关 键 词：

含CAD图纸+文档 基于 统一 建模 语言 异步电机 仿真 CAD 图纸 文档

资源描述：

压缩包内含有CAD图纸和说明书,均可直接下载获得文件，所见所得，电脑查看更方便。Q 197216396 或 11970985

内容简介：

SET WINDOW -150,500,-1000,3000OPTION NOLETXA=0YA=0WAB=2*PI/0.65LAB=400QDAB=550LAD=150LBC=1350LFM=900LFE=480LDE=480XF=4342YF=300YC=-500L1=325L2=392QEFM=178R=10E=50!DRAW CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMPLOT 0,0;360,OPLOT 0,2000;0,-500!DRAW Q1-XN-XC CURVEFOR Q1=0 TO 360 STEP 0.5 let QAB=Q1*PI/180 CALL LINK (XA,YA,0,0,0,0,QAB,WAB,0,LAB,XB,YB,VBX,VBY,ABX,ABY)let QAD=QAB-QDAB*PI/180 CALL LINK (XA,YA,0,0,0,0,QAD,WAB,0,LAD,XD,YD,VDX,VDY,ADX,ADY) CALL RRP (+1,YC,LBC,YB,VBY,ABY,QBC,WBC,EBC) CALL LINK (XB,YB,VBX,VBY,ABX,ABY,QBC,WBD,EBC,LBC ,XC,YC,VCX,VCY,ACX,ACY) CALL RRR (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,XD,YD,VDX,VDY,ADX,ADY,LFE,LDE,QFE,WFE,EFE,QDE,WDE,EDE) CALL LINK (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,QFE,WFE,EFE,LFE,XE,YE,VEX,VEY,AEX,AEY) YG=YF+L1 QFM=QFE-QEFM*PI/180 CALL LINK (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,QFM,WFE,EFE,LFM,XM,YM,VMX,VMY,AMX,AMY) YH=YM+L1 YN=YM-L2 XN=XM YT=YC+160PLOT Q1,XNPLOT Q1,XCNEXT Q1PLOT!DRAW Q1-YT-YC-YN CURVEFOR Q1=0 TO 360 STEP 0.5 let QAB=Q1*PI/180 CALL LINK (XA,YA,0,0,0,0,QAB,WAB,0,LAB,XB,YB,VBX,VBY,ABX,ABY)let QAD=QAB-QDAB*PI/180 CALL LINK (XA,YA,0,0,0,0,QAD,WAB,0,LAD,XD,YD,VDX,VDY,ADX,ADY) CALL RRP (+1,YC,LBC,YB,VBY,ABY,QBC,WBC,EBC) CALL LINK (XB,YB,VBX,VBY,ABX,ABY,QBC,WBD,EBC,LBC ,XC,YC,VCX,VCY,ACX,ACY) CALL RRR (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,XD,YD,VDX,VDY,ADX,ADY,LFE,LDE,QFE,WFE,EFE,QDE,WDE,EDE) CALL LINK (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,QFE,WFE,EFE,LFE,XE,YE,VEX,VEY,AEX,AEY) YG=YF+L1 QFM=QFE-QEFM*PI/180 CALL LINK (XF,YF,0,0,0,0,QFM,WFE,EFE,LFM,XM,YM,VMX,VMY,AMX,AMY) YH=YM+L1 YN=YM-L2 XN=XM YT=YC+160PLOT Q1,YTPLOT Q1,YCPLOT Q1,YNNEXT Q1PLOTEND! 6 SUBS: LINK, RRR, RPR, RRP, RRP1, INTERSECTSUB LINK(XA,YA,VAX,VAY,AAX,AAY,QAB,W,E,L,XB,YB,VBX,VBY,ABX,ABY) XB=XA+L*COS(QAB) YB=YA+L*SIN(QAB) VBX=VAX-L*SIN(QAB)*W VBY=VAY+L*COS(QAB)*W ABX=AAX-L*COS(QAB)*W2-L*SIN(QAB)*E ABY=AAY-L*SIN(QAB)*W2+L*COS(QAB)*EEND SUBSUB RRR(XA,YA,VAX,VAY,AAX,AAY,XC,YC,VCX,VCY,ACX,ACY,LAB,LCB,QAB,WAB,EAB,QCB,WCB,ECB) LAC=SQR(XC-XA)2+(YC-YA)2) COSQAC=(XC-XA)/LAC SINQAC=(YC-YA)/LAC QAC=ANGLE(COSQAC,SINQAC) COSQCBA=(LAB2+LAC2-LCB2)/(2*LAB*LAC) SINQCBA=SQR(1-COSQCBA2) QCBA=ANGLE(COSQCBA,SINQCBA) QAB=QAC-QCBA XB=XA+LAB*COS(QAB) YB=YA+LAB*SIN(QAB) COSQCB=(XB-XC)/LCB SINQCB=(YB-YC)/LCB QCB=ANGLE(COSQCB,SINQCB) WAB=(VAX-VCX)*COSQCB+(VAY-VCY)*SINQCB)/LAB/SIN(QAB-QCB) WCB=(VAX-VCX)*COS(QAB)+(VAY-VCY)*SIN(QAB)/LCB/SIN(QAB-QCB) G=AAX-ACX-LAB*COS(QAB)*WAB2+LCB*COSQCB*WCB2 F=AAY-ACY-LAB*SIN(QAB)*WAB2+LCB*SINQCB*WCB2 EAB=(G*COSQCB+F*SINQCB)/LAB/SIN(QAB-QCB) ECB=(G*COS(QAB)+F*SIN(QAB)/LCB/SIN(QAB-QCB)END SUBSUB RPR(M,XA,YA,VAX,VAY,AAX,AAY,XC,YC,VCX,VCY,ACX,ACY,LAB,QBD,W,E) LAC=SQR(XC-XA)2+(YC-YA)2) COSQAC=(XC-XA)/LAC SINQAC=(YC-YA)/LAC QAC=ANGLE(COSQAC,SINQAC) LBC=SQR(LAC2-LAB2) QACB=ATN(LAB/LBC) QBD=QAC+M*QACB DELTA=-(YC-YA)*SIN(QBD)-(XC-XA)*COS(QBD) DELTAW=(VCX-VAX)*SIN(QBD)-(VCY-VAY)*COS(QBD) DELTAV=-(YC-YA)*(VCY-VAY)-(XC-XA)*(VCX-VAX) W=DELTAW/DELTA VLBC=DELTAV/DELTA T1=(ACX-AAX)+(VCY-VAY)*W+SIN(QBD)*W*VLBC T2=(ACY-AAY)-(VCX-VAX)*W-COS(QBD)*W*VLBC DELTAE=T1*SIN(QBD)-T2*COS(QBD) E=DELTAE/DELTAEND SUBSUB RRP(M,YB,LAB,YA,VAY,AAY,QAB,W,E) ! THE GUIDEWAY IS HORIZONTAL ! B IS THE REVOLUTE BETWEEN COUPLER AND SLIDING BLOCK ! IF XBXA THEN M=+1,OTHERWISE, M=-1 SINQAB=(YB-YA)/LAB COSQAB=M*SQR(1-SINQAB2) QAB=ANGLE(COSQAB,SINQAB) W=-VAY/(LAB*COSQAB) E=(-AAY*COSQAB-VAY*SINQAB*W)/(LAB*COSQAB2)END SUBSUB RRP1(M,XB,LAB,XA,VAX,AAX,QAB,W,E) ! THE GUIDEWAY IS VERTICAL ! B IS THE REVOLUTE BETWEEN COUPLER AND SLIDING BLOCK ! IF YBYA THEN M=+1,OTHERWISE, M=-1 COSQAB=(XB-XA)/LAB SINQAB=M*SQR(1-COSQAB2) QAB=ANGLE(COSQAB,SINQAB) W=VAX/(LAB*SINQAB) E=(AAX*SINQAB-VAX*COSQAB*W)/(LAB*SINQAB2)END SUBSUB INTERSECT(X1, Y1, Q1, X2, Y2, Q2, X, Y) X=(X1*TAN(Q1)-X2*TAN(Q2)-Y1+Y2)/(TAN(Q1)-TAN(Q2) Y=(X-X1)*TAN(Q1)+Y1END SUB任务书一、毕业设计（论文）的内容、要求现代产品多由机电液控多领域组件混合而成，因此多领域、多学科的交叉融合已成为现代数字化设计与制造技术的发展趋势。Modelica模型是面向对象的数学模型，基于物理系统数学表示的内在一致性，它支持在一个模型中包含来自多个领域的模型组件，实现多领域建模和仿真。异步电机建模与仿真对其设计优化起着至关重要的作用。基于仿真对异步电机性能进行综合分析可很大程度上提高电机的设计效率和可靠性,从而获得最佳性能参数。该课题基于统一建模语言在Dymola软件环境下构建异步电机模型，在对模型进行仿真分析的基础上调节电机参数获取较优的动态响应。具体要求如下：1、 调研和查阅相关文献，对现有仿真建模语言进行比较研究；2、 熟悉Modelica语言以及Dymola仿真平台；3、 基于统一建模语言Modelica构建异步电机模型；4、 对异步电机模型进行仿真分析的基础上调节电机参数获取较优的动态响应。二、毕业设计（论文）应完成的工作毕业设计应完成的工作包括：1、完成二万字左右的毕业设计说明书（论文）；在毕业设计说明书（论文）中必须包括详细的300-500个单词的英文摘要； 2、独立完成与课题相关，不少于四万字符的指定英文资料翻译（附英文原文）；3、在熟悉Modelica语言以及Dymola仿真平台的基础上，构建异步电机模型，对异步电机模型进行仿真分析的基础上调节电机参数获取较优的动态响应。4、完成绘图工作量折合A0图纸1张以上，其中必须包含两张A3以上的计算机绘图图纸。三、应收集的资料及主要参考文献1 Fritzson P. Principles of object-oriented modeling and simulation with Modelica 2.1M. New York: IEEE Press, 20032 Modelica Group .Modelica Language SpecificationZ, version 2.2.3 Modelica WWW Site EB/OL. 4 陈晓波, 熊光楞, 郭斌, 等. 基于HLA 的多领域建模研究J. 系统仿真学报, 2003, 15(11): 153715425 熊光楞. 协同仿真与虚拟样机技术M. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 20046 赵建军,丁建完, 周凡利, 陈立平. Modelica语言及其多领域统一建模与仿真机理J.系统仿真学报, 2006,18(2): 570-573.7 Dynasim AB. Users Manual Dymola 6 Additions, 20068 杨世文, 苏铁熊, 李炯. 基于Modelica 语言的面向对象的发动机建模与仿真J. 车用发动机, 2004, (2): 39429 吴民峰. 多领域建模仿真平台中语义分析关键机制研究与实现D.华中科技大学硕士学位论文. 200610 刘敏. 基于Modelica的多领域物理系统建模平台的研究与开发D. 华中科技大学硕士学位论文. 2005四、试验、测试、试制加工所需主要仪器设备及条件计算机一台多领域建模仿真求解软件（Dymola）任务下达时间：20xx年 11 月 21 日毕业设计开始与完成时间：2009年3月9日至 2009年 6 月 29 日组织实施单位：教研室主任意见：签字 20xx 年 11 月 19 日院领导小组意见：签字 20xx 年 11 月 20 日Field Weakening of Permanent Magnet Machines Design ApproachesT. A. Lipo and M. AydinElectrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive Madison, WI 53706-1691, U.S.A Email: lipoCaterpillar Inc. Technical Center TC-G 855 P.O. Box 1875 Peoria, IL, 61656-1875, USA Email: aydin_metinAbstract - Permanent Magnet (PM) machines have been developed for numerous applications due to their attractive features especially after the development of NdFeB magnets. However, their complicated control lets the researchers develop new machine structures with easy field control. New alternative PM machine topologies with field weakening or hybrid excitation have been introduced in the literature for years to eliminate the effects of problems associated with the cumbersome field weakening techniques used in conventional PM machines. This paper reviews the field weakening of PM machines covered from machines perspective. Machine structures and features of each structure are clarified for both radial and axial airgap PM machines studied thus far. I. INTRODUCTION Demand for more compact, efficient and cheaper electric machines has grown tremendously during the last decade. Meanwhile, a great progress has been achieved not only in the development of permanent magnets but in the area of electric machine design and power electronics as well. Therefore, PM machines have been drawing more and more attention. Development of magnet technology has allowed increased power/torque density and efficiency of the PM