CA6150车床主轴箱箱体工装工艺及夹具设计【25张CAD图纸和文档所见所得】【GJ系列】
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： CA6150车床主轴箱箱体工装 工艺及夹具设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923089学生姓名： 吕 冲 指导教师： 彭 勇（职称：副教授） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： CA6150车床主轴箱箱体工装 工艺及夹具设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923089 学生姓名： 吕 冲 指导教师： 彭 勇 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2012年11月25日 课题来源该课题来源于无锡腾飞企业生产实际科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题的科学意义该课题主要是为了培养学生编制机械零件加工工艺、正确选择金属切削机床和工艺参数、开发和创新机械产品的能力，要求学生能够结合常规普通铣床与零件加工工艺，针对实际使用过程中存在的金属加工机床的驱动及工件夹紧问题，综合所学的机械理论设计与方法等知识，对高效、快速夹紧装置进行改进设计，从而实现金属加工机床驱动与夹紧的半自动控制。在设计零件机械加工工装时，在满足产品工作要求的情况下，应尽可能多的采用标准件，提高其互换性要求，以减少产品的设计生产成本和周期。（2） 国内外研究状况、水平和发展趋势工业设计是人类社会发展和科学技术进步的产物，从英国莫里斯的“工艺美术运动”，到德国的包豪斯设计革命以及美国的广泛传播与推广，工业设计经过了酝酿，探索，形成，发展百余年的历史沧桑。时至今日，工业设计已成为一门独立的专业学科，并且有一套完整的研究体系。1980年国际工业设计协会理事会（ICSID）给工业作了明确定义：“就批量生产的工业产品而言，凭借训练，技术知识，经验及视觉感受，而预示材料、结构、构造、形态、色彩、表面加工，装饰以新的品质和规格，叫做工业设计。根据当时的具体情况，工业设计师应在上述工业产品全部侧面或其中几个方面进行工作，而且需要工业设计师对包装、宣传、展示，市场开发等问题的解决付出自己的技术知识和经验以及视觉评价能力时，这也属于工业设计的范畴”。 现在，机械加工工艺及夹具随着制造技术的发展也突飞猛进。机械加工工艺以各个工厂的具体情况不同，其加工的规程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其随着情况的不同具有更加合理的工艺过程。也使产品的质量大大提高。制定加工工艺虽可按情况合理制定，但也要满足其基本要求：在保证产品质量的前提下，尽可能提高劳动生产率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工厂现有生产条件的基础上，尽可能采用国内、外先进工艺技术和经验。还应保证操作者良好的劳动条件。但我国现阶段还是主要依赖工艺人员的经验来编制工艺，多半不规定工步和切削用量，工时定额也凭经验来确定，十分粗略，缺乏科学依据，难以进行合理的经济核算研究内容 根据提供的毕业设计资料理解设计要求，查阅相关中外资料。 确定CA6150车床主轴箱体的工艺方案。 对钻床专用夹具进行类型选择及结构分析。 完成钻床专用夹具加工工序和装配图。 阅读和翻译英文文献。 撰写毕业设计论文。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）研究方法借阅相关书籍杂志，充分利用图书馆及网络资源。（2）技术路线 收集资料，确定工艺方案，做定位、夹紧设计。（3）实验方案 明确设计要求，认真调查研究，收集设计资料，主轴箱工艺方案，根据设计要求作出专用夹具的零件图、装配图。（4）可行性分析 大学里，我学习了机械制图、机械制造工艺学、机床夹具设计等等，熟悉CAD软件。在设计中，结合自己所学的知识以及老师的指导，根据要求，合理选择主轴箱箱体加工工艺，并且设计出合适的钻夹具，绘制出零件图及装配图。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月11日-2012年11月24日：收集资料，撰写开题报告、文献综述；2012年11月25日-2012年12月8日：完成箱体图纸，确定工艺总体方案；2012年12月9日-2013年1月21日：完成工艺规程设计；2013年3月4日-2013年3月22日：完成夹具的全部零件图；2013年3月25日-2013年4月5日：完成夹具的总装图；2013年4月8日-2013年4月19日：完成主轴箱箱体工装工艺及夹具设计的说明书；2013年4月22日-2013年4月26日：详细审阅设计计算、说明书及图纸并修改；2013年4月29日-2013年6月5日： 递交毕业设计资料，准备答辩材料，并进行答辩。预期成果：根据主轴箱箱体的工装工艺及夹具设计要求具体分析和理论计算，方案拟定正确；设计计算根据来源可靠，计算数据准确无误，工艺路线合理；机械结构图纸绘制要求视图完整、符合最新国家标准，图面整洁、质量高（图纸绘制要求采用计算机绘图）；用CAD完成箱体的零件图、夹具的零件图及装配图。特色或创新之处 通过对CA6150车床主轴箱箱体零件的参数化绘制，大大提高了绘图速度，节省了大量时间和避免了不必要的重复劳动，同时做到了图纸的统一规范。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 可以利用图书馆及网络资源，已学过CAD的基础知识； 已学的机械理论设计与方法与机械装备等方面的知识； 工艺路线和夹紧装置有待进步优化设计。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文Influence factors on the quality of the workplace surfaceProcessing process on the surface quality of the influenceThe vibration of the process system of the influence on the quality of the surfaceIn mechanical processing process technology system sometimes occur vibration, that is, in the cutting edge tool and workplace is cutting surface except on the name between cutting motion, but also can appear a cyclical relative motion.Vibration that process system by forming movement of the interference and damage, make processing surface appear chatter