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任 务 书院（系）： 专业： 班 级： 学生： 学号： 1、 毕业论文课题 直角多孔板冲压连续模设计 2、 毕业论文工作自 20xx 年 3 月 12 日起至 20xx 年 6 月 15 日止三、毕业设计进行地点 学院 四、毕业设计的内容要求 (一) 设计之原始数据： 原始资料： “直角多孔板”实物一件 (二) 设计计算及说明部分内容： 1.计算内容与方案确定： （1）成形零件设计：凹、凸模尺寸的计算和布置。 （2）压力机的选择 （3）结构系统设计计算：卸料力、推件力、顶件力的计算，排样图和工序件图的设计计算，各工序冲裁力的计算，冲裁、拉深和压制成形各工序间尺寸的计算，各工序冲裁力的计算 。 （4）强度设计和结构草图设计：各部件的强度校核。 2. 设计内容： （1）落料、冲孔、拉深多工位级进模模具设计（用计算机完成绘制装配图）； （2）各工序的凹、凸模机构、卸料机构、导料机构和排样固定等机构的设计； （3）编写设计（论文）说明书（不少于2.0万字，全部用计算机输出）； （4）综述文献（要求书写60008000字与毕业设计内容相关的综述文章） (三) 主要参考资料 1、薛启翔冲裁模具设计结构图册，化学工业出版社。2005.3 2、郝滨海冲压模具简明设计手册，化学工业出版社 2004.11 3、材料力学，高等教育出版社。 4、高军冲压模具标准件选用与设计指南，化学工业出版社2007 5、林枫英 冲压模具设计基础，电子工业出版社 2005.11 6、冲压模具设计与制造过程仿真, 化学工业出版社2007 (四)附属专题 1、专题外文翻译 检索与阅读和设计题目相关的外文资料，并书面翻译4篇(30005000汉字)外文资料。 指导教师 接受毕业设计任务开始执行日期 年 月 日学生签名 附件一 英文文献翻译译文：板料冲压成形工艺与模具设计制造中的若干前沿技术摘要板料成形技术是最重要的金属成形方法之一,广泛应用于工业领域。因此,成形制造技术及装备水平已成为衡量一个国家制造水平的重要标志,在很大程度上决定产品的质量、效益和开发能力,决定着一个国家制造业的国际竞争力。结合相关研究领域的发展趋势和最新研究成果及其工业应用,针对目前板料成形技术发展现状,提出板料冲压成形工艺与模具技术的若干发展前沿问题。2 板料冲压工艺优化设计技术中的若干前沿问题板料成形过程是一个非常复杂的塑性成形过程，许多因素都直接或间接地影响到成形件的质量。如果工艺参数、几何参数以及材料等选择不当，易产生起皱、破裂和回弹等缺陷。传统的工艺分析和模具设计主要依靠设计者的经验，反复修改各种参数，并进行修模，耗时长，成本高，难以适应现代工业的要求。随着计算机技术和数值计算方法的发展，数值模拟技术逐渐成为板料成形分析的一种重要手段。有限元模拟分析已广泛应用于板料成形优化设计中，然而，对有限元分析结果的判断和相关参数的选择依然依赖于经验。而最优化技术的引入，使人们从试错(Trial-error)的工作中解脱出来。在冲压成形优化领域，优化方法可以分为三类：传统优化，启发式优化和近似模型优化。由于板料冲压成形过程是典型的强非线性问题，而传统的优化方法是基于梯度的，对于Hessian 矩阵为奇异的优化问题，显然难以处理冲压成形优化问题；启发式算法包括遗传算法、粒子群、拟退火等算法，这类算法可以找到优化问题的全局优化点，可以保证优化的精度和效果。但是，优化求解中需要反复修正CAE模型并调用相应的有限元程序，这需要耗费大量的计算资源。随着设计参数数量和复杂度的增加，不仅计算成本会成倍增加，而且计算时间会大幅度增加。基于近似模型的优化方法是求解大型问题最有希望的方法之一，鉴于其高效性，广泛应用于工程优化领域，如果能够高效建立可靠的近似模型，很多大规模的工程问题可以迎刃而解。近年来，随着研究的深入，该技术也大量应用于冲压成形问题的优化，成为目前冲压优化领域的研究热点。2.1 试验设计方法通过试验发现，样本点的布置对具体的工程问题以及相应近似模型的构建具有较强的敏感性，在有限的样本点范围内，采用不同方法生成的样本点会导致优化结果的差异。针对这些问题，国内外很多学者提出了缩减空间的概念。空间缩减技术分为两类，一类是建立在敏感性分析基础上的设计变量筛选方法23。BROWNE 等24通过分析凸凹模几何形状、压边力、凸模压力、摩擦和拉伸速度等对板厚为0.19 mm 的筒形件成形的影响，采用试验设计的方法进行了大量的试验，结果表明：除了压边力和拉深速度对最终成形性能影响不大之外，其他参数对成形性能均有较大影响。NAKAMURA 等25采用敏感性分析的方法将影响目标函数的7 个参数减少到2 个，有利于优化的进行。另一类是基于设计空间的缩减方法。前者主要是通过敏感性分析，筛选出与目标函数相关性大的参数作为设计变量。后者则是建立在工程经验和空间分类技术之上，通过对设计变量的分析，将设计变量控制在合理的范围内，并建立更为精确的近似模型。目前已经发展的技术包括：基于分层技术的小设计空间方法26-27，移动控制布点技术28、基于信任域的布点方法29、自适应试验设计方法30、多层次搜寻方法31-32等。同传统的试验设计方法相比，这类方法将设计空间控制在比较小的范围内，在减少样本点数目的同时，避免了全局拟合，使近似模型的精度大为提高。这些方法通常建立在某些假设之上，如凸集合连续性要求等等。对于实际工程问题的优化，“在线”布点技术依然存在以下瓶颈。首先，初始设计参数区间的确定是以工程经验为依据的。对于缺乏先验性的工程问题，当设计空间过小时，可能丢失最优解；反之，近似模型难以构造，精度也得不到保证。其次，对于复杂的非线性问题，随着设计参数的增加，迭代次数和样本的数目都会大幅度增加。而每次试验的开销达到一定量级时，算法的可行性难以保证。近似模型的精度是影响优化结果的最直接因素,在优化领域，国内外采用的近似模型构造技术种类繁多，常用的包括基于多项式的拟合技术，Kriging插值，径向基函数(Radial basis function，RBF)插值，自适应响应面技术等。近年来，近似模型构造技术发展很快，各种逼近和拟合算法层出不穷。但实质上，这些方法并没有取得突破性进展。总体来说，大多数近似模型构造方法的性能均是建立在回归分析、方差分析以及无偏估计等以统计学理论为依据的基础之上，判断这类近似模型优劣的标准可以归结为所谓经验风险最小化准则，但经验风险最小并不一定意味着期望风险最小。简而言之，这类技术试图用十分复杂的模型去拟合有限的样本。因此，导致丧失了推广能力，难以反映研究目标的实质和特性。因此，泛化性能出色的基于概率的支持矢量机回归近似模型构造技术提供了一种能够应用于冲压成形优化的选择。同其他主流方法相比，支持向量机回归技术的缺陷在于其计算效率，因此需要建立更为高效的试验设计方法。2.2 并行优化技术同串行算法相比，并行算法具有以下优势。由于采用并行构架，计算效率大幅度提高，可以扩大样本数量，从而导致近似模型精度提高；每个迭代步中的样本信息远远大于串行算法，因此更容易收敛。JAKUMEIT 等33建立了并行Kriging 迭代算法，在优化板金成形参数时的结果表明，它确实能更快、更稳地收敛优化过程；WANG 等34建立了基于并行智能布点算法的Kriging 近似模型体系和支持矢量机回归优化体系，并成功应用于拉延筋的优化设计。