machines. Especially with the use of NdFeB magnets, the PM machines have reached the highest efficiency and power density levels in the 90s. They areusually more efficient because of the fact that field excitation losses are eliminated. In addition, copper losses in general are reduced in PM machines compared to conventional machines. In other words, due to lower losses, heating of the PM machines will be less, which can result either run the machine at low temperatures or to increase the shaft power so that the maximum allowable temperature has been reached. As far as the power electronics is concerned, less power from the converter is required to deliver the same power to the machine because of the high efficiency of the PM machines. Air gap flux control of PM machines can generally be accomplished by two means: control techniques and suitable modification of the machine topology. Conventional PM machines have a fixed magnet excitation which limits the drives capability and becomes a significant limitation. The machines are operated at constant volt/hertz operation up to base speed and constant voltage operation which requires weakening of the field at higher speeds to extend the speed range. Above base speed, vector control techniques are typically used to weaken the air gap flux. However, these techniques cause large demagnetization current to flow in the machine d-axis and results in high losses and demagnetization risk of the magnets. Furthermore, the magnets may be forced to operate in the irreversible demagnetization region which could permanently demagnetize the magnets by not allowing themagnet to return to its original operating point even after the current is removed 1-2. Thus, the torque capacity of the machine is permanently diminished 3-4. It is obvious that the attainable speed range is limited by the largest tolerable demagnetization current specified by the demagnetization characteristics of the magnets. In addition, the capability of the converter sets an additional limit to the flux weakening range of the PM machine. The search for a means to realize field weakening in PM machines by eliminating the detrimental effects of d-axis current injection has been of great interest to machine designers and new machine structures are currently of great interest. Therepresently exist a number of alternative solutions in order to eliminate this problem in PM machines and the majority of these solutions have been proposed in the 1990s. Advances in material technology such as PMs, magnetic steel and powdered iron composites have allowed researchers to arrive at new machine configurations. A survey of these flux control capable PM machine topologies is the subject of this paper. II. FLUX WEAKENING OF PM MACHINES The phasor diagram of a typical PM machine drive is shown in Fig. 1 at base and high speeds. The equivalent circuit of this kind of machine comprises the inductance and the back-EMF voltage which is the product of magnet flux linkage ( ) and the mmachine electrical speed (). The magnet flux lies along the d-axis and the back-EMF phasor which is 90 degree phase advanced lies along the positive q-axis. The machine torque is generated both by the magnets and by the saliency and depends on the angle between the current phasor and the q-axis. Thecurrent phasor must be aligned with the q-axis in order to obtainmaximum output torque for non-salient machines. As for thesalient pole machines, the current phasor is slightly shiftedtowards the d-axis to achieve maximum torque for a given valueof current. At high speeds, flux weakening becomes necessarysince the machine back EMF can cause the stator voltage toexceed the maximum inverter output voltage. Therefore, thevoltage drop jL I becomes negative by adding a negative d-d daxis current, which results in reduced total airgap flux and theexcess back-EMF compensation reducing the machine terminalvoltage. III. REVIEW OF RADIAL AIRGAP PM MACHINES CAPABLE OF FIELD WEAKENING The development of relatively low cost rare earth magnetsopened a new era in PM machine design. One relatively earlydevelopment thrust was a novel Double Salient PermanentMagnet (DSPM) machine seen in Fig. 2. DSPM machinetopologies can be realized by introducing high energy magnetsinto doubly salient structure of a synchronous reluctancemachine. They are also good examples of flux control in PMmachines. The permanent magnets can be placed either in thestator or in the rotor. The stator version is illustrated in Fig. 2.In this case there exist both magnets and field winding in thestator structure. Such DSPM machines can be used foradjustable speed drive applications with improved efficiencyand power/torque density. It is one of the true field weakeningPM machine topologies which was developed at the Universityof Wisconsin-Madison 5-7. The stator is formed by laminatedsteel, stator windings and high energy NdFeB magnets. Rotorhas a simple laminated structure. The machine flux can becontrolled by adjusting the reluctance path of the PM flux. Oneimportant advantage of the DSPM machine is to utilize the highenergy NdFeB magnets. Required airgap flux can be provided through this small size and small magnet thickness. In addition,this structure introduces flux concentration principle. In other words, airgap flux can be higher than magnet residual flux density by introducing an increased magnet surface area. Another type of DSPM machine is illustrated in Fig. 3. In this case, PMs are introduced by using ferrite magnets on the inner surface area of the stator and a circumferential DC field winding is placed in the stator core 8. Stator and rotor structures are composed of laminated steel. The DC field winding produces magnetic flux which is in the same trajectory of the magnet flux. Flux boosting or weakening can be achieved simply changing the direction of the current. One important advantage is that the magnet cost is reduced dramatically in this structure. Also high airgap flux density can still be obtained through the large magnet surface area. A different DSPM machine configuration suitable for traction application is given in Fig. 4. This machine is the inside-out version of the previous DSPM machine 9. By reversing the location of rotor and stator, airgap diameter is increased resulting in increased torque capability. This type of PM machines is already in use in the automotive industry. Another PM machine topology with flux weakening capability developed at UMIST in the UK is shown in Fig. 5 10. In this machine, the rotor structure is composed of two sections, one of which is surface mounted part and the other is axially laminated reluctance section, and they are both connected to the same shaft. The main objective of such a design is that the two rotor sections can be design independently so as to acquire a desired ratio of L /L . d q A new radial flux PM machine with airgap flux weakening is shown in Fig. 6 11. This machine has an