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Unit 6 AfterOil Book3 ThinkandDiscuss ViewingtheWorld ExploringtheTheme AnalyticalListening SharingYourIdeas Engaging FurtherListening Content Unit6AfterOil ThinkandDiscuss Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Howmuchdoyouthinkaliterofgascostwhenthesepumpswereinuse Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow Apairofvintagegaspumpsinadesertlandscape Questions ExampleAnswer1Automobileswerefirstmass producedaround110yearsago Thepumpsdon tlookthatold butIthinkthepumpsareprobably70or80yearsold Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions ExampleAnswer2Ithinkthepumpsare50or60yearsold Gaspumpsolderthanthathadlargeglasscontainersontop Youpumpedthegasolineintothecontainer Thengravitymovedthegasdownahoseandintoyourcar sgastank Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions ExampleAnswer3Idon tthinkthepumpsareveryold They vebeenoutside sotheweatherhaswornawaythepaint Butthedesignisfairlymodern sotheymightbe30or40yearsold Lookatthephoto Howolddoyouthinkthesegaspumpsare Questions Howmuchdoyouthinkaliterofgascostwhenthesepumpswereinuse ExampleAnswersAgallonisaboutfourliters In1930 agalloncostabout 0 25 By1970 thepricehadgoneuptoabout 0 5 In1990agalloncostabout 1 25 andin2010 itcostabout 4 Questions Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow ExampleAnswer1Mylifewouldbeverydifferentbecausemyfamilyhasacar Myparentsuseittogotowork togoshopping andtogooutatnight Ifgascosttwiceasmuch wewouldusethecarless andonlyfornecessarytrips Inaddition thepriceofmanythingswouldalsogoup sowemightnothaveenoughmoneytobuyallthethingswebuynow Questions Howwouldyourlifebedifferentifgasolinecosttwiceasmuchasitdoesnow ExampleAnswer2MylifewouldnotbeverydifferentbecauseIusuallywalkorrideabicycle Ialsobuymostofmyfoodfromlocalfarmers andhighergaspriceswouldn taffectthemmuch Idon tbuyalotofclothing electronics orothergoods sohigherpricesonthosethingswouldn taffectmeverymuch Questions ExploringtheTheme Unit6AfterOil Lookatthephotosandthegraphicandreadthecaptions Thendiscussthequestions Basedontheinformationinthegraphic whatisthemajorityofoilusedfor Whataresomeofthethingsoilisusedforbesidestransportation WhatalternativestooilarebeingusedinChina Afteroil Inourdailylives weuseoilforawidevarietyofthings fromfuelforourcarstomedicinetosportsshoestoplasticbagsandwaterbottles Manypeoplebelievethatourconsumptionofoilisreachingitspeak Oilwillneverbeascheapandcommonasitisnow Thisgraphicshowshowatypicalbarrelofoilisused 1barrel 42gallonsor159liters Afteroil MarinaWilson saward winningsteerweighs1 250pounds 567kilograms andisabouttobesoldatanauction Theredbarrelsrepresenttheamountofoilittooktoraisethesteer includingoilforagriculturalchemicalsandmachineryaswellasthetransportationoftheanimal sfood Afteroil Somescientistssaywemustshifttoalternativeformsofenergytoprepareforthetimewhenoursupplyofoilwillbedepleted Findingsubstitutesforoilwillbeapriorityforscientistsandcountriesinthecomingyears Afteroil TheSouthBelridgeoilfieldinCaliforniahasproducedoverabillionbarrelsofoilsince1911 Afteroil Basedontheinformationinthegraphic whatisthemajorityofoilusedfor ExampleAnswersThemajorityofoilisusedfortransportation Gasolineforcars dieselfuelfortrucks fuelforships andjetfuelforplanescomprisethemajorityofoilusage Heatingoilandoilforotherproductsmakeuponlyaroundaquarteroftheoilconsumed Afteroil Whataresomeofthethingsoilisusedforbesidestransportation ExampleAnswersBesidestransportation oilisalsousedforheating manufacturing andformakingelectricity plastics shoesandclothing medicines cosmetics andotherproducts Afteroil WhatalternativestooilarebeingusedinChina