某开发区办公楼照明及电视监控系统设计【含CAD图纸+文档】
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本科毕业设计图纸题 目： 某开发区办公楼照明及电视监控系统设计院 （部）： 信息与电气工程学院专 业： 电气工程与自动化班 级： 电气081姓 名： 余辉学 号： 2008081039指导教师： 王克河完成日期： 2012年06月外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Watts and Volt-Amps: Powerful Confusion文献、资料来源：DCSCSchneider-E文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院 （部）： 专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 外文文献一：Watts and Volt-Amps: Powerful ConfusionExecutive summarywhite papers are now part of the Schneider Electric white paper library produced by Schneider Electrics Data Center Science Center DCSCSchneider-E ，Watts and Volt-Amps: Powerful Confusion Schneider Electric Data Center Science Center White Paper 15 Rev 1 2.IntroductionThis note helps explain the differences between watts and VA and explains how the terms are correctly and incorrectly used in specifying power protection equipment. Many people are confused about the distinction between the watt (W) and volt-amp (VA) measures for UPS load sizing. Many manufacturers of UPS and load equipment add to this confusion by failing to distinguish between these measures. BackgroundThe power drawn by computing equipment is expressed in watts or volt-amps (VA). The power in watts is the real power drawn by the equipment. Volt-amps are called the apparent power and are the product of the voltage applied to the equipment times the current drawn by the equipment. Both watt and VA ratings have a use and purpose. The watt rating determines the actual power purchased from the utility company and the heat loading generated by the equipment. The VA rating is used for sizing wiring and circuit breakers. The VA and watt ratings for some types of electrical loads, like incandescent light bulbs, are identical . However, for computer equipment the watt and VA ratings can differ significantly, with the VA rating always being equal to or larger than the watt rating. The ratio of the watt to VA rating is called the Power Factor and is expressed either as a number (i.e., 0.7) or a percentage (i.e. 70%).Watts may not equal VAAll information technology equipment including computers uses an electronic switching power supply. There are two basic types of computer switching power supplies, which are called 1) Power Factor Corrected (PFC) supplies or 2) capacitor input supplies. It is not possible to tell which kind of power supply is used by inspection of the equipment, and this information is not commonly provided in equipment specifications. PFC supplies were introduced in the mid 1990s and have the characteristic that the watt and VA ratings are equal (power factor of 0.99 to 1.0). Capacitor input supplies have the characteristic that the watt rating is in the range of .55 to .75 times the VA rating (power factor of 0.55 to 0.75).All large computing equipment such as routers, switches, drive arrays, and servers made after about 1996 uses the PFC supply and consequently for this type of equipment the power factor is 1.Personal computers, small hubs, and personal computer accessories typically have capacitor input supplies and consequently for this type of equipment the power factor is less than one, and is ordinarily in the range of 0.65. Larger computer equipment made prior to 1996 also typically used this type of power supply and exhibited a power factor less than one.The power rating of the UPSUPS have both maximum watt ratings and maximum VA ratings. Neither the watt nor the VA rating of a UPS may be exceeded.It is a de-facto standard in the industry that the watt rating is approximately 60% of the VA rating for small UPS systems, this being the typical power factor of common personal computer loads. In some cases, UPS manufacturers only publish the VA rating of the UPS. For small UPS designed for computer loads, which have only a VA rating, it is appropriate to assume that the watt rating of the UPS is 60% of the published VA rating.For larger UPS systems, it is becoming common to focus on the watt rating of the