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附录FROM: JOURNAL OF COAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,2004.6,10（1）：912附录Study on gob- side entry retaining technique with roadside packing in longwall top-coal caving technologyAbstract This paper Pointed out some technical difficulties of gob-side entry retaining with roadside packing in longwall top-coal caving technology (LTCT)， and analyzed the function mechanism of roadside filling body. Theory analysis shows the mechanical properties of high-water material fit for the feature of deformation of gob-side entry retaining in LTCT,and gob-side entry retaining in LTCT face is one of effective ways to increase the recovery ratio of mining district.Key words : gob-side entry retaining; roadside packing; longwall top-coal cavingIntroductionNow the longwall top-coal caving technology (LTCT) in China has shown its advantages such as advanced technique, small investment, low cost, high efficiency in production and good safety and the like.The LTCT will be adopted widely in view of the abundant reserves of thick seam in China. However， the mining district recovery ratio in LTCT is still very low because of some restricts from LTCT process. The statistics shows that the coal loss caused by coal pillar is about 9.5% of that of the whole district and that a great number of gateroads by LTCT are protected by wide chain pillars, resulting a plenty of coal lost and limiting seriously the further increase of the coal recovery ratio in LTCT. According to the features of the LTCT,lots of insitu tests and theoretical researches have been done，and conclusion is of momentous significance for increasing district recovery ratio,decreasing tunnel drivage rate and releasing excavations replacement to realize non-pillar mining. At the same time，the sustainable development of the LTCT can be promoted further. Gob-side entry retaining with road-side filling is one of the ways to realize non-pillar mining in LTCT.1 Several technical problems(1)With the great height of coal seam mined out once,the scope of ground behaviors increase accordingly. Because of the increase of the mining height and the superposition of the abutment pressure caused by mining from face and neighbor mined areas,the surrounding rock stress of the roadway increases and the maximum value of it is 5 to 6 times of insitu rocks1. In LTCT,the distance influenced by the front abutment pressure of working face gets longer, moreover, the mining roadways are fully extracted in coal seam, so the ground pressure behaviors is sharp. It is well known that the roof-to-floor convergence of the gob-side entry is in direct proportion to the shearing height. When thick seam is extracted out once, the roof-to-floor convergence of the roadway is several times of multi-slicing method, and the reduction of cross section area of roadway ahead of working face in LTCT is very large. If a proper support pattern and an advance trestle timbering arent adopted, the deformation of the gob-side entry will rapidly increase and even be out of control, resulting the roadway not to be used normally in next sector.(2)What is on the top of the gob-side entry is coal seam. Being low strength, the top-coal is crushed easily to fall into goaf, which often leads to an unsupported roof appearing above the roadway,so it is an essential and difficult issue to keep the stability of the top-coal of roadway.(3)Long-term research on the ground pressure behavior rule of gob-side entry in LTCT indicates: top-coal, immediate roof and main roof all present as overhanging beams, the bearing point of which is the coal wall. With approaching working face, the over- hanging beam turns rapidly and its subsidence is in direct proportion to the height mined out at one time. The coal wall in LTCT not only bears high abutment pressure but also as the bearing point of the mined area. Thereby, a great bulging toward the space of roadway will occur in coal wall. Which causes not only a great displacement of the coal wall to take place but also increase of the swing angle of the over-hanging beam, the top-coal of the roadway will subside sharply. To prevent the obvious displacement of the coal wall is the key problem to control effectively the deformation of the gob-side entry. (4)Because of the large strength of mining, the big airflow quantity required and the large room that occupied by the conveyer in working face,the end transloader and the belt conveyer, a large section area of roadway must be required to meet the need for equipment transportation, ventilation and walking, which makes it very difficult to retain and maintain the roadway. (5)Both ends of face in LTCT are supported by end supports. When the working face is pushed and end supports are removed forward, the top-coal will fall immediately after mining because of its low strength, which makes it difficult to retain in advance the space for gob-side supporting zone to some extent. (6)The height of the roof controlling by roadside support is in direct proportion to the thickness of coal mined out. For ensuring to have enough support strength to cut the roof of big height required in LTCT, the roadside supporting zone is required to have larger width. It increases the difficulty to establish the supporting zone beside roadway.