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任务书课题名称10立方米热泵干燥箱设计院 （系）专 业姓 名学 号起讫日期指导教师20XX年 3 月10日一、 毕业设计（论文）的内容和要求本毕业设计课题结合产品开发，要求学生有一定的工程能力，本课题选题合理，工作量饱满，机械制图要求比较高。学生通过本课题的设计可以综合大学4年所学知识的运用能力，特别是工程热力学、传热学、流体力学、制冷、热泵技术及相关专业课程的知识应用，同时有要有一定创新能力。本毕业设计资料比较欠缺，所设计要求学生进行设计计算、总装图和零部件图纸的设计，通过本毕业课题的设计有利于学生工作尽快适应工作岗位的要求设计。 主要设计参数：已知环境条件：干球温度：60 相对湿度：70%干燥箱容积：1立方米制冷剂：R22二、 毕业设计（论文）图纸内容及张数热泵干燥机的设计主要是单级压缩热泵循环中蒸发器和冷凝器的设计：1、查阅资料，要求查阅相关资料，中文文献25篇以上，英文文献5篇以上，了解冷除湿机工作原理，写文献综述，并作开题报告；2、环境工况及需求分析；3、热泵循环热力计算：4、室外换热器的设计计算；5、图纸设计，重点在总图和各换热器的设计图纸上。内容：1、零部件图纸（折1#图纸6张以上） 2、完成干燥机的设计说明书； 3、完成干燥机的设计；三、 实验内容及要求无四、 其他 无五、 参考文献1 制冷技术及其应用；2 制冷原理与设备；3 工程热力学；4 传热学；5. 流体力学六、毕业设计（论文）进程安排起讫日期设计（论文）各阶段工作内容备 注文献综述、英文资料翻译开题报告系统的设计计算图纸设计写论文，准备答辩4Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 4796Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviewsjo ur n al hom ep a ge: /locate/rserReview of heat pump systems for drying applicationLi Jin Goh, Mohd Yusof Othman, Sohif Mat, Hafidz Ruslan, Kamaruzzaman SopianSolar Energy Research Institute, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysiaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 17 February 2011Received in revised form 10 April 2011Accepted 5 July 2011Available online 22 September 2011Keywords:Heat pump systemsQuality of dried productsQuality of airSolar energyCOPa b s t r a c tHeat pump system has been research and developed for different applications and mostly in spaceheating, cooling and dehumidifying (drying). To improve the performance of the heat pump system,research on modifying heat pump system and combining to other mechanism has been done widely.Heat pump dryer is proven as drying system that ensure the products quality especially food and agri-culture products, able to control drying temperature, relative humidity, moisture contain extraction,drying air velocity, drying period and etc. Factor to be concern in improving a heat pump dryer includesthe installation cost, drying performance such as air velocity, drying temperature and relative humidity,performance of the component hybrid to heat pump dryer, power required to run the system and alsopayback period. By improving the development of heat pump dryer will help increase the product qualityand reducing operation cost of drying industry. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Contents1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47882. Heat pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47883. Heat pump dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47893.1. Solar assisted (hybrid) heat pump dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47893.2. Air source heat pump dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47903.3. Ground source heat pump dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47913.4. Heat pump assisted (hybrid) microwave drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47913.5. Chemical heat pump dryer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47923.6. Other hybrid HPD systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47934. Compressor performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47945. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4795References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47951. IntroductionDrying preserves the product by lowering the amount of mois-ture in the material, while freezing preserves the product bylowering its temperature below the freezing point of water 1.The drying technique permits early harvest, planning the harvestseason, lighter weight for transportation and less space for longtime storage without deterioration 2. Drying methods includeconvention, solar, oven, dehydrator and heat pump system. Dry-ing of various products using heat pump system will be discussedin this paper. Heat pump is an efficient heating and cooling gener-ating system. Application of heat pump in residential can be seenas existing refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Peter Rittervon Rittinger develops and builds the first heat pump 3. There arevarious designs of heat pump system for different application butthe main components of heat pump still made up of compressor,condenser, expansion valve, evaporator and refrigerant.2. Heat pumpHeat pump had been researched and developed for a long timeto improve the performance. Heat pump had been modified to gas-engine-driven heat pump 4, ground source heat pump (GSHP) 5,solar heat pump 6, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) heat pump 7,8,chemical eat pump 9,10, and desiccant heat pump 1113. Clas-sification of recent development in heat pump system is elaboratein energy efficiency, hybrid system and applications by Chua et al.27 as shown in Fig. 1. Applications for heat pump systems arewidely used in space heating and cooling, desalination and dry-ing. The main advantages of using HP technology are the energy1364-0321/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.072L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 47964789Fig. 1. Classification of heat pump development 27.saving potential and the ability to control drying temperature andair