annular iron mounted on the surface of the magnets. There exist four iron sections and eight flux barriers as seen in the figure. The stator structure is the same as conventional radial flux PM machine. In this structure, the control of airgap flux is achieved by applying I dcurrent, which is not used to lessen the magnet flux but to modify the flux path. The magnet flux linked by the armature winding is decreased with this approach while the flux from the magnets is preserved. One of the attractive radial flux PM machine structures witheasy flux weakening feature is theConsequent Pole Permanent Magnet (CPPM) machine developed at the University ofWisconsin-Madison 12-13. The actualmachine pictureincluding a zoomed stator view and the machine view is given in Fig. 7. The machine stator and rotor have two sections. The stator is composed of a laminated core, iron yoke and 3 phase conventional winding. A circumferential DC winding is placed in the middle of the stator core. The rotor pole is divided into two sections, one of which has radially magnetized magnet and the other has laminated iron pole. This machine structure has several advantages in comparison with conventional PM machines. Firstly, an easy and a wide range of flux control can be achieved with this machine using airgap flux control technique. The ampere-turn requirement of the field winding is claimed to be low. Secondly, the magnetic configuration of the machine permits airgap flux control with no demagnetization risk of the rotor magnets because the control is realized by the iron pole pieces. Moreover, a simple DC field current control is used in this machine and there is no need for brushes or slip rings. However, the extra DC winding reduces the power density of the machine. The space required for the field winding increases the machine volume. Additionally, airgap surface associated with the field winding does not contribute the energy conversion. Also, 3D flux distribution introduces extra losses. A new hybrid electric machine proposed is illustrated in Fig. 8 14-16. The PM machine is formed with a stator and rotor which is composed of two sections called first and second field magnets. Both field magnets are opposing with the magnet stator pole with a mechanism for varying a phase of magnetic pole. The two rotor concept could be applied to any surface magnet or interior magnet structures. The first field magnets of the rotor is alternately arranged with opposite magnetic poles and the second one has the same structure and is capable of causing relative angular displacement relative to the first one in order to achieve field weakening. It should be mentioned that the same concept was proposed in 17 for surface magnet machine in 1998. In addition to the techniques mentioned above there exists some mechanical methods to accomplish field control in radial flux machines. A mechanical technique was introduced in 18. A brushless PM machine with a fixed radial airgap is operated to a higher speed than the normal speed by reducing the magnet strength or average flux per pole. This is achieved by increasing the amount of axial misalignment of the PM rotor resulting in providing axial misalignment between the rotor poles and stator reducing the effective flux over a rotor pole or flux entering the stator as seen in Fig. 9. An integral constant velocity linear bearing is used to couple the moveable rotor and fixed position machine shaft. The constant velocity linear bearing lets the machine shaft, radial bearing, cooling fan, position encoder and output coupling remain in a constant position. IV. REVIEW OF AXIAL AIRGAP PM MACHINES CAPABLE OF FIELD WEAKENING Axial flux PM machines have drawn a lot of attention for more than a decade. They provide certain advantages over conventional PM machines such as higher power/torque density and efficiency, easily adjustable airgaps, low noise and vibration levels etc. By the virtue of its structure axial flux machines can have a variable airgap which may be suitable for some flux weakening applications such as electric traction. Axial flux design and rotor-stator arrangement allow the varying airgap to optimize the machine performance as shown in Fig. 10. This feature affects the machine torque and speed range and makes this technology promising for many applications requiring flux weakening. The other important advantage of this technique is to be able to change the torque constant of the machine which results in variable rotorand stator losses.This technique can be applied to double-rotor-single-stator machines too. One of the axial flux machines for flux weakening operation is developed at the University of Torino in Italy 19. The machine structure over two poles is displayed in Fig. 11. This work deals with the design of a new Axial Flux Interior PM (AFIPM) machine with flux weakening capability by the use of soft magnetic materials. The machine is composed of two slotted stators and a single rotor. The slotted side of the stator has tape wound core with series connected stator windings. The rotor structure has axially magnetized magnets, rotor disc and main and leakage poles. There exist two flux barriers in between the leakage and main poles. The position and size of the flux barriers can be designed in such a manner that d-axis and q-axis stator inductances can satisfy the required torque in the flux weakening region. Another interesting axial flux machine with flux control feature is proposed in 20-21. This machine uses a field weakening coil to achieve field weakening by directly controlling the magnitude and polarity of a DC current of the field weakening coil. The machine structure and the rotor are displayed in Fig. 12. The rotor is formed by magnet and iron pole pieces which are mounted in holes in a non-magnetic rotor body. The machine has two slotted stators and AC windings, and each stator has a yoke providing a flux return path. Two field weakening coils in toroidal form are mounted on a machine frame as seen in the figure. The coils encircle the shafand the frame is made of mild steel in order to provide a fluxpath for the DC coils. It should be mentioned that it is nonecessary to control the d-axis or q-axis current components othe PM machine. In addition, under normal control rangedemagnetization of the magnets is not an issue by any means. Same principle of DC field coil is applied to another axialflux PM machine as seen in Fig. 13 22. This axial fluxmachine comprises two stators and one rotor which haspermanent magnets and pole portions. The magnets in the rotorgenerate a first magnetic flux and the consequent rotor poles generate a second magnetic flux. A field coil, which is mounted to the housing and located very close to the rotor, is very effective to vary the second magnetic flux mentioned and therefore the machine provides a controllable output voltage. Fig. 14 shows an axial flux PM brushless synchronous alternator 23. This machine