(7)Air leakage from gob-side entry along goaf side provides continual oxygen for spontaneous burn of the remaining coal in gob. Therefore, ensuring the quality of roadside filling body is very important. 2 Technical analysis(1)The surrounding rock control of gob-side entry retaining in LTCT mainly is how to control the interior rock of roadway before or after entry retaining and how to fill after entry retaining. The quality of surrounding rock control of roadway before entry retaining is directly related to whether the gob-side entry retaining can obtain success or not. The excessive deformation of roadway before filling should be controlled, which must not only depends on the passive bearing load capacity of the support, but also makes full use of the self-supported capacity of surrounding rock of roadway. The bolt (cable anchor) gauze can change the passive support to the active support and improve the stress state of surrounding rock, exerting the self-supported capacity of surrounding rock. In addition, a large enough lateral force toward surrounding rock can increase the friction force among the fracture coal body, keeping the coal body in a radial continual state and maintaining surrounding rock in a high triaxial state of stress. At the same time, it is beneficial to prevent roof from separating bed early and increase the net section area of roadway. To avoid a large deformation caused by advance and lag abutment pressure of working face before or after roadside supporting, support must be strengthened within a given area close to front or rear of working face.(2)To make the top-coal above the roadway and the supporting zone beside roadway not fall and keep a good integrality, polyurethane should be injected into the coal body of both ends of the face to reinforce the coal body.(3)To keep the integrality of top-coal in the space to be filled and to improve the load distribution of support beside roadway, the following measures can be taken: decreasing a set of support at the end-face along the side of entry retaining, matting the steel gauze in advance during mining, adding a long inclined junction timbering and monomer hydraulic props along the interior side of filling body, keeping three rows monomer hydraulic props at the rear of support till the next filling ending, adopting a long -shaped steel beam to support the end-face and matting diamond-shaped steel gauze above the -shaped steel bar.(4)Because of the high advancing rate in LTCT, a fully mechanized filling system and a good filling material are required in order to establish the supporting zone beside roadway timely following with the working face. Especially, the filling body must have a good capacity of bearing load and deformation. Many mining practices for moderately thick seam show that high-water material and its filling system is able to meet the need above mentioned.3 Function mechanism of high-water fast hardening material as roadside filling bodyAs a kind of roadside filling body, the function mechanism of high-water fast hardening material is stated as follows:(1)Roadside filling body is required to have a certain support resistance to support the unload top-coal and immediate roof within a given range at the rear of working face.If the support resistance is very low or the supporting is not in time, the top-coal and immediate roof will crack along the footwall of roadway, resulting a badly damage and a large prophase deformation in roadway. So the roadside filling body should be characterized by a high solidification rate and a high early strength. In addition, the roadside filling body must be established following with working face closely to support the top-coal and immediate roof timely. At the same time, it can ensure the top-coal and immediate roof to be not crushed, avoid separation occurring between immediate roof and main roof, cut off the top-coal and immediate roof of roadway along the side of goaf and reduce the load of the filling body. Due to the high-water roadside filling materials feature of high early-strength, the breaking position of the top coal-rock can be controlled effectively, and the roof can be cut off as it is expected. Accordingly, the integrality and self-supported capacity of top-coal (roof) of roadway are protected effectively and the early subsidence and percentage reduction in the area of the roadway decrease.