ExampleAnswersChinahasbeeninvestinglargeamountsofmoneyinrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarpowerandwindenergy Chinaalsohasmanyhydroelectricdamsaswellasnuclearandthermoelectricpowerplants Afteroil AnalyticalListening Unit6AfterOil RonSteinberg罗恩 斯坦伯格 人名 LeilaSparks利拉 斯帕克斯 人名 Listening1 M KingHubbert 1903 1989 afamousscientistinthefieldofpetroleumgeology Heisfamousfordevelopingwaystocalculatethecapacitiesofoilandnaturalgasfields 金 哈伯特 美国著名地质学家 Listening1 GulfofMexico alargebodyofsaltwateroffthesoutheastcoastoftheU S A andtheeastcoastofMexico墨西哥湾 Listening1 Biasreferstothepre conceivedideaswecarrywithusbasedonourpersonalexperiencesandopinions Anunbiasedspeaker therefore wouldhavenoprejudices Thespeakerwouldbecompletelyfairandwouldconsiderallsidesofeveryissue Intherealworld almosteveryonehassomedegreeofbias Tobecontinued Listening1 Thinkingcriticallyaboutaspeaker sviewpointandbiaswillhelpustobetterunderstandtheinformationthatheorshepresents Forexample anenvironmentalistandapetroleumcompanypresidentwouldprobablygiveverydifferentlectureson TheFutureofOil Seepage132intheIndependentStudentHandbookformoreinformationonrecognizingaspeaker sbias Listening1 Predictingcontent YouaregoingtolistentoameetingoftheCurrentAffairsClubintheListeningsection Inthemeeting RonSteinberg thepresidentofFutureFuelsInternationalandLeilaSparks whoworksforacompanythatmakesavarietyofpetroleumproducts willexpresstheirviewpointsabouttheworld soilsupply Matcheachstatementbelowwiththespeakerthatyouthinkwouldmakeit BeforeListening Listening1 Predictingcontent Listening1 b a b a A CheckingPredictions ListentothemeetingoftheCurrentAffairsClubandcheckyourpredictionsintheBeforeListeningsection ACurrentAffairsClubMeeting Listening Listening1 B ListeningforMainIdeas Readthequestions Thenlistenagainandanswerthequestions Listening1 1 Whatdoeseachspeaker sorganizationdo 2 WhatdidDr M KingHubbert stheoryofpeakoilsayaboutU S oilproduction 3 Accordingtoeachspeaker whatdoHubbert smodelssaynowabouttheworldoilproduction 4 AccordingtoDr Steinberg whataretheproblemswithnewoildiscoveries ExampleAnswersDr RonSteinbergworksforFutureFuelsInternational anorganizationwhichworkstofindsubstitutesforfossilfuels Dr LeilaSparksworksforLomaxPetroleum whichmakesavarietyofpetroleumproducts 1 Whatdoeseachspeaker sorganizationdo Listening1 ExampleAnswersDr M KingHubbert stheoryofpeakoilsaidthatU S oilproductionwouldpeakbetween1968and1972 2 WhatdidDr M KingHubbert stheoryofpeakoilsayaboutU S oilproduction Listening1 ExampleAnswersDr Sparkssaysworldoilproductionwillincreaseforthenext20years Dr Steinbergsaysthepeakproductionofoiloccurredin2006 3 Accordingtoeachspeaker whatdoHubbert smodelssaynowabouttheworldoilproduction Listening1 ExampleAnswersDr Steinbergsaystheproblemwithnewoildiscoveriesisthattheywillbesmallanddifficulttoextract 4 AccordingtoDr Steinberg whataretheproblemswithnewoildiscoveries Listening1 C ListeningforDetails Readthestatements Thenlistenagainandcirclethecorrectwordtocompleteeachstatement 1 PeakoilproductionintheU S wasin1956 1970 2 Asthelevelofoilinawellgoesdown theoilgetsharder easiertoextract 3 Dr Steinbergthinksoilproductionwillincrease decreaseinthenexttwodecades 4 Dr Steinbergexpectsthatoilpriceswillbecomelower higherinfutureyears 5 It slikelythatsomesmall largeoilfieldshaven tbeendiscoveredyet 6 Dr SparksthinksDr Steinbergsoundsoptimistic pessimistic Listening1 C ListeningforDetails Readthestatements Thenlistenagainandcirclethecorrectwordtocompleteeachstatement Listening1 AnswerKeys1 19702 harder3 decrease4 higher5 small6 pessimistic Listening1 AfterListening A CriticalThinking