combines a variable DC coil excitation in addition to PM excitation. The rotor has two discs mounted on a common shaft. Each disc carries magnets and alternate north and south iron poles which are made of steel. The north poles of the disc-1 are located opposite of the north poles of the second rotor disc which are steel poles. The excitation of the steel poles is provided by the DC excitation coil which surrounds the shaft as seen in the figure and is fixed to the inner side of the stator. NdFeB magnets provide high magnetic loading and creates a compact design. There exists ferrous shim under each magnet in order to reduce the interpolar leakage. The stator is formed by a strip of magnetic steel sheet and slots are punched by index punching machine. Toroidal windings are used in the stator slots. The main advantage of this machine is the capability of the field control via DC field excitation which is achieved with a low reluctance path through the rotor discs, the pole pieces and the shaft. It should be mentioned that the axial length of both stator and rotor is bigger because of the shim under the magnets and the stator yoke to let the flux travel in the stator. Also, the loss mechanisms are more complicated than the conventional and other axial flux PM machines. Recently, a new axial flux PM machine topology with a DC field winding has been introduced in order to accomplish easy and inexpensive control at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 24-26. This new Field Controlled Axial Flux surface mounted PM (FCAFPM) machine concept has been proposed not only to offer a solution to field weakening operation but also to improve the features of the conventional PM machines by introducing a new axial flux machine concept with flux weakening capability. Modifying the multiple-rotor-multiple-stator conventional axial flux PM structures by adding one or two DC field windings depending on the machine type to control the airgap flux and providing a path for the DC flux results in different new axial flux machines with field control capability. Some of these new structures are illustrated in Fig. 15. Both NN and NS type double-rotor-double-stator FCAFPM machine concept are shown Fig. 15 (b) and (s) while the double-stator-single-rotor and MULTI stage concepts are displayed in Fig. 15 (d) and (e). One derivation of the new concept which is called double-rotor-single-stator NS type FCAFPM machine is used as an example to describe the structure and an actual prototype machine built and tested is illustrated in Fig. 16. The new NS type FCAFPM structure is composed of a twopart tape wound disc type slotted stator structure oneincorporated into another, two rotor discs with axially magnetized surface mounted magnets and iron pieces mounted on the rotor surface, two sets of 3 phase AC stator windings and a DC field winding which is the main difference between the axial flux PM machine and the new concept FCAFPM machine.In other words, there exist two sources in the machine: constant magnet excitation and variable DC field excitation. Excitation of the DC coil of one polarity tends to increase the consequent poles on both inner and outer portions of the rotor thus strengthening the field. Excitation of the DC coil with opposite polarity decreases the field in the consequent poles in both inner and outer portions of the rotor disc thereby weakening the airgap flux. This topology eliminates the demagnetization risk of the magnets since the DC field Aturns do not directly oppose the magnet Aturns and airgap flux can be controlled in a wide range with the FCAFPM machine. More detailed information about the FCAFPM concepts are provided in 26. The same flux weakening principle can be applied to single-stator-single-rotor structures seen in and double-stator-single-rotor machines seen in Fig. 17. The new Field Controlled double-stator-single-rotor Axial Flux Internal Rotor (FC-AFIR) PM machine has two stators with two sets of 3 phase stator winding and 2 sets of DC field winding. The basic principle of the FC-AFIR machine is the same as FCAFPM machine. The FC-AFIR machine has the same advantages as its two-rotor counterpart. Moreover, it offers higher torque per inertia ratio than two-rotor FCAFPM machine, which makes this topology attractive for certain applications in addition to its easy and cheap field control feature. Furthermore, cooling of this machine is easier due to the more stator surface area. However,it is expected that the efficiency will be lower because of the iron losses of the two stators. Gramme type windings are not suitable for this structure. Therefore, some kind of a lap winding should be used which results in longer end windings. V. CONCLUSIONS Both radial and axial flux novel PM machines with flux weakening features reported in the literature have been reviewed in this paper. Machine structures, features and advantages ar discussed. Finally, a detailed and complete reference section about the flux weakening PM machines has been provided. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Wisconsin Electrica Machines and Power Electronics Consortium (WEMPEC) fo the financial support of this research. REFERENCES 1 T. M. Jahns, Flux-weakening regime operation of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.23, No.4, July/August 1987, pp.681-689. 2 T. Sebastain and G. R. Slemon, Operation limits of an inverter-driven permanent magnet motor drives, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.23, No.2, March/April 1987, pp.327-333. 3 N. Boules, Prediction of no-load flux density distribution of permanent magnet machines, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.21, No.4, March/April 1987, pp.327-333. 4 S. Morimoto, Expansion of operating limits for permanent magnet motor by current vector control considering inverter capacity, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.26, No.5, Sept/Oct 1990, pp.866-871. 5 T. A. Lipo et al. Field weakening for a doubly salient motor with stator permanent magnets, United States Patent, Patent Number: 5,455,473, 1995. 6 T. A. Lipo and Y. Li, The CFM-A New family of electric machines, IPEC95, Yokohama, Japan, 1995, pp.1-7. 7 Y. Li and T. A. Lipo, A doubly salient permanent magnet motor capable of field weakening, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1995, pp.565-571. 8 A. Shakal, Y. Liao, and T. A. Lipo, A permanent magnet AC machine structure with true field weakening capability, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics Conference Proceedings, 1993, pp.19-24. 9 J. Luo, Axial flux circumferential current permanent magnet electric machine, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999. 10 B. J. Chalmers, R. Akmese, L. Musaba, Design and field-weakening performance of permanent-magnet/reluctance motor with two-part rotor, IEE proceedings, Vol.145, No.2, March 1998, pp.133-139.11 L. Xu, L. Ye, L. Zhen and A. El-Antably, A new design concept of permanent magnet machine for flux weakening operation, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.31, No.2, March/April 1995, pp.373-378. 