marks, increases the surface roughness value, worsening processing surface quality.Cutter geometrical parameters, materials and cutting quality to the surface quality of the influenceThe cutting tool geometric parameters on the surface roughness of the biggest influence is vice PianJiao, the main point PianJiao, arc radius. Under certain conditions, reduce PianJiao, Lord, vice PianJiao point arc radius can reduce surface roughness. Under the same conditions, carbide cutting tools process of surface roughness value less than high speed steel paper cutting knife, and diamond and CBN) tools and better than hard alloy, but because the diamond and iron family affinity materials, it should not be used for processing iron family materials. In addition, the cutting tool before and after the face, cutting knife blade itself directly influence the roughness of the processing the roughness of the surface, therefore, improve the quality of cutting tool, cutting tool and face, cutting knife blade roughness value should be lower than the roughness of the 1 2 levels.Cutting fluid to the influence on the quality of the surfaceCutting fluid cooling and lubrication effect can reduce the cutting process of interface friction, reduce the temperature of cutting zone, the cutting metal surface layer of plastic deformation degree down, restrain the develop the thorn and scales produced in the production of different materials for reasonable choice of cutting fluids can reduce the surface roughness.The workplace material on the surface quality of the influenceThe workplace material nature; Processing plastic materials, the cutting tools for metal extrusion produced plastic deformation, and the cutting tool and workplace forced separation of the torn scraps effect, make the surface roughness value increase. The workplace material tenacity the better, metal, plastic deformation, the bigger the processing surface is the more the rough. Processing brittle material in the chip broken granular, due to the collapse in broken and endows the machined surface left many pitted surface roughness.General toughness large plastic materials, processing after large surface roughness, and toughness of smaller plastic materials, processing to get smaller after the surface roughness. For the same kind of material, the greater the grain size of the organization, the larger the surface roughness. Therefore, in order to reduce the surface roughness, often in cutting processing of material before quenching and tempering or is the fire of treatment to obtain homogeneous fine grain organization and high hardness.Cutting condition the influence on the quality of the surfaceAnd cutting condition of the relevant process factors, including cutting dosages, cooling lubrication. In low speed processing plastic materials, easy to produce the develop and scales thorn, so, improve the cutting speed, can reduce the develop and scales thorn, decreasing part already the surface roughness value; For brittle material, general wont form the develop and scales thorn, so, cutting speed on the surface roughness basically no influence. The