随着计算机技术的发展，基于图形处理器的通36 机 械 工 程 学 报 第46卷第10期期用计算技术(General purpose graphic process unit，GPGPU)发展很快，它不仅能够进行图形处理，而且能完成CPU 的运算工作，更适合高性能计算，并能使用更高级别的编程语言，在性能和通用性上更加强大。从狭义的GPGPU 应用来说，GPGPU 就是功能强化的GPU，弥补了CPU 浮点运算能力的严重不足。目前湖南大学汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室已将该技术成功应用于并行有限元仿真中，已取得初步成效，并已着手建立基于GPGPU技术的板料成形工艺与模具优化设计体系。3 基于CAE 技术的冲压工艺与模具制造的若干前沿问题板料冲压成形工艺发展历史悠久，随着信息技术和其他相关技术的发展和应用，基于CAE 的冲压分析越来越多地应用于板料成形工艺的设计中，不仅为工艺设计提供了更加精确的设计方法，同时也为工艺的创新提供了新的途径，如通过CAE 技术的计算和模拟，在冲压分析中可以实现基于原理变革的工艺创新和基于计算方法变革的工艺创新。3.1 拉延筋技术在现有冲压工艺技术中，拉延模具通常由凹模、凸模、压边圈三部分组成。压边圈的压料面上通常设置拉延筋以控制板料在冲压中所受的流动阻力，防止工件出现起皱或拉裂等成形缺陷。原有拉延模具的拉延筋的设置一般为垂直材料自然流动方向的直线或环线。由于拉延筋处的板料变形通常比其他部位的变形更为复杂，传统的设计计算方法难以定量计算给定形状和尺寸的拉延筋能提供的流动阻力，这就使得传统的拉延筋布置和参数设计主要凭经验和直觉进行，再通过反复的打磨和调试来获得符合要求的拉延筋形状和尺寸。这个过程通常是导致传统模具调试时间较长的重要原因。同时对于深拉延件，传统拉延筋布置和设计用来克服角部起皱或拉裂效果不佳，成形缺陷经常出现。为解决上述工艺方案中常出现的成形缺陷，湖南大学汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室应用CAE 技术，对拉延筋机理进行了深入的研究，发明了斜拉延筋工艺。新的斜拉延筋技术除在压边圈的压料面上设置有传统的拉延筋外，还在压边圈的压料面的角部创新性地设置有斜拉延筋。传统拉延筋主要提供板材在冲压中的具有被动性质的流动阻力，而斜拉延筋则除提供流动阻力外，还可提供具有主动性质的引导材料流动的作用力。这就使得斜拉延筋对材料流动具有很好的控制作用，在拉延件冲压特别是深拉延件冲压中能有效克服拉延件的起皱或拉裂缺陷。斜拉延筋工艺对设计提出了更高的要求。因为斜拉延筋能提供具有主动性质的引导材料流动的作用力，其形状、位置和尺寸参数必须足够精确，否则可能导致相反的效果。由于斜拉延筋的作用机理不同于传统拉延筋，现有可借鉴的设计理论和经验很少，因此必须发展能准确模拟真实拉延筋的计算机仿真技术。3.2 热成形技术先进高强度钢板由于具有强度高、较好的应变硬化能力、较强的均匀变形能力、更高的疲劳特性而得到广泛应用，特别是在汽车工业，由于这些优越的力学性能而具有更多的降低板厚的可能，通过减少钢板的厚度，在保证其他性能相当的条件下可达到减轻汽车重量的目的。 因此，先进高强度钢目前已成为较理想的汽车轻量化材料之一。国际上已研制出超轻钢车身，在满足2004 年美国碰撞法规前提下，应用先进高强度可在不增加成本的条件下使车身质量减少20%。因此，先进高强度钢在汽车减重、节能、提高安全性、降低排放等方面展现了广阔前景。在高强度钢板的应用中，由于强度的大幅度提高，给成形工艺和模具设计制造带来了许多新的困难，如强度增大和厚度减薄导致冲压成形中的回弹增加，强度和硬度提高导致成形力增大和模具容易磨损等。和普通钢板相比，高强度钢板在冲压过程中不仅会造成较大的弯曲回弹和扭曲回弹，而且还会产生严重的侧壁卷曲，这将严重影响冲压件的形状尺寸精度和整车装配。超高强度钢的回弹问题对当今冲压工艺提出了新的挑战，成为汽车制造行业和学术界研究的一大热点。热冲压成形技术是解决高强度钢板难成形问题和减少回弹的有效途径。热冲压是将冲压板材在奥氏体温度区加热，在高温下冲压成形并使其在模具内进行马氏体相变后，在保证高强度的前提下获得需要的形状。目前，高强度钢板采用热冲压技术具有以下特点：成形性能得到优化，回弹极小，产品尺寸精度高，成形负荷小，不必对冲压机进行升级；热成形过程工件可以获得高延展率，并可以大幅度增加零件的强度。目前的研究关键是要建立快速加热和冷却过程中的高强度钢板本构关系变化规律及对材料强度影响规律，发展能准确模拟热成形过程的计算机仿真技术，通过数值仿真与模拟，探明高强度钢板在受热和受力双重作用下材料性能的变化规律和塑性成形机理以及冷却速度对成形性能的影响机理，从而确定热成形工艺参数的变化对成形件质量的影响特性。原文：Some New Topics on Process Design and Mould Manufacture for Sheet Metal FormingLI Guangyao WANG Hu YANG Xujing ZHENG Gang （State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body; Hunan University; Changsha 410082）;机械工程学报, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 编辑部邮箱 2010年 10期summarySheet metal forming technique is one of the most important forming methods and is widely applied in industrial fields.Therefore,forming manufacturing techniques represent a country s manufacturing level.Furthermore,the quality,profit and development capability of the product also depend on forming techniques.Some new topics on process design and mould manufacture for sheet metal forming are proposed according to the recent development and applications in this field.The 2sheet metal stamping process design optimization technique of cutting edge issues inSheet metal forming process is a very complex plastic forming process, many factors which directly or indirectly affects forming quality. If the process parameters, geometry parameters and the material choice is undeserved, easy wrinkling, cracking and springback defect. The traditional process analysis and die design for the mainly rely on the