends in these countries were summarized and compared as well. Besides, the driving force of Smart Grid in China was analyzed, with detailed introduction of current related projects in China. The relation between the UHV Power Grid and the Smart Grid was discussed. Finally, the potential role of Smart Grid in future power grids in China was prospected and a new direction for Chinas Smart Grid development was charted. Index TermsSmart Grid, UHV power grid, planning, operation, management I. INTRODUCTIONith the promotion of world economy modernization, the price of oil has been kept on a upward trend. What is also noticeable is the shortage of energy supply around the world, the increasing pressures on resources and environment pressure, and the enormous power losses in energy delivery due to the low efficiency of the current power grid. Whats more, owing to the growing electricity demands and the users increasing requirements for reliability and quality, the power industry is now facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Therefore, a new sort of power system of environment friendly, economic, high performance, low investment, safety, reliability and flexibility has been a goal of engineers in power industry. Still, the emergence of advanced meter infrastructure and more extensive usage of the Internet accelerate the process 1. Since 1990s, with the increasing use of distributed generation power, more demands and requirements have been proposed for power grid intensity 2, 3. To find out a optimal solution for these problems, power companies should accept the idea of new technology adoption, potential mining of the existing power system and improvement of its application and utilization. Consensus has been reached by experts and scholars from different countries that future power gird must be able to meet various requirements of energy generating and the demands of highly market-oriented power transaction so that the needs of the self-selection from customers can be satisfied individually. All of these will become the future development direction of Smart Grid. This paper focuses on the status of the development of the Smart Grid, analyzing the driving force of the Smart Grid and introducing the current demonstration projects in China. It also discusses the relation between UHV power grid and Smart Grid, and then prospect the significance of Smart Grid in the future. A new direction for Chinese Smart Grid development is charted as well, which might be the reference for the development of Smart Grid in China. II. CONCEPTOFSMARTGRIDSmart Grid is a gradual development process accompanied with the technology innovation, demands of energy saving and managements needs. People will have their own understanding for Smart Grid, no matter if they are facility suppliers, IT companies, consulting firms, public power companies or power generation companies. From the earlier smart intelligence metering to electrical intelligence, from transmission and distribution automation to a whole intelligent process, the concept of smart power grid has been enriched substantially 4. In 2006, US IBM presented a Smart Grid solution. This is a relatively complete concept for current Smart Grid which indicates its official birth 5. As shown in Fig.1, a Smart Grid is basically overlaying the physical power system with an information system which links a variety of equipments and assets together with sensors to form a customer service platform. It allows the utility and consumers to constantly monitor and adjust electricity use. The management of operation will be more intelligent and scientific based on the dynamic analysis of needs both from user-side and demand side which can increase capital investment efficiency due to tighter design limits and optimized use of grid assets. In comparison with traditional grid, Smart Grid includes integrated communication systems, advanced Sensing, metering, measurement infrastructure, complete decision support and human interfaces. Fig.1. Smart Grid Conceptual Diagram III. CURRENTRESEARCHACTIVITIESA. Comparison of researches in Smart Grid area between European and the United states In the United States, there were several large power WIEEE T&D Asia 20092outages in recent years. Because of which, electric power industry pays closer attention to power quality and reliability; customers draw out more requests for electricity supply. The ever-increasing demands of national security and environmental protection policy of the United States leads to the establishment of a higher standard for power grid construction and management 6. At the same time, in recent years researches of basic materials, power and information technologies, breakthroughs have been achieved for implementation target which shows the significant improvement of reliability, efficiency in power network. Such as the emergence of superconducting cables, it assures Obamas new government of United States has seen the daylights of the Smart Grid. Similarly, the European power users also raise higher requirements for electricity supply & power quality 7. Because of the extreme attention for environmental protection, compared with the construction of power grid in US, Europeans have more concerns about the construction of renewable energy access, the impact on wildlife, as well as the actively research on real-time monitoring and remote-controlling. All is about to realize the Plug & Play use idea, ensuring a more friendly, flexible access and interaction with the user. In both Europe and United States, the most common direction for grid development is to seek new and renewable