humidity. This creates the possibility of a wide range of dryingconditions 19. Using a heat pump dryer, which is a combination ofheat pump and drying unit, both the latent heat and sensible heatcan be recovered from the exhaust air, thus improving the overallthermal performance and yielding effective control of air condi-tions at the inlet of the dryer 20. Energy savings of about 40%were reported using heat pump dryers as compared to electricalresistance dryers 21,22. The heat pump drying technology is suit-able for high value products and its ability to produce controlledtransient drying conditions in terms of temperature, humidity, andair velocity has been investigated in order to improve product qual-ity and reduce drying cost 23. A detailed mathematical model toinvestigate the performance of a heat-pump assisted drying systemwas reported by Pendyala et al. 24 and Xiguo Jia et al. 25.The idea of solar assisted heat pump (SAHP) was first intro-duced by Sporn and Ambrose 28. Evaluation of rice drying hadbeen tested with a SAHP dryer with 34.9C of drying temperatureand achieves 34.4% of relative humidity 29. Other researchers hadalso conducted experimental works on SAHP in different climateregion that contributed to the photo thermal utility of solar energyand the thermal performance of heat pump system 30,31. Saitohstudied the performance of a glazed sheet-and-tube PV/T collectorusing brine as the heat removal fluid; this collector was shown tohave higher exergy efficiency than the case with a PV module and asolar thermal collector being placed side by side 32. But anotherresearch suggest that replace refrigerant with brine as cooling tothe photovoltaic (PV) would show higher efficiency on the PV sincethe brine water tank would reach high temperature after collectingthe heat 7.3. Heat pump dryerThe main objective of any drying process is to produce a driedproduct of desired quality at a minimum cost and maximumthroughput by optimizing the design and operating conditions 14.Drying is one of the most energy intensive unit operations that eas-ily account for up to 15% of all industrial energy utilizations 15.In many industrial drying processes, a large fraction of energy iswasted 16. Drying process consumes up to 70% of the total energyin manufacturing wood products, 50% of the total energy consump-tion in the manufacturing of finished textile fabrics and over 60%of the total energy needed for on farm corn production 17. Dry-ing is an energy-intensive operation consuming 925% of nationalenergy in the developed countries 18. Thus, to reduce energy con-sumption per unit of product moisture, it is necessary to scrutinizedifferent methodologies to improve the energy efficiency of thedrying equipment 17. In Japan 26, a simulation study of districtcooling/heating systems using sewage water as an energy sourceshows that, compared with conventional air-source heat pumps,wastewater source heat pumps could help reducing energy con-sumption by 34%, lowering the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) by68% and controlling the generation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 75%26. Many researcher has agreed on using heat pump dryer helpimprove drying quality and produce a range of precise condition82,83.3.1. Solar assisted (hybrid) heat pump dryerHybrid solar technology and heat pump system is to improve PVperformance and collect heat from the PV. A PV/T collector com-bines with heat pumps evaporator had been done by Jie Ji et al.8. Saensabai and Prasertsan compare on 5 different componentarrangements in heat pump dryer configuration 77. COP of heatpump can achieve as high as 45 but to achieve optimum perfor-mance, the system configuration must be changed according to thechanging property of the working fluid 7880. According to Saens-abai and Prasertsan, condenser is a vital component in a heat pumpdrying system 81. They also found that by changing the refriger-ant flow path can improve COP to 27.6% and 12.3% by increasingcoil depth (Fig. 2).A solar heat pump dryer (SHPD) with 1.5 kW capacity of com-pressor that produced hot water and hot air for agriculture productdrying was constructed as shown in Fig. 3. Air flow is dried by solarcollector and condenser. An auxiliary heater is fixed after condenserand will be used if higher drying temperature is required whichwas determined by the magnitude of the desired dryer inlet tem-perature and the meteorological conditions. Agriculture product4790L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 4796Fig. 2. Classification of heat pump dryers 10,76.dried in the research is green bean. Mass flow rate of air is set to0.06 kg/s and the product was dried under drying temperature of45C, 50C and 55C. The corresponding experimental value COPof 6.45 is obtained under this condition. From the research, spe-cific moisture extraction rate (SMER) declined with proportional todrying time. An SMER of 0.97 is observed for 30 kg sample, whereasSMER values of 0.65 and 0.16 are obtained for the weights 20 kg and5 kg, respectively (Table 1).3.2. Air source heat pump dryerAir source heat pump dryer uses normal heat pump system withevaporator as dehumidifier and condenser as heater. Prasertsan andSaensabai experimented on 5 different configurations of air sourceheat pump by simulation 77. Another air source heat pump dryerhad been constructed and study with agriculture product by Pal,Khan and Mohanty 36. A research done on comparing a fluid bedFig. 