increase speed, plastic deformation also increases, the surface roughness increases, so, reduce the speed can reduce the surface roughness value, however, feeding reduced to certain value, roughness wont obviously decreased. Normal cutting conditions, cutting depth on the surface roughness the impact is not big, therefore, mechanical process cannot select the too small cutting depth.Cutting speed on the surface roughness influenceGeneral at the early choose low speed cutting and finishing choose high speed cutting can reduce the surface roughness. In the medium speed cutting plastic materials, due to easy to produce the develop, and plastic deformation is bigger, so after processing parts surface roughness is bigger. Usually by low or high speed cutting plastic material, can effectively avoid the develop of generation, this to reduce table and roughness have positive role.On the surface quality of the grinding effectsThe influence of the grinding wheel grinding wheel granularity the thinner, per unit area grain number grinding, the more of the grinding surface in fine scratches the surface roughness is small; But if too fine granularity, processing to jam wheel it will increase the surface roughness, also easy to produce the ripple and cause burns. The hardness of the grinding wheel should be the right size, its half the longer the better passivation period; The hardness of the grinding wheel is too high, grinding mill is not easy to fall off when grain, make processing surface is of friction, extrusion action intensifies, thus increasing the plastic deformation, making the surface roughness increases, also easy cause burns; But the grinding wheel is too soft, grits too easy to fall off, can make grinding action is reduced, leading to the surface roughness increases, so to select the right grinding wheel hardness. Grinding wheel dressing the higher the quality, the surface of the grinding wheel cutting the blade, cutting the number of all the more the better of the blade contour sex, grinding surface roughness and smaller.The influence of the grinding wheel speed increase dosage, unit time through the processing of grinding surface grain number increase, each star grits is ground to reduce thickness of the metal, the surface area of the residual reduced; And at the same time, improve the grinding wheel speed can also reduce the workplace material of plastic deformation, these can make processing surface roughness value reduced. Reduce the speed, unit time through the processing of grinding surface grain number increase, the surface roughness decreased; But the low speed, workplace and grinding wheel contact time long, to the quantity of heat of the increasing, opposite will increase the roughness, may also increase surface burn. Increase grinding depth and longitudinal feeding, the plastic deformation increase, will lead to the surface roughness value increase. Radial feeding increase, the grinding process grinding force and grinding temperature will increase, grinding surface plastic deformation degree increase, which will increase the surface roughness. To guarantee the