UPS, and to have equal watt and VA ratings for the UPS, because the watt and VA ratings of the typical loads are equal. For a further discussion of the issues of power factor of larger systems and data centers, see White Paper 26, Hazards of Harmonics and Neutral Overloads.Examples where a sizing problem can occurExample 1: Consider the case of a typical 1000 VA UPS. The user wants to power a 900 W heater with the UPS. The heater has a watt rating of 900 W and a VA rating of 900 VA with a power factor of 1. Although the VA rating of the load is 900 VA, which is within the VA rating of the UPS, the UPS will probably not power this load. That is because the 900 W rating of the load exceeds the watt rating of the UPS, which is most likely 60% of 1000 VA or around 600 W.Example 2: Consider the case of a 1000 VA UPS. The user wants to power a 900 VA file server with the UPS. The file server has a PFC power supply, and so has a watt rating of 900 W and a VA rating of 900 VA. Although the VA rating of the load is 900 VA, which is within the VA rating of the UPS, the UPS will not power this load. That is because the 900 W rating of the load exceeds the watt rating of the UPS, which is 60% of 1000 VA or 600W.How to avoid sizing errorsUsing the Schneider Electric UPS Selector can help avoid these problems, as the load power values are verified based on the equipment specified. Also, the selector ensures that neither the watt nor VA ratings are exceeded.Equipment nameplate ratings are often in VA, which makes it difficult to know the watt ratings. If using equipment nameplate ratings for sizing, a user might configure a system, which appears to be correctly sized based on VA ratings but actually exceeds the UPS watt rating.By sizing the VA rating of a load to be no greater than 60% of the VA rating of the UPS, it is impossible to exceed the watt rating of the UPS. Therefore, unless you have high certainty of the watt ratings of the loads, the safest approach is to keep the sum of the load nameplate ratings below 60% of the UPS VA rating.Note that this conservative sizing approach will typically give rise to an oversized UPS and a larger run time than expected. If optimization of the system and an accurate run time are required, use the Schneider Electric UPS Selector.ConclusionPower consumption information on computer loads is often not specified in a way that allows simple sizing of a UPS. It is possible to configure systems that appear to be correctly sized but actually overload the UPS. By slightly over sizing the UPS compared with the nameplate ratings of the equipment, proper operation of the system is ensured. Over sizing also provides the side benefit of providing additional UPS backup time.About the authorNeil Rasmussen is a Senior VP of Innovation for Schneider Electric. He establishes the technology direction for the worlds largest R&D budget devoted to power, cooling, and rack infrastructure for critical networks.Neil holds 19 patents related to high-efficiency and high-density data center power and cooling infrastructure, and has published over 50 white papers related to power and cooling systems, many published in more than 10 languages, most recently with a focus on the improvement of energy efficiency. He is an internationally recognized keynote speaker on the subject of high efficiency data centers. Neil is currently working to advance the science of high-efficiency, high-density, scalable data center infrastructure solutions and is a principal architect of the APC InfraStruXure system.Prior to founding APC in 1981, Neil received his bachelors and masters degrees from MIT in electrical engineering, where he did his thesis on the analysis of a 200MW power supply for atokamak fusion reactor. From 1979 to 1981 he worked at MIT Lincoln Laboratories on flywheel energy storage systems and solar electric power systems.Related readingFor further reading on the subject of power factor as it relates to non-linear loads, consult thefollowing: IEEE Guide to Harmonic Control