3. Solar assisted heat pump dryer 74.L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 47964791Table 1Various heat pump dryer research on different products.Application Product Drying system Drying temperature (C)Agriculture Broccoli Floret 33 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 60Chili 34Vacuum heat pump5065Green sweet pepper 36Dual condenser vapor cycle 35Kaffir leaf 37 4060Shitake mushroom 38Vacuum heat pump 5065Olive leaf 39 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 53.43Rice 40 Solar assisted vapor compression cycle 30.834Lemon 41 Vapor compression cycle 60Tomato 22Dual condenser vapor compression cycle4050Macadamia nut 55 Air source heat pump 50Red pepper 57Atmospheric freezer heat pump 3 to 20Grain (cereal) 61 Air source heat pumpVegetables 62 Air source heat pumpSpecialty crops 66 Heat pump with flow bed 3045Mint leave 72Ground source heat pump 40, 45, 50Green bean 74Solar heat pump 40, 45, 50Fruit Grape 42 Vapor compression cycle 5060Apple 43 Vapor compression cycle 40Apple 44Dual condenser vapor compression cycle6080Guava 44 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 6080Guava 45 Two stage heat pump 3035Banana 45 Two stage heat pump 3035Papaya 46 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 55Mango 46Dual condenser vapor compression cycle55Banana 47 50Peas 48 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 2060Sapota 49 Dual condenser vapor compression cycle 4060Nectarine 59 Air source heat pump 25HerbsGinger 35Vapor compression cycle4060Jews mallow 1Heat pump with honeycomb for homogeneousair distribution4555Spearmint 1Parsley 1Laurel (Bay) leaves 75Ground source heat pump 4050Marine Horse Mackerel 50 2030Food Cheese 51 Low temperature heat pump drying 12Instant food (cranberry + potato) 52 CO2heat pump dryer 10 to 30Chicken meat 58 Superheated steam with heat pump 55Wood Wood 53 Air Source heat pump 82.293.3Wood chip 54Single-stage absorption heat pump 4043Wood 56 Air Source heat pump Timber 60 Air source heat pump Paper 65Air source heat pumpOtherFoam rubber 63 Air source heat pump Granular food and biotechnological 64 Freezer with fluidized bed heat pump 20 to 50Ceramic 67 Chemical heat pump 75Protein 68 Atmospheric freezer heat pump 5Sludge 69 Solar heat pump 35Wool 70 Air Source heat pump 60Wool 71 Air Source heat pump 60Clothes 73 Air Source heat pump 80130dryer and an air source heat pump dryer using agriculture productas shown in Fig. 4. The mass flow rate determined in the researchare 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s while the temperature are 45, 50, 55C.The comparison shows that air source heat pump dryer give betterperformance than fluid bed with drying temperature above 50C.Relative humidity of heat pump dryer gives 9.414.6%.3.3. Ground source heat pump dryerThe US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) estimatedthat geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption byup to 44% compared to air-source heat pumps and up to 72%compared to conventional electrical heating and air conditioning84. For most areas of the US, geothermal heat pumps are themost energy-efficient means of heating and cooling buildings 85.Across Europe, hundreds of thousands of domestic heat pump unitsare in use, and the technology is tried, tested and reliable 86. Fig. 5shows a ground-source heat pump dryer 87.3.4. Heat pump assisted (hybrid) microwave dryingHeat pump assisted microwave system is one of the hybridsystems with heat pump in drying technology. The first studieson combining HPs and microwave drying were proposed in theliterature by Lawton 88, and Metaxas and Meredith 89. Jiaet al. 90 had tested on overall performance of heat pump hybridmicrowave drying system. A prototype dryer with 5 kW of heatpump compressor and 10 kW microwave power was constructedin the experiment as shown in Fig. 6. The results of the studyindicated that with careful design heat pump assisted microwave4792L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 4796Fig. 4. Air source heat pump dryer 33.drying is comparable to conventional convective drying in energyconsumption.3.5. Chemical heat pump dryerAlthough heat pump is favored to be research and developedas to provide cooling and heating, chemical heat pump had gainattention in recent years 9193. CHP absorbs energy via endother-mic and release energy via exothermic in the form of chemical.CHP systems utilize the reversible chemical reaction to changethe temperature level of the thermal energy, which stored bychemical substances 94. These chemical substances are impor-tant in absorb and release heat energy 95. Various chemicalsubstance can be use in CHP for chemical reaction, for examples,water system (hydroxide/oxide, salt hydrate/salt or salt hydrate),ammonia system (ammoniate/ammoniate or salt, amine complexwith salt), sulfur dioxide system (sulphite/oxide, phyrosulphate),carbon dioxide system (carbonate/oxide, barium oxide/bariumcarbonate), hydrogen system (hydride or metal, hydrogenation/Fig. 5. Ground source heat pump dryer 87.dehydrogenation), etc. has been proposed as working medium10. Sharonov and Aristov had performed thermodynamic analysisand cycle efficiency on an ideal cycle of chemical and adsorp-tion heat pumps by simulations 96. Categories of CHP systemshad been illustrate in Figs. 1 and 7 shows a simple CHP cycle.A catalyst-assisted CHP was developed by Saito, Kameyama andYoshida for upgrading low-level energy 97. This catalyst-assistedFig. 