12 J. A. Tapia, Development of the consequent pole permanent magnet machine, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2002. 13 J. A. Tapia, F. Leonardi and T. A. Lipo, Consequent pole PM machine with field weakening capability, IEEE International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives, Boston, 2001, pp.126-131. 14 H. J. Kim et al. Hybrid car and dynamo-electric machine, United States Patent, Patent Number: 6,462,430 B1, 2002. 15 H. J. Kim et al. Wind power generation system, United States Patent, Patent Number: 6,541,877, 2003. 16 H. J. Kim et al. Hybrid car and dynamo-electric machine, United States Patent, Patent Number: 6,577,022 B2, 2003. 17 M. Masuzawa et al. Brushless motor having permanent magnets, United States Patent, Patent Number: 5,821,710, 1998. 18 P. Lawrence Brushless PM motor or alternator with variable axial rotor/stator alignment to increase speed capability World Intellectual Property Organization: WO 03/077403 A1, 2003. 19 F. Profumo, A. Tenconi, Z. Zhang and A. Cavagnino, Novel axial flux interior PM synchronous motor with powdered soft magnetic material, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1998, pp.152-158. 20 John S. Hsu et al. Direct control of airgap flux in permanent magnet machines, United States Patent, Patent Number: 6,057,622, 2000. 21 J.S. Hsu, Direct control of air-gap flux in permanent-magnet machines, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.15 No.4, Dec.2000, pp.361-365. 22 F. Liang, et. al., Permanent magnet electric machine with flux control, United States Patent, Patent Number: 6,373,162 B1, 2002. 23 N. L. Brown and L. Haydock, New brushless synchronous alternator, IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Vol.150, No.6, November 2003, pp.629-635. 24 M. Aydin, S. Huang and T. A. Lipo, A new axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine capable of field control, IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, Oct 2002, pp.1250-1257. 25 M. Aydin, S. Huang and T. A. Lipo, Performance evaluation of an axial flux consequent pole PM motor using finite element analysis, IEEE International Conference on Electrical Machines and Drives, Madison, WI, 2003. 26 M. Aydin, Axial flux surface mounted PM machines for smooth torque traction drive applications, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004. Machine vision in color print cartridge production TechnicalHewlett-Packard Journal, August, 1992 Author:Michael J. Monroe In production of the tricolor print cartridges for the HP DestJet 500C and DeskWriter C printers, machine vision is used for filter stake inspection, adhesive and encapsulant dispenser calibration, structural adhesive inspection, and automatic print quality evaluation.Machine vision can be described as the synthetic acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of images, usually to provide feedback and control for some automated activity. Machine vision has been implemented through the marriage of video camera and display systems to computer technology, and it is often associated with some form of artificial intelligence. Most machine vision applications entail massive data reduction from the millions of bits that represent the images to often a single bit indicating a pass or fail status.Machine vision is usually used for machine or robot guidance, defect identification and classification, part and assembly alignment, and feature measurement. Automated production environments are the ideal home for machine vision. There it can be applied to relatively simple, repetitive tasks, and cycle time is of critical importance. These applications are distinguished from the more generic digital image processing used in areas such as astronomy, bioscience, and satellite image enhancement, for which the algorithms tend to be very CPU-intensive and execution time is of less importance.Increased quality is usually the primary motivation for automating a task with machine vision. Machine vision can eliminate the subjectivity often found in manual inspection operations. Quality can also be increased through reduced inspection error rates by eliminating operator fatigue. The improvements in quality that machine vision can help attain may be vital to the long-term competitiveness of a manufacturing operation.Illumination and OpticsNo discussion of machine vision would be complete without emphasizing the importance of illumination and optics. These aspects are critical to nearly all machine vision applications, and indeed the viability of a particular application may hinge upon the design of the illumination and optical systems. Careful design of the illumination system for a particular machine vision application can provide enhancement of contrast or of certain features of interest in the field of view, or it can be used to filter out features that may confuse the algorithm. One obvious advantage of image enhancement through illumination is that it operates on the entire image instantaneously, much faster than any digital image processing. Techniques such as light and dark field illumination can greatly improve the contrast between features of interest and the background. Linear or circular polarization of the illumination or application of on-axis or off-axis illumination can mitigate the effects of specular reflection from metallic or polished surfaces, which can often saturate the imaging sensor within the camera, causing the resultant image to be of little use. In some applications there is no usable contrast between the features of interest and the background, and imaging using illumination in the visible wavelengths is impossible. However, ultraviolet illumination, to which most cameras have reduced sensitivity, can induce some materials to fluoresce in the visible region of the spectrum, thereby providing usable images. Some machine vision applications require only the information that is contained in the outline or silhouette of the object of interest. Backlighting or placing the object between the camera and the illumination source can provide images of such high contrast that they are nearly binary in nature.Design of the optical system is equally important. CCTV or C-mount lenses, commonly employed with standard video cameras, are often used in machine vision. They are inexpensive, but they provide resolution and contrast that are marginal or inadequate for many applications. Lenses designed for use with standard 35-mm cameras or photoenlarging lenses are somewhat more expensive, but they provide much higher resolution and contrast, and the control of aberrations such as distortion and field curvature is much better. For applications that require extremely high resolution and magnification, micrographic lenses are usually the best choice. The key parameters