experience of the designer, repeated modification of various parameters, and to repair mould, time-consuming, high cost, difficult to adapt to the requirements of modern industry. With the development of computer technology and numerical calculation method, numerical simulation technology of sheet metal forming analysis has gradually become an important means of. Finite element simulation analysis has been widely used in sheet metal forming process of optimal design, however, the result of finite element analysis judgment and selection of relevant parameters is still dependent on experience. Optimization of technology introduction, make people from trial and error ( Trial-error ) work out. In forming optimization, optimization methods can be divided into three categories: traditional optimization, heuristic optimization and approximation model optimization. Due to the sheet metal forming process is a typical nonlinear problem, and the traditional optimization method is based on the gradient, for Hessian matrix is singular optimization problem, it is obviously difficult to processing stamping optimization problem; heuristic algorithm including genetic algorithms, particle swarm, quasi annealing algorithm, this algorithm can find the global optimization problem point, can guarantee the precision and performance optimization. However, optimization requires repeated modified CAE model and calls the corresponding program of the finite element method, which requires a lot of computing resources. With the design parameters of quantity and the complexity increases, not only calculate the cost will be multiplied, and the computing time will increase substantially. Based on the approximation model for optimization method for solving large problems is the most promising method, in view of its high efficiency, widely used in the field of engineering optimization, if can efficiently establish reliable approximation model, many large-scale engineering problems can be smoothly done or easily solved. In recent years, with the deepening of the research, the technology is also applied to a large number of stamping forming of the optimization problem, become the research hotspot in the field of stamping optimization.2.1methods of experimental designThrough the experiment, the sample points layout of the specific engineering problem and the corresponding approximate model has strong sensitivity, the sample points in a limited range, using different methods to generate samples can lead to optimal result differences. In view of these problems, many domestic and foreign scholars put forward the concept of reduced space. Space reduction technology is divided into two categories, one category is established on the basis of sensitivity analysis of design variables screening method 23. BROWNE 24 through analysis of punch and die geometry, BHF, convex die pressure, friction and stretching speed on the plate thickness of 0.19mm cylinder forming effect, using the experimental design method for a large number of trials, the results show that: in addition to the blank-holder force and drawing speed on the final forming performance little, other parameters on forming