Readthestatements Check TfortrueorFforfalse orMformaybeifthestatementcouldbebasedonaspeaker sbias Tobecontinued Listening1 A CriticalThinking Listening1 A CriticalThinking AnswerKeys1 T2 T3 F HethoughttheU S wouldproducelessoilafter1970 4 M Thetwoexpertsdisagreeonthispoint perhapsbecauseoftheirbias 5 M Thespeakersdon tmentionhoweasilynewoilwellscanbefound butanynewoilwellswilllikelybesmallordifficulttoreach TheU S isnowextractingoilfromplacesthataredifficulttoreach Tobecontinued Listening1 A CriticalThinking AnswerKeys Continued 6 T7 T8 M Thetwoexpertsdisagreeonthispoint perhapsbecauseoftheirbias Dr M KingHubbert left in1933 Listening1 PlasticfrompetroleumprovidessolesfortheMelliShoeCompanyinTehran 德黑兰 Iran Listening1 B Discussion Formagroupwithtwoorthreeotherstudents Followthestepsbelow Listening1 1 CompareyouranswersinexerciseA Ifyouhaveanydifferencesofopinion discusswhichspeakermightormightnotagreewiththestatementsandwhy 2 DiscussthecurrentsituationofoilconsumptionandproductioninChina DoyouthinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChina Ifyes whatmeasurescanbetakentosolvetheproblemofadecreasingoilsupply ExampleAnswer1In 4 Dr Sparkssaysitwillbemanyyearsbeforeworldoilproductionreachesitspeak Dr Steinbergsayspeakproductionalreadyoccurredin2006 1 CompareyouranswersinexerciseA Ifyouhaveanydifferencesofopinion discusswhichspeakermightormightnotagreewiththestatementsandwhy Listening1 ExampleAnswer2In 5 Dr Sparksmightsayitwillbeeasytofindnewoilwells Dr Steinberghassaidthatnewoilwellswilllikelybesmallordifficulttoreach 1 CompareyouranswersinexerciseA Ifyouhaveanydifferencesofopinion discusswhichspeakermightormightnotagreewiththestatementsandwhy Listening1 ExampleAnswer3In 8 Dr Sparksmightsaythatweneedtofindalternativestooileventually butwedon tneedtomakebigchangesrightaway Dr Steinbergmightthinkthatmakingbigchangesnow andfindingfuelstoreplaceoil isveryimportant 1 CompareyouranswersinexerciseA Ifyouhaveanydifferencesofopinion discusswhichspeakermightormightnotagreewiththestatementsandwhy Listening1 ExampleAnswer1Chinaisnowthesecondlargestoilconsumerintheworld aftertheU S SinceChina seconomyisgrowing wecanexpectthedemandforoiltocontinuetogrowaswell Chinausedtobeanoil exportingnation butChinanowimportsoilfromRussia WestAfrica andtheMiddleEast China soilreservesaresmallcomparedwithitscurrentoilconsumption 2 DiscussthecurrentsituationofoilconsumptionandproductioninChina DoyouthinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChina Ifyes whatmeasurescanbetakentosolvetheproblemofadecreasingoilsupply Listening1 Tobecontinued ExampleAnswer1 Continued Yes IdothinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChinabecausethedemandforoilishighandcontinuestogrow Ifoilbecomesmuchmoreexpensiveormuchmoredifficulttoget Chinesepeople sliveswillchange Employersmayhavetoshutdown Transportationmaybecomeveryexpensiveorlimited Pricesoffoodandothernecessitiesmayrisesignificantly 2 DiscussthecurrentsituationofoilconsumptionandproductioninChina DoyouthinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChina Ifyes whatmeasurescanbetakentosolvetheproblemofadecreasingoilsupply Listening1 ExampleAnswer2No Idon tthinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChinabecauseChinaisworkinghardtodevelopalternativesourcesofenergy Evenifoilbecomesmoreexpensiveinthefuture Chinesepeoplewillbeabletousesolarenergy windenergy andperhapselectriccarsinordertolivetheirlivesnormally 2 DiscussthecurrentsituationofoilconsumptionandproductioninChina DoyouthinktherewillbeapeakoilcrisisinChina Ifyes whatmeasurescanbetakentosolvetheproblemofadecreasingoilsupply Listening1 RonSteinberg Thanksforcoming