and Reactive Compensation of Static Power Converters (IEEE Std 519-1981) The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345 E 47th Street, New York, NY 10017 Guideline on Electrical Power for ADP Installations (FIPS PUB 94 September 21, 1983) U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161外文文献二：Stability control systems help improve building energy saving building electricalBuilding Automation System is a microprocessor based device consisting of a network to achieve energy management and monitoring, HVAC control, fire control, security control and other appropriate building automation control functions. Building automation system to the building as a platform, both the information facilities and systems, information technology application, construction equipment management system, public safety systems, to provide people with safe, efficient, convenient, energy saving, environmental protection and healthy built environment. Large public buildings with building automation system, scientific management of mechanical and electrical equipment, save on labor costs and energy costs. Obvious advantages of building automationModernization of large public buildings to install a large number of mechanical and electrical equipment. These devices are scattered in every corner of the building, manual management very difficult. Building automation system for unified management of multiple systems to improve equipment management accuracy. Building a lot of systems and equipment, management personnel for maintenance, overhaul, a great amount of labor. Building automation system can automatically diagnose equipment operating conditions, equipment failure and the reasons for transfer to the staff, to facilitate the timely processing of failure to improve the efficiency of managers. Building automation system to adjust the building to various electrical and mechanical equipment operating conditions, close does not need to run the equipment, save a lot of energy. Statistical data show that the relevant institutions, 1 million square meters of building automation system works with an annual saving of about 15% 20% of the air conditioning running costs. System intelligence is not highThe current building automation systems for electrical and mechanical equipment management is the basic management of the equipment itself, there is little basis for building designers, and the user needs, develop solutions for the optimization of the system intelligence is not high, system turn-rate is very low. Cause the system intelligence is not high, there are many reasons for the low opening, but the people through analysis, we can find a lot of common problems. First, the building automation system involves relatively wide range of knowledge, the system is relatively complex, the requirements of design engineers are also high. Most of the time control of the company to undertake the project, first proposed by professional engineers, equipment requirements of the process parameters, and then by a professional engineer to design the control system. Although this approach can meet the general requirements of users, but because of building management division to manage multiple systems, difficult to achieve optimal operation of equipment. Overall energy saving building not the ideal. Secondly, some building automation systems management software intelligence is not high, stay in the basic management of devices, without considering the interconnection of the subsystems, workflow design is not detailed, to the future upgrades, maintenance inconvenience. Finally, the building automation system is difficult with other construction equipment for data communications. To some extent hampered the opening of the system and equipment for optimal management. Hardware and software design focus on smart, stable Building automation system for emerging issues, designers should pay attention to the system software on the intuitive, intelligent and stable. Management control of the buildings are