properties of. NAKAMURA 25 by using sensitivity analysis method will affect the target function with 7parameters are reduced to 2, is conducive to optimizing the. The other is based on the design of space reduction method. The former mainly through sensitivity analysis, screening out of objective function and correlation with large parameters as design variables. The latter is based on the engineering experience and spatial classification techniques, through the design variables in the analysis, the design variables are controlled in a reasonable range, and build a more accurate approximation model. Has been the development of the technology include: Based on hierarchical technology small space design method 26-27, mobile control layout technique 28, trust domain based layout method 29, the adaptive test design method 30, multi-level search method 31-32. With the traditional test method compared to, this kind of method to design space control in a relatively small range, the reduced sample number at the same time, to avoid the global fitting, so that the approximation accuracy is greatly improved. These methods are usually based on some assumptions, such as convex set continuity requirements etc. For the practical engineering optimization problems, online layout technique is below the bottleneck. First of all, the initial design parameters interval to determine the engineering experience as the basis. For lack of a priori knowledge of engineering problems, when the design space of hours, may lose the optimal approximation model; instead, it is difficult to build, the precision can not be guaranteed. Secondly, for the complex nonlinear problems, with the design parameter increases, the number of iterations and the number of samples will increase. Each time the test spending reaches a certain level, it is difficult to guarantee the feasibility of the algorithm. Approximation accuracy is influenced by the optimization results of the most direct factor, in the field of optimization at home and abroad, the approximate model construction technology of variety, commonly used include based on polynomial fitting technique, Kriging interpolation, radial basis function ( Radial basis function, RBF ) interpolation, adaptive response surface technique. In recent years, approximate model technology develops very fast, and various approximation algorithm fitting emerge in an endless stream. But in fact, these methods have not achieved breakthrough progress. In general, most approximate model construction method performance are based on regression analysis, analysis of variance and unbiased estimation based on the statistics theory based on this kind of approximate model, judging criterions can be attributed to the so-called empirical risk minimization rule, but empirical risk minimization does not necessarily mean that the expected risk minimum. In short, this kind of technology is tried to use very complex model to fitting Limited sample. Therefore, lead to a loss of generalization ability, cannot reflect the research target of the essence and character. Therefore, the generalization performance of the excellent probability based on support vector