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黑龙江工程学院本科生毕业设计附 录A液压镗床夹具的工作原理镗床夹具是为了粗镗侧面的上下孔，因为尺寸要求和位置要求比较多所以需要限制除的5个 自由度。由于箱体零件典型的一面两销定位方式可以同时满足以上两种定位要求，所以对于镗床夹具都选择一面两销完全定位的方式。定位元件的设计包括定位元件的结构，形状，尺寸及布置方式等。工件的定位设计主要决定与工件的加工要求和工件定位基准的形状尺寸精度等因素，所以在设计时应分析定位基准的形态。支承板带斜槽的支承板，用于水平方向布置的定位中，其凹槽可防止细小切屑停留在定位面上。支承板的主要规格厚度H取10mm。支承板用碳素工具钢T8，经热处理到55-60HRC。6块支承板同时使用，需要设法使厚度H相等。支承板用螺钉紧固在夹具体上。可限制3个自由度5。两销定位即工件以圆柱孔定位。工件以精基准孔定位，定位销选择固定式定位销，它是组合定位中常用的定位元件之一。图2.1所示为A型定位销，可限制工件的两个自由度。固定式定位销（GB/T2203-91）主要规格D取12mm。定位销材料用碳素工具钢T8，经热处理至55-60HRC工作原理: 夹具采用的定位方式是一面两销，面即是加工零件以精基准平面定位。工件的基准平面经切削加工后，可以直接放在平面上定位。经过刮削，磨削的平面具有较小的表面粗糙度和平面度误差，故可获得较精确的定位。常用的定位元件有支承板和平面支承钉等。这类是呈面接触的定位元件。本设计中夹具选择支承板作为定位元件。本夹具采用单件同向联动夹紧机构，通过压杆连接销轴联动拉杆压爪实现夹紧和放松，压杆外接活塞结构实现夹具的运动。工件以多个定位基准组合定位是很常见的。它们可以是平面，外圆柱面，内圆柱面，圆锥面等各种组合。工件组合定位时应该合理的选择定位元件；按基准重合原则选择定位基准；组合定位中，一些定位元件单独使用时限制沿坐标轴方向的自由度，而组合定位时则转化为限制绕坐标轴方向的自由度。计中加工减速器箱体零件，采用两孔一面定位，以使基准统一。这种定位方式所采用的定位元件为支承板，定位销和菱形销。下面将重点介绍菱形销的设计和布置，以防止过定位。菱形销作为防转支承，其布置应使长轴方向与两销的中心连线垂直，并应正确选择菱形销直径的基本尺寸和经削边后圆柱部分的宽度。工件在夹具中加工时加工误差由以下四方面组成： 夹具位置误差，即定位元件相对机床的切削成形运动的位置误差。 定位误差，即由定位引起的工序基准的位置误差。 刀具相对夹具的位置误差，即对刀导向误差。 与加工过程中一些因素有关的加工误差。 圆柱定位销的直径公差（mm）； 菱形定位销的直径公差（mm）；圆柱定位销与孔间的最小间隙（mm）；L中心距（mm）。在机械加工过程中，为保持工件定位时所确定的正确的加工位置，为防止工件在切削力，惯性力，离心力及重力等作用下发生位移和震动，一般机床夹具都应有个夹紧装置，以将工件夹紧。夹紧装置分为手动夹紧和机动夹紧。根据结构和功用，典型夹紧装置由力源装置；中间传力机构；夹紧元件。本设计的两套夹紧装置采用机动夹紧。其中铣床夹具采用液压夹紧机构，镗床夹具采用联动夹紧机构。确定夹紧力的方向，作用点和大小时，应该根据工件的结构特点，加工表面要求并结合工件加工中的受力状况及定位元件的结构和布置方式等综合考虑。本设计的夹紧力基本上符合下面的要求。夹紧力的方向应有助于定位稳定，且主夹紧力应朝向主要定位基面；夹紧力的方向应该有利于减小夹紧力；夹紧力的方向应是工件钢度较高的方向。夹紧力的作用点应落在定位元件的支承范围内；夹紧力的作用点应选在工件钢度较高的部位；夹紧力的作用点应尽量靠近加工表面。因为工件是大量生产，夹紧力又比较大，所以采用液压夹紧，液压缸选用通用系列查文献表得本次设计选用5016和5019型两种液压缸。镗床夹具都选择一面两销完全定位的方式。这样夹具装卸比较容易有利于提高加工速度和生产效率，液压系统传动力大工作平稳可靠，噪音小，劳动条件和经济性都比较实惠。译文Boring fixture is to rough up the side facing hole, because dimensional requirements and location requires more so need to limit the five degrees of freedom in. Because of the typical case accessories side two pins localization way can also meet the above two kinds of positioning requirement, so for the boring fixture choose a two way of positioning pin completely.Positioning of components of the design of components, including positioning structure, its size and layout mode, etc. Also the positioning of the main decision and the design requirements of the processing and the part of the shape of the locating datum size precision, so factors such as in the design should be analyzed the locating datum form.Plate figure shows is the type B slides with the plate for horizontal direction, decorate in the groove of the positioning, can prevent tiny chip stay in positioning surface. The main specifications plate thickness H take 10 mm. Plate with carbon tool, the heat treatment to 55 T8 HRC-60. 