everyone I msureyouallhaveotherthingstodowithyourfreetime butourtopictonightisanimportantone I mRonSteinberg andI mthepresidentofFutureFuelsInternational We rea we reagroupofscientistsworkingtofindsubstitutesforfossilfuelsofallkinds Tonight though I mgoingtotrytoanswersomeofyourquestionsaboutthepeakoiltheory Beforewe beforewegetstarted itturnsoutthatyougettwospeakersthiseveninginsteadofone Dr LeilaSparksfromLomaxPetroleumisalsohere andI llletherintroduceherself Dr Sparks LeilaSparks Thankyou Ron AsMr Steinbergmentioned Iworkforacompanythatmakesavarietyofpetroleumproducts Tobecontinued Listening1 LeilaSparks Naturally oilisessentialforourcompany sowe realsoconcernedabouttheworld soilsupplybeingdepleted Onedifference though well themaindifferencebetweenMr Steinbergandmeisthatourscientiststellustherearestillenormousamountsofoiltobefound We repushingformoreexplorationtofindthosenewoilwells RonSteinberg Allright Well beforewetakeyourquestions I lldoaquickintroductiontothepeakoiltheory Firstoff weknowthescientistswilltellyouthatoilisanon renewableresource Oilwasformedinadifferenteraoftheearth shistory sooncewedepletethesupplyofoilwehavenow that sit ThetheoryofpeakoilcamefromDr M KingHubbert Tobecontinued Listening1 RonSteinberg Backin1956 Hubbertusedmathematicalmodels andhethought hepredictedthatsometimebetween1968and1972 theUnitedStateswouldproduceasmuchoilasitwasevergoingtoproduce Inotherwords thatwouldbethepeakofU S oilproduction Infact oilproductionintheU S hasbeendecliningsince1970 soDr Hubbertwasright TheU S isstillextractingoil buttheoilwellsareinhard to reachplaces placeslikeAlaskaortheGulfofMexico andasthelevelofoilinthosewellsgoesdown ittakesalotmoreworktoextractit too MaleStudent CanIaskaquestion RonSteinberg Absolutely That swhatwe reherefortonight MaleStudent I dliketoknowwhatDr Hubbert smodelshavetosayabouttheworld soilsupply Tobecontinued Listening1 LeilaSparks Icananswerthatone Infact engineerstellusthatoilproductionwillprobablycontinuetoincreaseforthenext20yearsorso Sothatmeans they resayingwehavesometimetomaketheshiftfromoiltootherfuels andtofindgoodsubstitutesforplasticandotherpetroleumproducts RonSteinberg Er actually yourfactsmaybeoutofdate Thelatestreportssaythatpeakoilproductionprobablyoccurredin2006 Ifthat strue itmeansthattheoilsupplywillbedecreasingwhiletheworlddemandforoilisincreasing Expecthigherprices folks LeilaSparks Hmm Ihadn theardthosefigures Ron butinanycase findingmoreoilisahighpriorityforallofus Tobecontinued Listening1 FemaleStudent Ihaveaquestion Whatif whatifthere soilsomewherethatnobodyknowsaboutyet Wouldn tnewdiscoverieschangethesituation RonSteinberg That sagoodquestion andnodoubtthereisoilthathasn tbeendiscoveredyet Theproblemthoughisthatalltheenormous easilydiscoveredoilfieldswerefoundyearsago sonewdiscoverieswillbeprettysmall ortheoilwillbedifficulttoextract likeitisintheoilsandsinCanada LeilaSparks Yousoundprettypessimistic Ron Ihavemorehopethattheworld sscientistswillfigurethisthingout andLomaxPetroleumwillgoonmakingqualityproductsforalong longtime Tobecontinued Listening1 RonSteinberg Well Ihopeyou reright butjustincaseyou renot weneedtoactquicklytoconservetheoilwehaveandtofindotherenergysourcesforthefuture Listening1 Listening2 ethanoln 乙醇sugarcanen 甘蔗refinev 净化 提炼molassesn 糖浆 糖蜜crystaln 结晶 体 fermentv 使 水果 啤酒 葡萄酒等 发酵 A PriorKnowledge Readtheinformationaboutethanolonpage86 Whatotherfactsdoyouknowaboutethanol BeforeListening Listening2 Listening2 Alargeethanolrefinery 提炼厂 inBrazil QUICKFACTS ETHANOL Ethanolisatypeofalcoholthatcanbeusedasfuel Cropssuchassugarcaneandcornareusedtomanufactureethanol butrecentadvancesmayleadto cellulosicethanol