sources for energy generation. However, Smart Grid is not a fixed, static project, according to their particular status and main problems, all countries need to simplify the Smart Grid and make it adjusted to fit their own features. B. Driving force of the Smart Grid in China The drivers for Smart Grid construction can be concluded into market, circumstances, safety and power quality. Chinese power industry is also facing the similar situation as in Europe and the United States: At Market-oriented reforms level, the national network and unified national electricity market has not completely formed. In national wide, power exchanges are not effective; neither does the true meaning of the online bidding. From a long term view, Chinas transaction approaches of power markets and pricing structure is developing, market demand and supply sides will have more frequent interactions. In order to attract more users to join the market competition, power companies must improve their service, strengthen the interaction with users and provide more products for selection, so as to meet the demands of different types of users. At the macro policy level, the power industry needs to meet the requirements of resource-saving and environment-friendly societys construction, adapt to climate change and suitable for sustainable development. Regarding the Chinese power grid itself, a strong backbone network has not been built yet, and it is still not strong enough to withstand multiple faults circumstances. The regional power grid backbone is also in a lower stability level, which results in a limited flexibility for system operation, etc. The snow storm weather in early 2008 which led to a blackout in major area of China vividly exposed the weakness of the current Chinese grid in safeguard of electricity supply aspect. Moreover, the lack of intelligent power distribution leads to a regional, seasonal shortage of electricity and coexistent in some areas with both surplus & shortages of electricity. There still remain challenges that how to improve the efficiency of power investment and construction, how to ensure the security and reliability of power grids operation, to ensure power quality; how to improve the maintenance of power system; how to enhance the service quality to users, as well as how to improve the power grid management in China. For these issues, Smart Grid would be an ideal solution. C. Current research activities in China In the year of 2006, IBM published the guideline named Establishing Smart Power Grid and Innovating Management Methods A New Thought of the Development of Electric in China. Directed at the current opportunities and challenges of the power grid companies in China, the guideline suggests improving the efficiency of electrical investments and construction, the stability of power grid, and the companies service and management level through the construction of smart power grid and the innovation of management methods. Meanwhile, IBM proposed that it can provide a whole scheme - Solution Architecture for Energy (SAFT) for the power companies in China to use the smart power grid effectively. SAFT contains several parts: first is to improve the digital level by connecting the equipments with sensors; Second is to establish the data collecting and integrating system; Third is to analyze: SAFT optimize the operating progress and management based on the analyzing of the data5. This is the bud of smart power grid in China. In October 2007, East China Power Grid Company embarked on the research area of the feasibility of smart power grid. The research project was not only correlated with the progress of those advanced companies and research facilities abroad, but also take the current situation and future needs of east china power grid into consideration. The result came out as, based on the high equipment level and strong technological innovation ability, the construction of smart power grid is feasible in east china power grid. East China Power Grid Company would follow the belief that Concerning the future and change fast with needs, and providing high quality service, when building smart power grid. There is a three step strategy with an advanced power grid distributing center built by 2010, the construction of digital power grid with primary intelligence completed by 2020, and a smart power grid with the ability of self-healing built by 2030 8. The construction plan is still under consideration. On Feb. 28, 2009, as a part of the smart power grid of East China Power Grid Company, the three-state security defense and power generation monitoring system passed the acceptance check in Beijing, which stands for stable-state, transient-state and dynamic-state. The system integrated three single systems altogether for the first time, which includes 3power management system, power grid dynamic wan monitor system and online stability analysis and warning system. The operator has full access to the whole view of the power grid operating situation and the decision-making assistance without switching in systems or platforms. Besides, the system can effectively improve the management standardization and the level of flow of the related power plants through establishing the management checking platform and the assistance market-service quality analyzing platform. The development of smart power grid research in China is slow and far behind the west. So far, only East China Power Grid Company and North China Power Grid Company have carried out researches about the developing and implementation plan. It is a tradition for China to emphasize technology development, and