machining quality in the premise of grinding efficiency increase, will require a higher surface the coarse grinding and fine grinding separately, coarse grinding is used when the big radial direction feeding, fine grinding the radial feeding the smaller when, finally without into to grinding, to get the surface roughness of surface is very small.The workplace material the workplace material of hardness, plastic and thermal conductivity on the surface roughness of big effect. Large plastic soft material easy jam grinding wheel, thermal conductivity poor heat resistant alloy easy for the abrasive early caving, will lead to increased grinding surface roughness.In addition, because grinding to the high temperature, reasonable use cutting fluids can reduce the grinding of temperature, reduce burns, can also rushed to fall off the grits and scraps, avoid scratch workplace, so as to reduce the surface roughness.Affect the surface of physical and mechanical properties of factorsSurface layer cold hardening. The cutting edges obtuse radius increased, and the surface of metal the extrusion of enhanced, plastic deformation intensifies, cold hard to strengthen. After cutting tool knife surface wear increases, the knife surface and after processed surface friction intensified, plastic deformation increase, cold hard to strengthen. Cutting speed increase, cutting tool and workplace role time is shortened, make plastic deformation expand the depth decreases, and cold hard layer depth decreases. After cutting speed increase, heat cutting in the surface layer effect time also shortened, will make cold hard degree increase. Feeding increases, cutting force also increased, and the surface of the metal plastic deformation intensifies, cold hard effect is strengthening. The workplace material of plastic is larger and the cold hard phenomenon the serious.Surface layer material metallographic composition change. When cutting the heat was processing surface temperature of phase change after more than temperature, the surface of the metal microstructure will change. Grinding burns when a surface temperature of phase change to millers temperature above, metal surface microstructure occurred change, make the surface of the metal strength and hardness of the lower, and with residual stress produce appear even microscopic cracks, this phenomenon is called grinding burns. Improve grinding burns grinding heat caused by grinding way is the root of the burn, so improving grinding burns by two ways: one is as far as possible to reduce the generation of grinding heat; 2 it is improved cooling condition, make as far as possible the quantity of heat to produce less workplace. The correct choice grinding wheel reasonable choice of cutting dosages improved cooling conditions.Surface layer residual stress. Produce residual stress of reason: cutting in processing the metal layer and the surface when there were plastic deformation occurs, the surface of the metal to hematocrit increase; Cutting processing, cutting area will have a lot of heat cutting produce; Different analysis of metallographic organization has