machine regression approximation model technology provides a can be applied to the optimal selection of stamping forming. Compared with other mainstream method, support vector machine SVM regression technique flaw lies in its computational efficiency, so it is necessary to build more efficient methods of experimental design.2.2parallel optimization techniqueCompared with the serial algorithm, parallel algorithm has the following advantages. Due to the adoption of parallel framework, computational efficiency is greatly improved, can expand the number of samples, thus leading to improve the accuracy of approximate model; each iteration of the sample information is far greater than the serial algorithm, thus more easily convergent. JAKUMEIT 33 to establish a parallel Kriging algorithm in the optimization of sheet metal forming parameters, the results show that, it can be faster, more stable convergence of the optimization process; WANG 34 was established based on the parallel intelligent layout algorithm of approximate Kriging model system and support vector machine regression optimization system, and successfully applied to the drawbead optimization design. With the development of computer technology, based on the graphics processor through36machine machinery engineering process study reported forty-sixth volume tenth period calculation technique ( General purpose graphic process unit, GPGPU ) is developing very fast, it can not only for graphics processing, and can complete the CPU operation work, is more suitable for high performance computing, and can use more high level programming language, in performance and versatility of a more powerful. From the narrow GPGPU application, GPGPU is strengthening the function of GPU, for the CPU floating point arithmetic ability shortage. Advanced design and manufacturing for vehicle at Hunan University State Key Laboratory of the technology has been successfully applied in parallel in the finite element simulation, has achieved initial results, and has started to build the GPGPU technology based on sheet metal forming process and die design system.3 based on the CAE technology of the stamping process and dieManufacture of some frontier problems in sheet metal forming process has a long history of development, with the development of information technology and other related technology development and application, based on the CAE analysis is more and more used in stamping of sheet metal forming process design, not only for the process design provides more precise design method, but also for the technological innovation provides new ways, such as through the use of CAE technology calculation and simulation, stamping in the analysis can be achieved based on the principle of change of process innovation and based on the calculation method of transformation process innovation.3.1bead techniqueIn the existing stamping technology of drawing die, usually by concave die, punch, a pressing edge ring is composed of three parts. Blank holder pressure surface usually setting drawbead to control sheet in stamping the flow resistance, prevents the workpiece wrinkling or cracking forming defects. The original