to be considered during the design of the optical system are the working distance or the distance between the lens and the object, the magnification, and the focal ratio. The working distance and the required magnification are used to determine the focal length of the lensing system, and the focal ratio is a function of the available illumination. Other considerations such as shock and vibration and rigidity of the mounting systems are also very important.SoftwareThe often crucial nature of the illumination and optical systems design should not overshadow the design of the software that is to be run on the machine vision engine. During the development of most machine vision applications, the majority of the time is devoted to the design, coding, and debugging of this software. The software for a typical application can be broken into five segments. First is image acquisition, which entails synchronization of the video source and then digitization and storage of the image data into frame buffer memory. The most common video source is a standard RS-170 monochrome camera, which transfers the data representing a full frame in 33 milliseconds. After acquisition of the image, some sort of enhancement of the features of interest is usually done. This may consist of high-pass or low-pass convolution filters for treatment of the edges of the features, or morphological filtering, which can eliminate noise pixels in an image. Image segmentation usually follows to provide some means of separating the features of interest from the background or other extraneous parts of the image. Binarization or thresholding of the image is a segmentation technique used to convert an image represented by many gray levels to one consisting only of regions of pure black or pure white. This method also greatly reduces the amount of data that must be processed during the analysis of the image. Feature extraction is then used to derive data on the details of features of interest that will be used during the interpretation phase of the algorithm. Analysis of the gray level sums of the pixels in all of the rows and columns of an image results in profile information such as the position, size, or shape of features. Template or pattern matching uses a previously stored model to locate the position of a matching model in the acquired image. Connectivity analysis provides detailed information on linked areas within a binary image. Morphological analysis can provide data on the shapes of various features of interest, in addition to its usefulness as a noise filter. Finally, all of the acquired data representing the image must be interpreted so that some useful result can be found. This may take the form of calibration or position coordinates that can be used for machine guidance, or it may simply be the pass or fail result of an inspection task.Machine Vision in InkJet Component ProductionHewlett-Packard has used machine vision for years to improve efficiency and quality in the manufacture of integrated circuits, printed circuit assemblies, calculators, thermal inkjet printheads, and many other products. The Inkjet Components Division has been a leader in the incorporation of this technology into the production processes of its products. Beginning in 1983, machine vision has been used in the final assembly of the HP ThinkJet print cartridge to inspect for defects such as poor structural adhesive placement and leaks. In addition, samples from every print cartridge are analyzed using machine vision to screen for various print quality defects. These machine vision applications were further refined and new ones were developed for the manufacture of the HP DeskJet print cartridge. Machine vision is used to assist very high-precision part alignment and placement machines in the attachment of orifice plates to the thin-film substrates of the printhead assembly and in the placement of the printhead assembly onto the plastic print cartridge body.1 In addition, a new fully automatic high-speed print quality tester was developed using machine vision to inspect print samples of 100 percent of the print cartridges manufactured.ModelicaThe Modelica License (Version 1.1 of June 30, 2000) Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification are permitted, provided that the following conditions are met: 1. The author and copyright notices in the source files, these license conditions and the disclaimer below are (a) retained and (b) reproduced in the documentation provided with the distribution. 2. Modifications of the original source files are allowed, provided that a prominent notice is inserted in each changed file and the accompanying documentation, stating how and when the file was modified, and provided that the conditions under (1) are met. 3. It is not allowed to charge a fee for the original version or a modified version of the software besides a reasonable fee for distribution and support. Distribution in aggregate with other (possibly commercial) programs as part of a larger (possibly commercial) software distribution is permitted, provided that it is not advertised as a product of your own. Modelica License Disclaimer The software (sources, binaries, etc.) in its original or in a modified form are provided !as is! and thcopyright holders assume no responsibility for its contents what so ever. Any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright holders, or any party who modify and/or redistribute the package, be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. Trademarks Modelica? is a registered trademark of the Modelica Assocation. MathModelica? and MathCode? are registered trademarks of MathCore Engineering AB. Dymola? is a registered trademark of Dynasim AB. MATLAB? and Simulink? are registered trademarks of MathWorks Inc. Java? is a trademark of Sun MicroSystems AB. Mathematica? is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research Inc. Preface The Modelica modeling language and technology is being warmly received by the world community in modeling and simulation with major applications in virtual prototyping. It is bringing about a revolution in this area, based on its ease of use, visual design of models with combination of lego-like predefined model building blocks, its ability to define model libraries with reusable components, its support for modeling and simulation of complex applications involving parts from several application domains, and many more useful facilities. To draw an analogy!aModelica is currntly in a similar phase as Java early on, before the language became well known, but for virtual prototyping instead of Internet programming. About this Book This book teaches modeling and simulation and gives an introduction to the Modelica language to people who are familiar with basic programming concepts. It gives a basic introduction to the concepts of modeling and simulation, as well as the basics of object-oriented component-based modeling for