madefromplantssuchaswildgrassesandcropwastematerial BrazilandtheUnitedStatesarethelargestproducersofethanol NewcarsinBrazilare flex fuel vehicles anddriverscanchoosebetween100percentethanolfuelorablendthatis80percentgasoline TheUnitedStateshasfew flex fuel vehicles andmostofthegasolinesoldinthecountryisblendedwith10percentethanol Listening2 ExampleAnswers Ethanolcanalsobemadefromwheat barley potatoes oryucca Thereislessstoredenergyinethanolthanthereisingasoline Ethanolproduction unlessit scellulosicethanol dependsonlandandcropsthatcouldbeusedforfoodproduction Usingethanolcandecreaseacountry sdependenceonotherfuels Listening2 B Discussion Discussthequestionswithapartner IsethanolusedinvehiclesinChina Wouldyouratherdrive orridein acarpoweredbygasolineorbyethanol Listening2 ExampleAnswerChinaproduceslargeamountsofethanol butitisusedinvehiclesmainlyintheprovincesthatproducealotofgrain Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning Henan Anhui Guangxi Hubei Hebei ShandongandJiangsu IwouldratherdriveavehiclepoweredbygasolinebecauseIhavehearditisbetterforacar senginethanethanol Iwouldratherdriveavehiclepoweredbyethanolbecauseitburnsmorecleanlythangasoline andIknowthefuelcanbeproducedhereinChina Itdoesn tneedtobeimportedfromaforeigncountry Listening2 AConversationBetweenStudentsA ListeningforMainIdeas Lookatthenotestakenbyastudentduringalecture Thenlistentoaconversationaboutthelectureandcheckthenotesforaccuracy Listening Listening2 Listening2 B CriticalThinking Readthequestions Thenlistenagainandanswerthequestions Listening2 1 Whatpartofthelecturedidthestudentmiss Howwouldyoucompletethenotes 2 Doestheconversationsoundlikeapolitedisagreementorarealargument Why Listening2 1 Whatpartofthelecturedidthestudentmiss Howwouldyoucompletethenotes ExampleAnswersThestudentmissedinformationinpartoneaboutwhysugarcaneisburned Thecompletednotesshouldstate Heatfromburningsugarcanewasteisusedtopowermillandmakeelectricity Listening2 2 Doestheconversationsoundlikeapolitedisagreementorarealargument Why ExampleAnswer1Ithinktheconversationsoundslikearealargumentbecausetheydisagreewitheachotherverydirectly Forexample whenonestudentsays Idon tthinkshesaiditwasburned Theotherstudentjustsays Itisburned That snotverypolite Listening2 2 Doestheconversationsoundlikeapolitedisagreementorarealargument Why ExampleAnswer2Ithinktheconversationsoundslikeapolitedisagreementbecausethestudentsaresimplytryingtogetthefactsfromthelecturestraight Theyprobablyknoweachotherprettywell andtheyaretryingtoanswereachother squestions soit sOKforthemtospeakdirectly C ListeningforDetails Readthestatements Thenlistenagainandcheck TfortrueorFforfalse Listening2 Tobecontinued C ListeningforDetails Listening2 C ListeningforDetails Listening2 ExampleAnswers1 F Thestudentsays Ithoughtthatwasaninterestinglecturetoday 2 T3 F ProfessorAndersondidn tmentionglobalwarming 4 T5 T6 T AfterListening Listening2 Discussion Workwithyourpartner Discusstheconcernsbelow Whichoftheseconcernsaboutethanolasfuelseemsthemostimportanttoyou Why Farmersmayplantcropsforethanolinsteadofforfood Agallonofethanolprovideslesspowerthanagallonofgasoline yetthepriceofethanolisn tmuchlowerthanthepriceofgasoline Sugarcanecanonlybegrowninverywarmclimates Listening2 AmanharvestssugarcaneinthestateofS oPauloinBrazil ExampleAnswers Farmersmayplantcropsforethanolinsteadofforfood Thisfactcouldbeveryimportantinpartsoftheworldwithlimitedlandforgrowingfood Ifacountryisproducingethanolandnotproducingenoughfoodforitspeople itmighthavetodependonimportedfood soitwouldhavelessfoodsecurity Agallonofethanolprovideslesspowerthanagallonofgasoline yetthepriceofethanolisn tmuchlowe