6. Heat pump assisted microwave dryer 90.Fig. 7. Simple CHP cycle 10.L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 47964793Fig. 8. Catalyst-assisted CHP 97.Fig. 9. CHP dryer 98.CHP produced high temperature of about 200C, rate of reactionof 0.98 and rate of hydrogen to acetone as 5 with the maximumCOP of 0.36. Fig. 8 shows a of continuous type liquidgas CHPwhere high temperature of exothermic reaction is produced andlow temperature of endothermic reaction heat are supplied fordecomposition of metal hydride 97. Fig. 9 shows a CHP dryerusing CAO/H2O/Ca(OH)2reaction in heat enhancement for dryingsystems 98.Fig. 10. Heat pump with PID control.3.6. Other hybrid HPD systemsThere are several of combinations or hybrid system of HP dryerwith other technology such as heat pump hybrid solar, microwave,radio frequency, or infrared that provides different performancesand requirements. By adding some equipment or configuration ofsome parameter will also help improved drying system. Ceylanstudy the performances on kiwi, banana and avocado drying withPID control heat pump 99. The experiment runs with mean airvelocity of 0.37 m/s and air drying temperature of 40C. Fig. 10shows the heat pump dryer wit PID control. Result of the researchshows that SMER improved with the increase of products or mois-ture content in the products.Another heat pump dryer hybrid done by Bi et al. by combiningsolar and ground-source to heat pump system as shown in Fig. 11100.Desiccant heat pump shows better performance compare toconvention heat pump in term of dehumidifier (drying) and spaceFig. 11. Solar-ground source heat pump system 100.4794L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 4796Fig. 12. Desiccant heat pump dehumidifier 102.heating and cooling control 11,101. Fig. 12 shows a desiccant heatpump dryer 102.Solar assisted chemical heat pump dryer has been constructedby Daud in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and tested underFig. 14. Compressor cooling with miniature heat pipe.Malaysia weather condition 103. The total energy requirement tomaintain drying temperature of 55C is 60 kWh. The solar chemicalheat pump system contributes 51 kWh which is 85% of total energyrequired and the rest of 15% energy provided by auxiliary heater.Fig. 13 shows the solar assisted chemical heat pump dryer system.4. Compressor performanceThough improving heat pump system will improve the dryercondition but compressor performance is also innegligible sincecompressor is the main component in any heat pump system.Improving the compressor performance may reduce power inputor required. One of the most efficiency ways to improve compressorperformance is by cooling. Fig. 14 shows the cooling system modi-fied to a hermetic compressor 104. The research use 2 miniatureheat pipes to do the cooling in compressor. Heat pipe (a) does theFig. 13. Solar assisted chemical heat pump dryer.L.J. Goh et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 4788 47964795heat transportation from the compressor cylinder head that is thehottest compressor region to the oil reservoir in the bottom part.The heat pipe (b) transports the heat from the oil to the outside ofthe compressor.Using different refrigerant will also affect the performance of thewhole heat pump system. Several studies on comparing differentrefrigerant had been done 105,106.5. ConclusionsHeat pump is a technology that can produce space heating andcooling efficiently. In this paper, it can be seen that heat pumpdryer starts with air source heat pump than improved by hybridwith solar collector, chemical, ground-source and desiccant. Thesystems developments improve by reducing the depending onelectricity produce by fossil fuel and also reduce power inputrequired for drying application. Improving COP of heat pump sys-tem is important but performance of SMER and drying conditionalso innegligible. In development of an energy saving system, sys-tem cost, economical factor, system efficiency and performance,system demand and system dependency of fossil fuel is important.Hybrid more technology might increase the system performancebut will also increase the cost greatly.References1 Fatouh M, Metwally MN, Helali AB, Shedid MH. Herbs drying using a heatpump dryer. Energy Conversion and Management 2006;47:262943.2 Dandamrongrak R, Young G, Mason R. Evaluation of various pre-treatment forthe dehydration of banana and selection of suitable drying models. 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