different density, also have different olume is necessarily affected by the change of connected the matrix of the metal bar, hence residual stress produce. The main work surface eventually process to the choice of methods. Choose the main parts work surface eventually process method, we must consider the main parts of the specific work surface working conditions and the possible damage to the form. In alternating load, the machine parts on the surface of the local micro cracks, because of tensile stress of action to make primary crack expanding, resulting in parts fracture. Improve parts from the view point of fatigue damage resistance, the final process should choose the surface in the surface produces residual stress processing method. In the machining process, tools on the squash and friction make metal materials happen plastic deformation, cause the original residue area of distortion or groove lines deepened, increases the surface roughness. When the medium or medium low cutting speed cutting plastic material, the surface before the sword in easy to form a high hardness of the devolop, it can take the place of the cutting tool, but state very unstable, the develop generation, grow up and fall off will seriously affect the machined surface roughness value. In addition, in cutting process due to the strong scraps and former knife friction role and tear phenomenon, but also in processing on the surface may produce scale thorn, make processing surface roughness increases.Grinding surface layer analysis of metallographic organization changes and grinding burnsMechanical processing produces in the process of heat cutting processing surface of workplace will make the rise of temperature of the violently, when the temperature more than the workplace material metallographic organization changes of the critical temperature, metallographic organization change will occur. In grinding processing, because most grits before cutting Angle is negative, grinding temperature is high, the quantity of heat of generation is much higher than cutting calories at, and grinding heat have 60 to 80% to the workplace, so very prone to the change of metallographic organization, makes the metal surface hardness and strength of decline, produce residual stress and even cause microcracks, this phenomenon is called grinding burns. Produce grinding burns, processing surface often appear yellow, brown, purple, green and burn color, this is grinding surface oxidation of high temperature in instantaneous film under color. Different burns color, shows that the surface of different levels by burns.Grinding hardened steel, workplace surface layer due to the role of the instantaneous heat, it may produce the following three metallographic organization changes:If grinding surface layer temperature not over phase transition temperature, but more than martensite transition temperature, then martensite will change to become low hardness of tempering methods, and meanwhile body or body, this call tempering burns.If grinding surface layer temperature more than phase transition temperatures, the martensite transformation