(2)With the working face is pushed forward, the main roof will break and destabilize in sequence, at this time, the filling bodys resistance should reach the resistance of roof cutting-off. When the bending moment in main roof strata reaches to the limited value at the edge of roadside filling body, the main roof will be cut off orderly. In LTCT, the height of roof cutting is large, so the filling body should have a large resistance of roof cutting.(3)When the rock falls into goaf, its volume increases. When the goaf is full of broken rock, the upper strata is bolstered by coal body, support of roadway and roadside filling body together, till reach to balance. Under this condition, the deformation of roadway will tend to moderation and get a balance gradually, the roadside filling body should be able to keep the balance of broken strata above roadway at this time, and thus, the roof subsidence of roadway can be controlled within the range of design requirement.(4)Considering mediums stiffness matching, one side of roadway is the elastic-plastic coal body, and the other is filling body. The coal body can provide with certain yieldable capacity, but the filling body has a little yieldable capacity or is a rigid, it will cause the roof to subside unevenly. Lab research and production practice show that high-water material has a good yieldable property2.4 Conclusions (1)It is fully feasible to realize a gob-side entry retaining for next sector in LTCT face by reforming the traditional support pattern such as bolting(cable anchor),reinforcing the coal body at both ends of face, adopting fully mechanized filling system and good filling material, and so on. (2)Theory analysis shows the mechanical properties of high-water material is fit for the feature of deformation of gob-side entry retaining in LTCT. Its an ideal material for roadside filling. (3)For providing high initial resistance for gob-side entry retaining in LTCT, a high-strength filling body is required. Generally, the width of filling body in LTCT face for thinner and moderately thick seam is required to be greater. (4)Gob-side entry retaining in LTCT face is one of effective ways to increase the recovery ratio of mining district, but a lot of problems urgently required further study and solution. It is suggested that industrial test should be conducted to obtain more experience for its application under proper condition about this technology.References1 陆士良，汤 雷，杨新安锚杆锚固力与锚固技术北京：煤炭工业出版社，1998Lu Shiliang, Tang Lei, Yang Xinan. Rock bolt resistance and anchoring technology. Beijing: Coal Industry Publishing House, 1998.2 华心祝高水速凝材料力学特性与沿空留巷矿山压力与顶板管理，1996（1）：4341Hua Xinzhu. mechanical properties of high water quick-setting material and gob-side entry retaining J. Ground Pressure and Strata Control, 1996 (1): 43 41. 译文：综放开采巷旁充填沿空留巷技术研究摘要本文指出了在综放开采中应用巷旁充填沿空留巷技术的几个技术难题，分析了巷旁充填体的作用机理。理论分析表明高水材料的力学性能适应于综放开采沿空留巷的变形特征，在综放面实行沿空留巷也是提高采区回采率的有效途径之一。关键词：沿空留巷、巷旁充填、综放开采前言目前我国综放开采技术已经显示了它的优越性，如技术先进、投资少、成本低、效率高、安全性好等。考虑到我国厚煤层储量丰富，综放开采技术将得到广泛应用。但是由于综放工艺的一些限制因素，综放开采的工作面采出率仍然很低。据统计，在综放采区的煤炭损失中，工作面区段煤柱损失约占9.5%，许多综放面顺槽巷道使用宽煤柱护巷，导致了煤炭的大量损失，严重制约了综放面煤炭回采率的进一步提高。结合综放面的特点，进行了大量的现场试验和理论研究，对于提高采区采出率、减少巷道掘进率和缓解采掘接替矛盾具有重要意义，同时可进一步推动综放开采的可持续发展。巷旁充填沿空留巷是实现综放面无煤柱开采的途径之一。1 几个技术问题（1）综放开采一次采出煤层厚度大，上覆岩层的活动范围相应增加。由于采高的增加和综放面及已采面采动所引起的支承压力的叠加作用，巷道围岩压力增大，最大可达原岩应力的56倍1。综放开采时，工作面超前支承压力影响距离增大，且回采巷道完全沿煤层掘进，所以矿压显现剧烈，而沿空巷道的顶底板移近量与开采高度成正比。当厚煤层一次采出时，巷道的顶底板移近量是分层开采的数倍，而且在综放工作面的前方，巷道断面的收缩率很大。若不采取合理的支护方式和超前加强支护，沿空巷道的变形将会快速增加甚至超出控制，使所留巷道在下区段不能正常使用。（2）沿空巷道的上部为煤层。顶煤强度低，易被压碎落入采空区，造成巷道上方空顶，所以保证巷道顶煤的稳定性是十分重要而又困难的。（3）对综放面沿空巷道矿压显现规律的长期研究表明：顶煤、直接顶和老顶都以煤壁为支承点呈悬臂梁状态。随着临近工作面，悬臂梁急剧转动，它的沉降量与一次开采厚度成正比。煤壁不仅承受高的支承压力，而且作为已采区的支承点，因此煤壁会向巷道空间挤出，产生严重胀形。这不仅导致煤壁的位移，而且会增加悬臂梁的回转角，引起巷道顶煤的急剧沉降。因此，控制煤壁的强烈位移是有效控制沿空巷道变形的关键。（4）由于回采强度大，所需风量大，工作面运输机、端头转载机和皮带输送机空间体积大，因此需要增大顺槽断面以满足设备运输、通风和行人的需要，使得巷道难以保留和维护。（5）综放工作面端头由端头支架支护。随工作面推进和端头支架的前移，顶煤由于强度低采后随之冒落，给巷旁支护带空间带来一定困难。（6）巷旁支护控顶高度与采出煤层的厚度成正比。由于综放面需切落顶板高度较大，为保证巷旁支护带有足够的支护强度切落顶板，巷旁支护带需要有较大宽度，增加了构筑巷旁支护带的难度。（7）沿空巷道采空侧的漏风为采空区遗煤的自燃提供了持续的供氧条件。因此，保证巷旁充填体的质量是很重要的。2 技术分析（1）巷旁充填前要控制巷道的过度变形，而控制其过度变形不仅要依靠支架的被动承载能力，而且应充分利用巷道围岩的自承能力。锚杆（索）网支护可把被动支护变为主动支护，改善围岩应力状态。综放面沿空留巷的围岩控制主要是留巷前后如
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