6 piece of plate used at the same time, need to try to make thickness H equal. Plate with bolt in the clip in the concrete tighten. It can limit 3 dof .Two pin location that is with cylindrical holes position. The In essence the benchmark hole positioning, pins choose fixed location pins, it is the combination of the components used in positioning positioning of one. Figure 2.1 shows is the type A location pins, can limit the two degrees of freedom.Fixed location pins (GB/T2203-91) main specifications D take 12 mm. Positioning pin material to use carbon tool, the heat treatment to 55 T8 HRC-6Working principle: by way of positioning fixture is a two pins, surface, as is processing components to fine benchmark plane positioning. The benchmark by cutting plane, can be directly on the plane positioning. After scraping, grinding plane with smaller surface roughness and plane degree error, we can get a precise positioning of. Some of the commonly used location components have plate surface nail etc. Supporting peace This class is a surface with the positioning of the components. This design jigs choose plate as positioning components.This fixture using single homonymous linkage clamping institutions, through the compressive bar linkage connected pin shaft lever pressure clamping claw realize and relax, press the piston rod external fixture structure realize sports.The DuoGe positioning in the benchmark portfolio fixed position is very common. They can is flat, and YuanZhuMian outside, inside the YuanZhuMian, cone face all kinds of combination. The combination should be the choice of reasonable positioning positioning component; According to the principle of superposition benchmark selecting position datum; Combination of some positioning components, orientation, when used alone, limit freedom, direction along the coordinate transformation and combination is converted to limit when positioning coordinate direction around the degrees of freedom.This design processing speed reducer, the case accessories two holes, in order to make the benchmark side position is unified. The localization way the positioning components as the plate, pins and diamond pin. Below will focus on the introduction of the diamond pin design and decorate, to prevent a location.The diamond pin as waterproof supporting turn, the arrangement should make long axis and the center of the two pins, and should be vertical attachment to choose the right diamond pin the diameter of the basic size and the cutting edge after the width of the cylindrical part as shown in figure 2.4.The diamond pin design procedure is as follows:1. Sure two pins the center distance of two pins center distance should be equal to the size of the basic orientation of two pitch, the size of the average tolerance is commonly2. Select pins on table take pins of standard code for A 12 h7x14GB/T22033. Choose diamond pin width b according to table take b = 4 mm4. Sure the diamond pin diameter(1) for compensation amount. A (2) the positioning of the smallest diamond. Calculation clearance(3) the diameter of the diamond pin. CalculationTake tolerance zone, namely the diamond pin for h6 the standard code for B12h6x14 .Add the fixture workpiece machining errors by the working hours of four aspects:(1) the fixture position errors, namely, the cutting machine element positioning relative position error of the movement of the forming.(2)-positioning error caused by positioning, namely the working procedure of the position of the benchmark error.(3) the position of the tool relative fixture that knife orientation error error.(4)and process of some factors processi