for austenitic, at this time without cutting fluids, the grinding surface hardness fell sharply, surface was annealing, this phenomenon is called annealing burns. When dry grinding is easy to produce this kind of phenomenon.If grinding surface layer temperature more than phase transition temperature, but have the full cutting fluid on the cooling, the grinding surface layer will be urgent cold forming secondary hardened martensitic, hardness than tempering martensite high, but the surface layer is very thin, and only a few microns thick, under which the low hardness for tempering saxhlet body and saxhlet body, make the surface layer general hardness still reduce, called quenching burns.Grinding burns improvement measureInfluence factors of grinding burns is grinding dosage, grinding wheel, the workpiece material and cooling conditions. Because grinding heat caused by grinding burns is the root cause of, because this wants to avoid grinding burns, should as far as possible to reduce the heat generated when grinding and decrease as far as possible to the quantity of heat of workplace. Specific can adopt the following measures:Choosing grinding reasonable dosage cannot use the too big grinding depth, because when grinding depth increases, the plastic deformation is increased, the surface layer and the temperature will increase, burns will also increase; The speed increase, a surface temperature will increase grinding zone, but due to the hot action time reduced, so can reduce the burn.The workplace material the workplace material grinding zone of the influence of the temperature of depends primarily on its hardness and strength, toughness and thermal conductivity. The workplace material hardness, the higher the strength, toughness, the bigger the grinding work when the more consumption, the quantity of heat that produced the more, the easy generation burns; Thermal conductivity of poor material, also easy to appear in the grinding burns.The choice of high hardness of the grinding wheel grinding wheel, passivated grits is not easy to fall off, easy to produce burns, so with soft grinding wheel is better; Choose coarse granularity grinding wheel grinding, not easily by grinding wheel grinding jams, can reduce burned; Combine agent of grinding burns also has a great influence, resin combination agent than ceramic combination agent easy to produce burns, rubber binder than resin binder are more likely to have burned.Cooling conditions for reduction in grinding of temperature, widely used in this cutting liquid cooling. In order to make cutting fluids can injection to the surface, usually the cutting fluid flow increase.中文译文影响工件表面质量的因素 加工过程对表面质量的影响工艺系统的振动对工件表面质量的影响在机械加工过程中工艺系统有时会发生振动，即在刀具的切削刃与工件上正在切削的表面之间除了名义上的切削运动之外，还会出现一种周期性的相对运动。振动使工艺系统的各种成形运动受到干扰和破坏，使加工表面出现振纹，增大表面粗糙度值，恶化加工表面质量。刀具几何参数、材料和刃磨质量对表面质量的影响刀具的几何参数中对表面粗糙度影响最大主要是副偏角、主偏角、刀尖圆弧半径。在一定的条件下，减小副偏角、主偏角、刀尖圆弧半径都可以降低表面粗糙度。在同样条件下，硬质合金刀具加工的表面粗糙度值低于高速钢刀具，而金刚石、立方氮化硼刀具又优于硬质合金，但由于金刚石与铁族材料亲和力大，故不宜用来加工铁族材料。另外，刀具的前、后刀面、切削刃本身的粗糙度直接影响加工表面的粗糙度，因此，提高刀具的刃磨质量，使刀具前后刀面、切削刃的粗糙度值应低于工件的粗糙度值的12级。