in fact, the equipments in China are more advanced than those in developed countries. Thus, smart power grid has a bright prospect in China. IV. PROSPECTSOFSMARTGRIDINCHINAIn order to solve the problems of imbalance distribution for generation resources and power loads, the transmission capacity should be enhanced by building long-distance and large-capacity power transmission systems. And unity or united UHV power grids should be constructed under coordinated plan. The transmission of power on a large scale from west and north China to middle and east China can reduce the pressure of energy in the east China and the pressure of transmission and environmental protection. Furthermore, this can expedite the conversion from resource advantage to economy advantage and realize the coordinated development of nation economy. Chinese politics system, economic environment and management system also promotes UHV power grids in its development. At present, China is studying the future large power grids technology and has the ability to construct the national united power grids. On Jan, 16, 2009, the first UHV power line in China was finished and put into operation. Unity or united UHV power grid, distributed power generating or scattered interactive power supplying grid are the trends of development. China, as the delegate in unity or united UHV power grid development trend, is different from any western countries. In China, is it in contradiction to develop both UHV power grid and Smart Grid? Though the large power grid with linkage effect has the advantage of optimizing the resources, it has the potential risk of power outage in large area. The ability to control the large power grid and maintain its stability is required by the fast development of power grid. And the smart power gird with self-healing and high reliability matches such requirements. Thus, smart power grid is the direction of China power grid development while building UHV power grid and the grid of different level, as well as improving the operating and management level of the grid. According to the precondition and the background of UHV power grid development in current China, the aspects which should be paid more attention on are as follows: ?Smart Planning: The power grid should become self-healing and smart. The ability of power grid planning optimization should be enhanced. So should be the ability of receive-side power grid planning, on the premise of the UHV AC/ DC feed-in and different voltage level coordinated development. The most important thing is to change the concepts and methods of power planning, and to make the traditional power development concept such like regarding building new power stations as a wide-ranging concept of resources distribution. ?Smart Operation: The dispatching pattern is developing towards a coordinated control direction, aiming at the enhancement of control and mastering of large power grid. The future Smart Grid should be coordinated with a matching control center equipped with more advanced power system management ability, for the purpose of improving the functions and performance of existing EMS, MOS, WAMMAP system in an integral manner, at the same time to track down the correlations between different power grid monitoring and controlling indexes, and to construct a logic structure based power system monitoring and controlling index system. Through the gradual process of implementation of dynamic security monitoring, power system pre-alarm processing and pre-control, much more accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the operation state of the power system can be obtained, based on which, the most effective and timely measures and actions can be taken to fulfill the power system control and dispatching strategy, finally to improve the safeguard of the whole power systems stability and security. ?Smart Management: The management pattern of power system is undergoing an evolution from vertical mode to distributed mode, from function management to process management, from grid construction to both construction and operation modes. V. CONCLUSIONSmart Grid is a hot spot in todays electric power system, also regarded as one of the vanes in 21st century for the major scientific and technological innovation and development in power system. Many countries in the world are involved in this big trend, and have set up a lot of Smart Grid demonstration projects and test platforms. Also, the theoretical and experimental research in Smart Grid has made some achievements. The international exchanges have greatly promoted the development of Smart Grid. Because of Chinas electricity distribution and extremely uneven distribution of electricity load, it is the right time to develop special high-voltage power grid. As the development of Smart Grid is still at the very beginning stage of our country, how to combine the special high-voltage power grids with intelligent power grid is the main problem confronted. The direction to development and the characteristics of smart power grids in China are still open for our experts and scholars for further 4study. VI. REFERENCES1David G. Hart, Using AMI to Realize the Smart Grid, in Proc. 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, pp. 1-2. 2S. Massoud Amin and B.F. Wollenberg, “Toward a Smart Grid: power delivery for the 21st century,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 5 Sept.-Oct. 2005, pp. 34-41. 3D. Divan and H. Johal, “A Smarter Grid for Improving System Reliability and Asset Utilization,” Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, August, 2006. 4Tai, H. and Hogain, E.