the novice, and a comprehensive overview of modeling and simulation in a number of application areas. In fact, the book has several goals: Being a useful textbook in introductory courses on modeling and simulation. Being easily accessable for people who do not previously have a background in modeling, simulation and objectorientation. Introducing the concepts of physical modeling, object-oriented modeling, and component-based modeling. Providing a complete but not too formal reference for the Modelica language. Demonstrating modeling examples from a wide range of application areas. Being a reference guide for the most commonly used Modelica libraries. The book contains many examples of models in different application domains, as well as examples combining several domains. However, it is not primarily intended for the advanced modeler who, for example, needs additional insight into modeling within very specific application domains, or the person who constructs very complex models where special tricks may be needed. All examples and exercises in this book are available in an electronic self-teaching material called DrModelica, based on this book, that gradually guides the reader from simple introductory examples and exercises to more advanced ones. Part of this teaching material can be freely downloaded from the book web site, www.DrM, where additional (teaching) material related to this book can be found, such as the exact version of the Modelica standard library (September 2003) used for the examples in this book. The main web site for Modelica and Modelica libraries, including the most recent versions, is the www.M. Modedica Association website.Reading Guide This book is a combination of a textbook for teaching modeling and simulation, a textbook and reference guide for learning how to model and program using Modelica, and an application guide on how to do physical modeling in a number of application areas. The book can be read sequentially from the beginning to the end, but this will probably not be the typical reading pattern. Here are some suggestions: Very quick introduction to modeling and simulation C an object-oriented approach: Chapters 1 and 2. Basic introduction to the Modelica language: Chapter 2 and first part of Chapter 13. Full Modelica language course: Chapters 1C13. Application-oriented course: Chapter 1, and 2, most of Chapter 5, Chapters 12C15. Use Chapters 3C11 as a language reference, and Chapter 16 and appendices as a library reference. Teaching object orientation in modeling: Chapters 2C4, first part of Chapter 12. Introduction to mathematical equation representations, as well as numeric and symbolic techniques, Chapter 17-18. Modelica environments, with three example tools, Chapter 19. An interactive computer-based self-teaching course material called DrModelica is available as electronic live notebooks. This material includes all the examples and exercises with solutions from the book, and is designed to be used in parallel when reading the book, with page references, etc. The diagram below is yet another reading guideline, giving a combination of important language concepts together with modeling methodology and application examples of your choice. The selection is of necessity somewhat arbitrary C you should also take alook at the table of contents of other chapters and part of chapters so that you do not miss something important according to your own interest.Acknowledgements The members of the Modelica Association created the Modelica language, and contributed have many examples of Modelica code in the Modelica Language Rationale and Modelica Language Specification (see ), some of which are used in this book. The members who contributed to various versions of Modelica are mentioned further below. First, thanks to my wife, Anita, who has supported and endured me during this writing effort. Very special thanks to Peter Bunus for help with model examples, some figures, MicroSoft Word formatting, and for many inspiring discussions. Without your help this project might have been too hard, especially considering the damage to my hands from too much typing on computer keyboards. Many thanks to Hilding Elmqvist for sharing the vision about a declarative modeling language, for starting off the Modelica design effort by inviting people to form a design group, for serving as the first chairman of Modelica Assocation, and for enthusiasm and many design contributions including pushing for a unified class concept. Also thanks for inspiration regarding presentation material including finding historical examples of equations. Many thanks to Martin Otter for serving as the second chairman of the Modelica Association, for enthusiasm and energy, design and Modelica library contributions, as well as inspiration regarding presentation material. Many thanks to Eva-Lena Lengquist Sandelin and Susanna Monemar for help with the exercises, for help with preparing certain appendices, and for preparing the DrModelica interactive notebook teaching material which makes the examples in this book more accessible for interactive learning and experimentation. Thanks to Peter Aronsson, Bernhard Bachmann, Peter Beater, Jan Brug?rd, Dag Br1ck, BrianElmegaard, Hilding Elmqvist, Vadim Engelson, R1diger Franke, Dag Fritzson, Torkel Glad, PavelGrozman, Daniel Hedberg, Andreas Idebrant, Mats Jirstrand, Olof Johansson, David Land|n, EmmaLarsdotter Nilsson, H?kan Lundvall, Sven-Erik Mattsson, Iakov Nakhimovski, Hans Olsson, Adrian Pop, Per Sahlin, Levon Saldamli, Hubertus Tummescheit, and Hans-J1rg Wiesmann for constructive comments,and in some cases other help, on parts of the book, and to Peter Bunus and Dan Costello for help in making MicroSoft Word more cooperative. Thanks to Hans Olsson and Dag Br1ck, who edited several versions of the Modelica Specification, andto Michael Tiller for sharing my interest in programming tools and demonstrating that it is indeed possible to write a Modelica book. Thanks to Bodil Mattsson-Kihlstr?m for handling many administrative chores at the Programming Environment Laboratory while I have been focusing on book writing, to Ulf N?ss|n for inspiration andencouragement, and to Uwe Assmann for encouragement and sharing common experiences on the hard task of writing books. Thanks to all members of PELAB and employees of MathCore Engineering, who have given comments and feedback. Finally, thanks to the staff at V?rdn?s Stiftg?rd, who have provided a pleasant atmosphere for important parts of this writing effort. A final note: approximately 95 per cent of the running text in this book has been entered by voice using Dragon Naturally Speaking. This is usually slower than typing, but still quite useful for a person like me, who has acquired RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury) due to too much typing. Fortunately, I can still do limited typing and drawing, e.g., for corrections, examples, and figures. All Modelica examples are hand-typed, but often with the help of others. All figures except the curve diagrams are, of course, hand drawn. Link?ping, September 2003 Peter Fritzson 外地弱化永磁电机设计方法电气与计算机工程系威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校威斯康辛州麦迪逊53706-1691 ，美国电子邮件： lipo卡特彼勒公司技术中心地址： PO Box 1875皮奥里亚， 61656-1875 ，美国电子邮件： aydin_metin摘要永磁（ PM ）的机器已经开发出来，由于其吸引人的特点用于众多的应用中。