切削液对表面质量的影响切削液的冷却和润滑作用能减小切削过程中的界面摩擦，降低切削区温度，使切削层金属表面的塑性变形程度下降，抑制积屑瘤和鳞刺的产生，在生产中对于不同材料合理选用切削液可大大减小工件表面粗糙度。工件材料对表面质量的影响工件材料的性质；加工塑性材料时，由刀具对金属的挤压产生了塑性变形，加之刀具迫使切屑与工件分离的撕裂作用，使表面粗糙度值加大。工件材料韧性越好，金属的塑性变形越大，加工表面就愈越粗糙。加工脆性材料时其切屑呈碎粒状，由于切屑的崩碎而在加工表面留下许多麻点使表面粗糙。一般韧性较大的塑性材料，加工后表面粗糙度较大，而韧性较小的塑性材料，加工后易得到较小的表面粗糙度。对于同种材料，其晶粒组织越大，加工表面粗糙度越大。因此，为了减小加工表面粗糙度，常在切削加工前对材料进行调质或正火处理，以获得均匀细密的晶粒组织和较高的硬度。切削条件对工件表面质量的影响与切削条件有关的工艺因素，包括切削用量、冷却润滑情况。中、低速加工塑性材料时，容易产生积屑瘤和鳞刺，所以，提高切削速度，可以减少积屑瘤和鳞刺，减小零件已加工表面粗糙度值；对于脆性材料，一般不会形成积屑瘤和鳞刺，所以，切削速度对表面粗糙度基本上无影响。进给速度增大，塑性变形也增大，表面粗糙度值增大，所以，减小进给速度可以减小表面粗糙度值，但是，进给量减小到一定值时，粗糙度值不会明显下降。正常切削条件下，切削深度对表面粗糙度影响不大，因此，机械加工时不能选用过小的切削深度。切削速度对表面粗糙度的影响一般在粗加工选用低速车削，精加工选用高速车削可以减小表面粗糙度。在中速切削塑性材料时，由于容易产生积屑瘤，且塑性变形较大，因此加工后零件表面粗糙度较大。通常采用低速或高速切削塑性材料，可有效地避免积屑瘤的产生，这对减小表而粗糙度有积极作用。磨削加工对表面质量的影响砂轮的影响 砂轮的粒度越细，单位面积上的磨粒数越多，在磨削表面的刻痕越细，表面粗糙度越小；但若粒度太细，加工时砂轮易被堵塞反而会使表面粗糙度增大，还容易产生波纹和引起烧伤。砂轮的硬度应大小合适，其半钝化期愈长愈好；砂轮的硬度太高，磨削时磨粒不易脱落，使加工表面受到的摩擦、挤压作用加剧，从而增加了塑性变形，使得表面粗糙度增大，还易引起烧伤；但砂轮太软，磨粒太易脱落，会使磨削作用减弱，导致表面粗糙度增加，所以要选择合适的砂轮硬度。砂轮的修整质量越高，砂轮表面的切削微刃数越多、各切削微刃的等高性越好，磨削表面的粗糙度越小。磨削用量的影响 增大砂轮速度，单位时间内通过加工表面的磨粒数增多，每颗磨粒磨去的金属厚度减少，工件表面的残留面积减少；同时提高砂轮速度还能减少工件材料的塑性变形，这些都可使加工表面的表面粗糙度值降低。降低工件速度，单位时间内通过加工表面的磨粒数增多，表面粗糙度值减小；但工件速度太低，工件与砂轮的接触时间长，传到工件上的热量增多，反面会增大粗糙度，还可能增加表面烧伤。增大磨削深度和纵向进给量，工件的塑性变形增大，会导致表面粗糙度值增大。径向进给量增加，磨削过程中磨削力和磨削温度都会增加，磨削表面塑性变形程度增大，从而会增大表面粗糙度值。为在保证加工质量的前提下提高磨削效率，可将要求较高的表面的粗磨和精磨分开进行，粗磨时采用较大的径向进给量，精磨时采用较小的径向进给量，最后进行无进给磨削，以获得表面粗糙度值很小的表面。 工件材料 工件材料的硬度、塑性、导热性等对表面粗糙度的影响较大。塑性大的软材料容易堵塞砂轮，导热性差的耐热合金容易使磨料早期崩落，都会导致磨削表面粗糙度增大。另外，由于磨削温度高，合理使用切削液既可以降低磨削区的温度，减少烧伤，还可以冲去脱落的磨粒和切屑，避免划伤工件，从而降低表面粗糙度值。影响工件表面物理机械性能的因素表面层冷作硬化。切削刃钝圆半径增大,对表层金属的挤压作用增强,塑性变形加剧,导致冷硬增强。刀具后刀面磨损增大,后刀面与被加工表面的摩擦加剧,塑性变形增大,导致冷硬增强。切削速度增大,刀具与工件的作用时间缩短,使塑性变形扩展深度减小,冷硬层深度减小。切削速度增大后,切削热在工件表面层上的作用时间也缩短了,将使冷硬程度增加。进给量增大,切削力也增大,表层金属的塑性变形加剧,冷硬作用加强。工件材料的塑性愈大,冷硬现象就愈严重。 表面层材料金相组织变化。当切削热使被加工表面的温度超过相变温度后,表层金属的金相组织将会发生变化。磨削烧伤当被磨工件表面层温度达到相变温度以上时,表层金属发生金相组织的变化,使表层金属强度和硬度降低,并伴有残余应力产生甚至出现微观裂纹,这种现象称为磨削烧伤。改善磨削烧伤的途径磨削热是造成磨削烧伤的根源,故改善磨削烧伤由两个途径:一是尽可能地减少磨削热的产生;二是改善冷却条件,尽量使产生的热量少传入工件。正确选择砂轮合理选择切削用量改善冷却条件。 表面层残余应力。产生残余应力的原因:切削时在加工表面金属层内有塑性变形发生,使表面金属的比容加大;切削加工中,切削区会有大量的切削热产生;不同金相组织具有不同的密度,亦具有不同的比容的变化必然要受到与相连的基体金属的阻碍,因而就有残余应力产生。工件主要工作表面最终工序加工方法的选择。选择零件主要工作表面最终工序加工方法,须考虑该零件主要工作表面的具体工作条件和可能的损坏形式。在交变载荷作用下,机器零件表面上的局部微观裂纹,会因拉应力的作用使原生裂纹扩大,最后导致零件断裂。从提高零件抵抗疲劳破坏的角度考虑,该表面最终工序应选择能在该表面产生残余压应力的加工方法。在切削加工过程中，刀具对工件的挤压和摩擦使金属材料发生塑性变形，引起原有的残留面积扭曲或沟纹加深，增大表面粗糙度。当采用中等或中等偏低的切削速度切削塑性材料时，在前刀面上容易形成硬度很高的积屑瘤，它可以代替刀具进行切削，但状态极不稳定，积屑瘤生成、长大和脱落将严重影响加工表面的表面粗糙度值。另外，在切削过程中由于切屑和前刀面的强烈摩擦作用以及撕裂现象，还可能在加工表面上产生鳞刺，使加工表面的粗糙度增加。磨削表面层金相组织变化与磨削烧伤机械加工过程中产生的切削热会使得工件的加工表面产生剧烈的温升，当温度超过工件材料金相组织变化的临界温度时，将发生金相组织转变。在磨削加工中，由于多数磨粒为负前角切削，磨削温度很高，产生的热量远远高于切削时的热量，而且磨削热有6080%传给工件，所以极容易出现金相组织的转变，使得表面层金属的硬度和强度下降，产生残余应力甚至引起显微裂纹，这种现象称为磨削烧伤。产生磨削烧伤时，加工表面常会出现黄、褐、紫、青等烧伤色，这是磨削表面在瞬时高温下的氧化下膜颜色。不同的烧伤色，表明工件表面受到的烧伤程度不同。磨削淬火钢时，工件表面层由于受到瞬时高温的作用，将可能产生以下三种金相组织变化：如果磨削表面层温度未超过相变温度，但超过了马氏体的转变温度，这时马氏体将转变成为硬度较低的回火索氏体或索氏体，这叫回火烧伤。如果磨削表面层温度超过相变温度，则马氏体转变为奥氏体，这时若无切削液，则磨削表面硬度急剧下降，表层被退火，这种现象称为退火烧伤。干磨时很容易产生这种现象。如果磨削表面层温度超过相变温度，但有充分的切削液对其进行冷却，则磨削表面层将急冷形成二次淬火马氏体，硬度比回火马氏体高，不过该表面层很薄，只有几微米厚，其下为硬度较低的回火索氏体和索氏体，使表面层总的硬度仍然降低，称为淬火烧伤。磨削烧伤的改善措施影响磨削烧伤的因素主要是磨削用量、砂轮、工件材料和冷却条件。由于磨削热是造成磨削烧伤的根本原因，因此要避免磨削烧伤，就应尽可能减少磨削时产生的热量及尽
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