three-dimensional, in the user interface on the premises to give managers a whole object, and shows the operation of all equipment. If conditions allow, can be simulated by a three-dimensional modeling of buildings, to give managers a more realistic system operating environment, to help them better manage the entire building. The quality of the software building automation systems affect operating results, therefore, the system software not only to control the subsystems of equipment and management should also be operational status of each subsystem to optimize and improve the system efficiency.System software is the core of the whole system of the brain, security can not be ignored. Designers should be from the network security, data security, system security, operational safety and operational aspects, to improve system stability and security. Systems engineers in the design of electrical control box should be the beginning of suppliers and other construction equipment provider interface requirements put forward, such as the electrical control box should be provided manual / automatic conversion, on / off command, on / off status and other contacts required to ensure the building automation system successfully opened. At the same time, building automation system, sensors, actuators and other hardware equipment, installation of the operation also affect the entire system. Statistics show that in the building automation systems, sensor failure accounted for more than 60% of system failure. Therefore, the construction and installation of building automation systems, should be allowed to sensors, actuators, input and output signal types and control module, input and output signal type consistent match.中文译文一：瓦特和VA之间的差异是一个较大的困惑内容概要：白皮书是现在的施耐德电气白皮书库的一部分，由施耐德电气数据中心科学中心DCSCSchneider-E提供，瓦特和VA之间的差异是一个强大的困惑，施耐德电气 - 数据中心科学中心的白皮书15 REV 12。文章介绍：这篇文章有助于解释瓦和VA之间的差异，并解释如何使用指定电源的保护设备。很多人都困惑用瓦和VA表示UPS的负载大小。许多UPS和负载设备制造商都无法区分这两种测量方法。文章背景：计算设备所吸收的功率用瓦或VA表示。 “瓦被描述成设备的有用功率。VA被称为“视在功率”和在设备单位时间内吸收的电压电流。瓦和VA的额定功率的用途和目的。额定功率瓦是指从电力公司购买的实际功率加上设备所产生的热负荷。额定功率VA是指消耗在线路和断路器上的功率。对于某些类型的电力负荷，如白炽灯泡的额定功率表示成VA和瓦是相同的。然而，计算机设备的额定功率，瓦和VA有着显著的差异，额定VA总是等于或大于额定瓦。瓦比上VA被称为“功率因数”，并被表示为一个数字（即0.7）或百分比（即70）。瓦和VA是不能等同的：所有的信息技术设备，包括计算机都使用电子开关电源供应。有两种基本类型的计算机开关电源，被称为1的功率因数校正（PFC）电源和被称为2的电容性的输入电源。检查设备也不能告诉我们使用的是哪种电源，而且此信息在设备的规格中也不通用。20世纪90年代中期推出的PFC产品，瓦和VA表示额定功率是相等的（功率因数0.99至1.0）。电容性输入电源的特点是额定瓦为0.55至0.75倍的额定VA（0.55至0.75的功率因数）。所有大型计算设备，如路由器，交换机，磁盘阵列，由于自1996年后，这些服务器都使用的是PFC电源，因此这种类型的设备电源功率因数为1。个人电脑，小型枢纽和个人电脑配件通常有电容性输入电源，因此这种类型的设备的功率因数小于1，通常是在0.65左右。较大计算机设备在1996之前通常也使用这种类型的电源，显示功率因数也小于1。UPS的额定功率：UPS有最大的瓦特额定值和最大VA额定值。UPS既不超过瓦特额定值也不能超过VA额定值。它是一个在同行业中实际的标准，瓦特额定值大约是小型UPS系统的VA额定值的60，这是典型的普通个人电脑负载功率因数。在某些情况下，UPS厂商发布的UPS额定VA值。对于一些计算机负载，其中只设计有一个额定VA值的小型UPS，它是适当的假设UPS的瓦特额定值是公布的额定VA值的60。对于较大的UPS系统，它普遍把重点放在UPS的瓦特值上，并有相等的瓦特值与UPS的VA值相对应，因为典型负载的瓦特和VA值是相等的。对于一个较大的系统和数据中心的功率因数问题的进一步讨论，请参阅白皮书26，谐波和中性过载的危害。通过例子来说明大小的问题：例1：考虑在一个典型的1000 VA不间断电源的情况下。用户要用UPS电源给900 W加热器供电。在功率因数为1时，加热器有900W的额定W和900 VA额定VA。虽然负载的额定VA是900VA，这在UPS电源的额定VA范围内，但是UPS将可能无法满足供电负荷。这是因为900瓦额定负载超过UPS电源的额定值，它可能只有1000 VA的60，约600 W。例2：考虑在一个1000 VA不间断电源的情况下。用户要用UPS电源给900 VA的文件服务器供电。文件服务器本身具有PFC供电电源，所以就有900W的额定瓦值和900 VA的额定VA值。虽然负载的额定VA为900VA，在UPS的额定VA范围内，但是UPS将可能无法满足供电负荷。这是因为900瓦额定负载超过UPS的额定值，它只是1000 VA的60，约600W。如何避免功率大小表示的错误：使用施耐德电气UPS选择器可以帮助避免这些问题，负载功率值可依据所指定的设备进行校验。此外，选择上确保了瓦和VA额定值都不会超出。设备铭牌上的额定功率往往用VA表示，这使得人们很难知道瓦特值。如果要使用设备铭牌额定值的大小，用户可能还需配置一个系统，根据名牌额定VA表示这个值的大小似乎是正确的，但实际上它已超过UPS的额定瓦特值。由负载大小不超过UPS额定VA值的60，UPS的额定瓦特值就不可能超过。因此，除非你的负载额定瓦特值特别精确，一般最安全的方法就是保持低于UPS额定VA的负载铭牌额定值的总和的60。请注意，这种保守的估算方法通常会给一个超大的UPS和一个更大的运行时间都比预期有所上升。如果需要优化系统和得出一个精确的运行时间，那么请选择使用施耐德电气的UPS。结论：计算机负载功率消耗的信息往往是没有指定的，只是简单的给出UPS的大小。配置系统似乎能反映出准确值，但实际上UPS已经超载。通过略微超过UPS的值与设备的铭牌额定值相比，可以保证系统的正常运行。适当的过载附带的好处就是提供了额外的UPS后备时间。作者简介：Neil Rasmussen是施耐德电气公司高级副总裁。在技术方向，他使世界上最大的研发预算用于电源，冷却，机架关键网络基础设施的上。Neil拥有19项专利关于高效率及高密度数据中心的电力和冷却基础设施，并已出版超过50种白皮书关于改善电源和冷却系统，其中许多超过10种语言出版，最近出版的很多关于是能源效率。他是国际公认的高效率的数据中心的主讲嘉宾。尼尔是目前正在推进高效率，高密度，可扩展的数据中心基础设施解决方案的科学家和APC InfraStruXure系统是一个主要设计师。在创立于
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