尤其是用在发展钕铁硼。然而，他们复杂的控制可以让研究人员开发结构简单的现场控制的新机器。新的机器替代PM机拓扑与外地削弱永磁机或混合励磁机。多年来，在繁琐削弱技术领域中常规使用中，以消除繁琐削弱技术影响的相关问题被提上了研究日程。本文综述了外地削弱永磁机。从机器的角度涵盖，机械结构和功能。在机器的研究史上，它是迄今为止唯一一个把每个结构的径向和轴向气隙下午澄清的研究。导言现在需求更为紧凑，高效和廉价的电力机器已经大大超过在过去十年里。同时，一个伟大的研究已取得很大进展，不仅在永磁体的发展方面，而且在该地区的电力机械以及机械设计和电力电子方面都有很大的进展。因此，下午机器已得到越来越多的关注。磁铁的研制技术已应用于功率/扭矩密度和效率的PM机器。特别是与使用钕铁硼永磁，永磁机的机器的应用，已达到了效率和功率密度最高的水平。90年代。即励磁损失消除，因为这样一个事实，他们通常更有效。此外，PM机的铜的损失一般要比常规机器要少。换言之，由于较低的损失，PM机的暖气设备将减少，这可能会导致要么在低温运行机器或增加轴动力，以便使允许最高温度已达成共识。至于电力电子而言，因为是一个高效率的PM机，少电源转换器必须提供同样的动力的机器。气隙磁通控制点的机器一般都可以通过两个手段：控制技术，适合修改机器拓扑技术。常规分机器有固定磁铁励磁从而限制了驱动器的能力，并成为一个重要的限制。那个机器操作不断伏/赫兹高达基地的速度和恒定电压操作要求削弱了外地在更高的速度扩展速度范围。上述基地的速度，矢量控制技术一般都是用来削弱气隙磁通。然而，这些技术造成大退磁电流流动的机器名D -结果在轴和高损失和退磁风险的磁铁。此外，磁铁可能会被迫在不可逆退磁区域可永久demagnetize磁体不容许的，磁铁返回到原来的工作点后，目前被删除 1-2 。因此，扭矩能力机器是永久减少 3-4 。很明显，实现速度范围是有限的最大耐受退磁目前指定的退磁特点磁铁。此外，能力转换了一个额外的限制范围通量削弱粉末冶金机。寻求一种手段来实现外地减弱PM机器通过消除有害影响的D -轴电流注射一直非常感兴趣的机器设计和新机器的结构，目前的极大兴趣。那里目前存在的一些替代性的解决办法，以便消除这个问题在PM机器和大多数机器的影响。在20世纪90年代这些解决方案已经提出并得到很大的进展。材料技术，如经前综合症，磁钢和奶粉铁复合物，使研究人员能够达成新的机器配置。调查的这些流量控制能力。本文的主题是PM机拓扑。二.磁通减弱PM机相量图的一个典型的分机显示驱动器在图。 1 ，基础和较高的速度。等效电路本种机器包括电感和反电动势电压是产品的磁铁磁链（ ）和米机床电器速度（ ） 。磁铁通量位于为D -轴和反电势相量是90度阶段先进位于积极的调Q轴。机器扭矩双方产生的磁铁和显着，而且取决于对之间的夹角当前相和Q -轴。那个目前相必须符合的q轴，以获得最大输出扭矩的非显着的机器。至于凸极机，目前相稍移实现的D -轴，以实现最大扭矩为给定值。目前，在高速行驶中，必须要消弱助焊剂，因为机反电势可能会导致定子电压超过最高逆变输出电压。因此，压降会有很大的负面影响，增加了负面名D -轴电流，从而降低总的气隙磁通和过剩的反电势补偿减少机终端电压。三.审查径向气隙时机能弱磁开发成本相对稀土磁铁较低，PM机设计,打开一个新的时代。一个相对较早发展重点是一种新型的双凸极常驻永磁（ DSPM ）机器看到图。 2 。 DSPM机拓扑结构，可实现高能量磁铁介绍到双凸结构的同步磁阻机。他们也很好的例子，流量控制点机。永久磁铁可以放在无论是在定子或转子。定子版本中说明图。 2 。在这种情况下，存在着两个磁体和外地绕组的定子结构。这种DSPM机器可用于调速应用与提高工作效率和功率/扭矩密度。这是一个真正的领域削弱PM机拓扑是大学美国威斯康星开发的。定子形成夹层钢铁，定子绕组和高能钕铁硼。转子有一个简单的层状结构。这台机器的通量可以通过调整控制不愿路径PM通量。一个较大的优势， DSPM机是利用高能源钕铁硼。可提供需要的气隙磁通，通过这种小尺寸和小磁铁厚度。此外，这种结构引入流量集中的原则。在其他结构中也就是说，通过引入密度增加磁铁表面积。气隙通量可高于磁铁剩余磁通。另一种类型的DSPM机则说明图。 3 。在这情况下，管理中心，介绍了用铁氧体永磁的内心结构。表面积的定子和一个圆周直流励磁绕组放置在定子铁芯 8 。定子和转子结构组成的复合钢板。直流励磁绕组产生磁通量是在同一轨迹磁铁通量。流量增加或削弱，才能实现根本转变电流的方向。一个重要的优势是，在这一结构中磁铁成本大幅度降低。大磁铁表面积仍然可以通过很高气隙磁通密度。另一种不同的DSPM机器配置适合牵引应用给出了图。 4 。本机的内面向外，以前的版本DSPM机 9 。通过扭转转子和定子的位置，来增加气隙直径，从而增加扭矩的能力。这种类型的PM机器已被使用在汽车行业另一个PM机器拓扑与通量削弱能力，是在英国曼彻斯特理工大学开发的。显示图。 5 10 。在此机，转子结构是由两个部分，其中之一是表面安装的一部分，另一种是轴向分层不分离部分，它们都连接到同一个轴。其主要目标是这样的设计是这两个转子部分可以独立设计，以获得所需的比例的L / L的。一种新的径向PM磁机减弱为气隙磁通。图所示。 6 11 。本机表面上已安装环形铁的磁体。存在四个部分和铁8通量壁垒看到的这个数字。定子结构同传统的径向通量PM机器一样。在这结构中，控制气隙磁通是通过运用人工调节。目前，这是不被用来减少磁铁通量，而是修改通量的道路。磁铁通量联系电枢绕组降低通量这种做法虽然从磁铁保存。有一个径向通量吸引力的PM机器结构容易通量削弱功能，因而极常驻磁铁（ CPPM ）美国威斯康星机械大学开发的 12月13日 。实际机图片其中包括放大定子看法和观点是由于机器在图。 7 。机定子和转子的两节。那个定子由一个夹层核心，铁枷锁和第3阶段常规清盘。环直流绕组置于在中东的定子铁芯。转子极分为两部分，其中之一是径向磁磁铁和其他已夹层铁柱子上。本机结构几个方面的优势与传统的机比较。首先，一个简单和广泛的流量控制可以要实现这个机器使用气隙磁通控制技术。在外地绕组安装精度要求比较低。其次，因为实现铁极件的控制，磁配置机器可以气隙磁通控制，转子磁铁没有退磁风险。此外，可以在一个简单的直流电流控制的领域内使用这台机器，而且也没有必要的刷子或支路控制电路。然而，减少额外的直流电源绕组密度的机器。所需空间领域清盘增加机器体积。此外，气隙表面与外地清盘无能源转换。此外，介绍了三维流量分配额外的损失。一种新的混合动力电动机械建议的说明图。8 14-16 。粉末冶金机形成了定子和转子这是两部分组成的所谓的第一和第二场磁铁。这两个领域的磁体是反对的磁铁，定子极有一个机制，不同的阶段磁杆位。这两个转子的概念可以适用于任何永磁磁铁表面或内部结构。第一场磁体的转子是轮流安排相反磁极和第二个具有相同的结构，为了实现外地削弱，并有能力造成相对于第一次相对角位移。应当提及的是，在1998年提出同样的概念的 17 表面磁铁机。除了上面提到的技术还存在一些机械的方法来完成现场控制径向通量的机器。机械技术引进 18 。阿永磁无刷电机径向气隙固定经营以更高的速度比正常速度减少磁铁强度或每柱平均通量。这是通过增加数额轴向错位的PM转子造成提供轴偏心转子之间架设电线杆和定子有效的减少了转子极流量或进入定子的通量。如图。 9 。一个不可分割的恒定速度直线轴承是用来配对转子的移动和固定的位置机轴。恒定速度直线轴承让机轴，径向轴承，冷却风扇，位置编码器和输出耦合仍然是不同的。四.审查时机轴向气隙过去10年轴向磁通PM机器吸引了很多注意。他们提供了一定的优势常规PM机器，如高功率/扭矩密度和效率，方便地调节airgaps ，低噪声和振动水平等的优点，其结构轴向磁通机器可以有一个可变气隙可适合一些流量削弱应用，如电力牵引。轴向磁通设计和转子定子安排使不同气隙优化机器性能图所示。10 。此功能会影响机器的扭矩和速度范围和这一技术使得许多应用前需要通量削弱。其他重要利用这一技术是能够改变机器的扭矩常数，结果变量转子和定子损失。这个技术也可应用于双转子单定子机。在意大利都灵的发展大学有一个轴向磁机通量削弱行动 19 。那个机械结构的两极中显示图。 11 。这个工作涉及的是设计一个新的轴向磁通室内时（ AFIPM ）机通量削弱能力的使用软磁材料。该机器是由两个开槽定子和一个转子。排定一侧定子已磁带卷铁心与定子绕组串联。那个转子结构的轴向磁磁铁，转子盘和主体和渗漏点。存在两个障碍之间通量泄漏和主要支柱。壁垒的位置及尺寸的变化可设计的方式，名D -轴和q轴定子电感能满足需要扭矩的通量削弱区域。另一个有趣的轴向磁机的流量控制特点，提出了 20-21 。本机采用了外地削弱线圈，实现由直接削弱领域控制规模和极性的直流电流的外地削弱线圈。该机器结构和转子的图中显示。 12 。转子是由磁铁和铁极件是安装在洞的非磁性转子本身。这台机器有两个槽定子绕组和交流绕组，每个定子有枷锁提供通量返回路径。二外地削弱线圈环形安装在一个机内所看到的数字形式。线圈包围和框架是用低碳钢，以便提供一个通量路径直流线圈。应当提及的是，它没有需要控制的D -轴或调Q轴电流分量粉末冶金机。此外，在正常控制范围退磁的磁铁不是一个问题的任何手段。同样的原则直流场线圈适用于另一轴向通量下午机看到的图。 13 22 。这轴向磁通机器包括两个定子和一个转子已永磁体和极部分。磁体的转子产生一个磁通和由此转子磁极产生了第二磁通量。实地线圈，这是安装定子和位于非常接近转子，也是非常有效地改变磁提到第二磁通量，因此，机器提供了一种可控制的输出电压。图。 14显示了轴向磁通永磁无刷同步发电机 23 。本机结合了可变直流线圈激发除了PM激励。转子有两个转盘安装在一个共同的主体。每个转盘携带磁铁候补南北铁枝是钢材料。北磁极的转盘1位于对面的北，两极第二转子转盘是钢铁极点。那个激发钢极是由直流励磁线圈周围轴看到的数字和是固定的向内侧定子。钕铁硼提供高磁载入中，并创建一个紧凑的设计。存在有色金属沉每个磁铁，以减少泄漏。定子是由一个带磁钢板和插槽殴打指数冲床。环绕组中使用定子插槽。主要利用这一机器的能力，现场控制经DC范围，激发这是实现低磁阻路径转子转盘，极片和轴。应当提到，眼轴两个定子和转子较大由于沉的磁铁和定子枷锁，让通量旅行定子。另外，损失的机制，更复杂，比传统的和其他轴向磁通PM机。最近，在威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校一个新的轴向磁通时机拓扑与直流外地清盘介绍了为了完成简单和廉价的控制 24-26 。这个新领域控制轴向磁通表面贴装PM（ FCAFPM ）机的概念已经提出了不仅要提供解决方案领域，而且也削弱行动，以改善的特点，常规PM机器的引进新的轴向磁机的概念，通量削弱能力。修改多转子多定子常规轴向通量PM结构，增加一个或两个领域直流绕组根据机器类型来控制气隙磁通和提供了一个路径直流通量结果在不同的新的轴向通量机领域控制能力。其中一些新结构显示图。 15 。这两种神经网络和NS型双转子双定子机概念是FCAFPM显示图。 15 （二）和（ s ） ，而双定子单转子和多级的概念都显示在图。 15 （ d ）和（ e ） 。一个派生的新概念被称为双转子单定子生理盐水型FCAFPM机是用来作为例如描述结构和实际原型机器制造和测试的说明图。 16 。新的生理盐水型FCAFPM结构组成的两个部分缺口盘式磁带槽定子结构之一并入另一个，两个转子轴向转盘磁表面安装永磁和铁件安装转子表面，两套3三相交流定子绕组和直流励磁绕组这是二者的主要区别轴向磁通下午机和新的概念FCAFPM机。换句话说，存在着两种来源的机器：常数永磁励磁和可变直流励磁。励磁直流线圈一个极性呈上升趋势，因此极点内部和外部两个部分，因此转子加强外地。励磁线圈的直流与对面极性降低外地由此在圈内极和外部分转子盘从而削弱气隙磁通。这种拓扑结构消除了退磁风险，该磁铁自电场没有直接反对磁铁和气隙磁通可控制在范围广泛的一系列的FCAFPM机。更详细的信息关于FCAFPM概念中提供 26 。同样的流量削弱原则可以适用于单定子单转子结构看待和双定子单旋翼机看到图。 17 。新的外地控制双定子单转子轴向磁通内部转子（光纤AFIR ）PM有两个定子机有两套3相定子绕组和2台直流励磁绕组。的基本原则是的FC - AFIR机器是一样的FCAFPM机。是的FC - AFIR机具有相同的优势，其两转子对应。此外，它提供了更高的每惯性扭矩比率超过两转子FCAFPM机，这使得本拓扑吸引某些应用除了容易和廉价的现场控制功能。此外，这一冷却机器更容易由于更多的定子表面积。但是，预计，效率会降低，因为铁损失两个定子。克式绕组不适合于这种结构。因此，某种圈绕组应该采用结果不再绕组端。五.结论本文件中径向和轴向磁通机通量削弱功能的文献报道进行了审查。机械结构，特点和优势的讨论。最后，已提供有详细而完整的参考资料关于PM通量削弱机。致谢作者要感谢威斯康星电气机器和电力电子协会（ WEMPEC ）的财政支持这项研究。参考文献： 1 商标Jahns ，磁通削弱制度运作的内部永磁同步电动机驱动器，汇刊工业应用，第23卷，第4期， 7月/ 8月1987年， pp.681 -689 。 2 吨Sebastain和GR Slemon ，行动限制的变频驱动永磁电机驱动器，汇刊行业应用，第23卷，第2号， 3月/ 1987年4月， pp.327 - 333 。 3 北滚木，预测无负载通量密度分布永磁电机，工业汇刊应用程序，第21卷，第4期， 3月/ 1987年4月， pp.327 - 333 。 4 南森，扩大经营范围的永磁电机的电流矢量控制考虑逆变能力，电机及电子学工程师联合会交易的工业应用，第26卷，第5号， 9月/ 10月1990年， pp.866 - 871 。 5 局长脂等。外地削弱了双凸极电机定子永磁体，美国专利，专利号：5455473 ， 1995 。 6 局长脂和Y.李，该公司CFM -家族的新成员电气机器， IPEC95 ，日本横滨， 1995年， pp.1 - 7 。 7 元李和TA脂，双凸极永磁电机能够实地削弱的IEEE电力电子专家会议， 1995年， pp.565 - 571 。 8 答： Shakal ，廖元，和TA脂，永久磁铁交流机械结构与真实实地削弱能力，电机及电子学工程师联合会国际研讨会上工业电子会议诉讼， 1993年， pp.19 - 24 。 9 学者罗，周目前的轴向磁通永磁电机，博士论文，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校，1999年。 10 北京查，河Akmese ，属Musaba ，设计和外地绩效下降permanent-magnet/reluctance电动机两部分组成的转子，学会程序， Vol.145 ， 2号， 1998年3月，pp.133 - 139 。 11 研究许，属叶，属镇和A.法Antably ，一种新的设计概念永磁电机的磁通削弱操作，符合IEEE交易的工业应用， Vol.31 ， 2号， 3月/ 4月1995年， pp.373 - 378 。 12 茉莉塔皮亚发展，因而极永久磁铁机，博士论文，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校，2002年。 13 茉莉塔皮亚楼莱奥纳尔迪和TA脂，鉴于极时机领域削弱能力， IEEE国际会议电动机及驱动，波士顿， 2001年，pp.126 - 131 。 14 黄建忠金等。混合动力汽车和发电机，电机，联合国国家专利，专利号： 6462430 B1 ， 2002 。 15 黄建忠金等。风力发电系统，美国专利，专利号