drawing mould drawbead setting is generally perpendicular to the flow direction of the straight line or natural materials link. As a result of drawbead of sheet deformation usually than in other parts of the deformation is more complex, the traditional design and calculation methods are difficult to quantify the given shape and size of the drawbead can provide resistance to flow, which makes the traditional drawbead layout and parameter design mainly by experience and intuition, and through repeated grinding and debugging to meet the requirements of the drawing rib shape and size. This process is usually lead to the traditional mold debugging time longer important reason. At the same time for deep drawing, traditional drawbead layout and design to overcome the corner wrinkling or cracking effect, forming defect often appears. In order to solve the above technical scheme often appears in the forming defects of automobile body, Hunan University State Key Laboratory of advanced design and manufacture technology for application of CAE, drawbead mechanism of in-depth research, the invention of oblique drawbead. New slant on drawbead technology except in the pressing ring is arranged on the surface of the binder traditional drawbead, still pressing edge ring binder corner innovatively with inclined drawbead. Traditional drawbead mainly provide sheet in stamping with the passive properties of the resistance to flow, and the oblique drawbead except to provide resistance to flow, can also provide the active nature of the guide material flow force. This makes the oblique Drawbead on material flow and has good control effect, in the drawing stamping especially deep drawing stamping can effectively overcome the drawing wrinkling or crack. Oblique drawbead design put forward higher requirements. Because of an oblique drawbead can provide active nature of the guide material flow force, its shape, position and size parameters must be sufficiently accurate, otherwise may cause the opposite effect. Because of the oblique drawbead mechanism is different from the traditional drawbead, existing reference design theory and experience little, therefore must develop accurate simulation of real drawbead computer simulation technology.3.2 hot forming technologyAdvanced high strength steel plate with high strength, good strain hardening ability, strong uniform deformation capacity, higher fatigue properties and widely used, especially in the automotive industry, due to the excellent mechanical performance and more reduce plate thickness may, by reducing the thickness of the sheet, the other performance conditions can reach the purpose of reducing vehicle weight. Therefore, advanced high strength steel has become the ideal lightweight automobile materials. Ultra light steel auto body international has developed in the United States, meet the 2004crash regulations premise, the application of advanced high strength without increasing the cost of conditions to reduce the 20% body quality. Therefore, advanced high strength steel in vehicle weight, energy conservation, improve safety, reduce emissions and so on shows broad prospects. In high strength steel app