Basic Knowledge of Pipe Fitting__ Level 2.ppt

BasicKnowledgeofPipeFittingLevelII管线装配的基本知识二级 Introduction Thistrainingisintendedfortherecipientstogainabasicunderstandingofpipefittingknowledgeassociatedwithweldedpipeaswellasthreadedpipeandsomeofthetechniquesused Aswithallmaintenanceactivities therearesafetyfactorsassociatedthatmustbeobserved Wewilldiscusssomeofthesesafetyfactorsasweprogressthroughthetraining Itisimportanttorealizethatknowledgeandqualityaretwoofthemostimportanttoolsthatwillbeutilizedinpipefittingtoachieveaqualityproductinasafemanor Firstwewilldiscusspipefittingthatemploystheuseofwelding Therearenumeroushandoutsnotreferencedinthistraining butcontainusefulinformationassociatedwithpipefitting 本次培训的目的是让大家对那些用焊接 螺纹或其它某些方式连接的管线装配知识有一个基本的了解 在整个维修行为中 我们必须要注意相关的安全系数 在这个培训中将讨论一些我们会应用到的安全系数 安全系数和管线特性是保证管线装配质量的两个重要工具 首先我们将讨论焊接连接的管线装配 有很多实例在这个培训材料中没有涉及到 但都含有与管线装配相关的有用信息 Wewillusecarbonsteelpipeandcomponentsasanexample Whenmeasuringareplacementpipingsystemoranewpipingsystem itisvitalthataccuratemeasurementsaretaken Pleaseseehandoutnumber1forexamplesofwheremeasurementsshouldbetaken Theruleofthumbistomeasurecentertocenter centertofaceorfacetocenterastheillustrations showninhandoutnumber1 举例 碳钢管线及其管件 当我们要更换或新增加一段管线系统时 精确测量尤为重要 见图1所示的测量位置 经验测量方法是中心到中心 中心到面或者面到面 Let sassumethatwearereplacinganexisting2 sectionofline Pleaseseehandoutnumber2forexercise 假设我们现在要更换一段2 150 schedule40的管线 如下图所示 Nowusingtheillustrationabove andassumingthatthisis2 carbonsteelweldedpipethatwillbereplaced wewillgothroughthestepsnecessarytofabricatethispipeexactlytothesamedegreeastheoriginal Rememberthatthereplacementwillbeinstalledboltingtothreeexistingflanges Sotoavoidpipestress attentiontodetailisamust 假定这条2英寸的管线全部是用焊接方法装配起来的 逐步装配中要确保更换管线的角度必须和原来的保持一致 以避免在法兰连接其对应的管线时产生额外应力Wewillalsoassumethattheflangesareraisedfaceslip onandthatthebuttweldfittingsarestandardschedule40 Wewillstartatoneoftheflangeendsandworkourwaytotheotherflangeend Let sgetstarted 假设法兰是带径平焊凸面法兰以及schedule40对焊标准管件 现在开始一步步地来完成整段的管线装配 Startingwiththe47 5inchfacetocenterpiece wewillneedtocutthefirstpieceofpipe Toactuallygetthemeasurementforthecutlengthofthenewpipe wemustfirstdoourmaterialtake off Firstwehavealreadyassumedthatwehave2 slip onflanges sowewouldtakeoff 375 fromthe47 5 facetocenterwhichgivesus47 125 Thisisbecausetheflangefacewillbestickingout 375 furtherthantheendofthepipe sothe 375 mustbetakenfromthefacetocenter measurementwhichis47 5inches 从第一段管路开始 面到中心的距离是47 5inch 我们需要切割第一段管线 为得到实际切割长度的一段新管线 首先进行管线的计算 由于假定的是带径平焊凸面法兰 因此需要从47 5inch减去0 375inch 即47 125 这是因为法兰面伸出管线断面0 375inch 所以对将要切割的新管线来说 这个长度必须从47 5inch中减掉 Nowwemustconsiderthe90degreeell Seehandoutnumber3 Youmustalwayscheck measure thefittingstobeused Youmeasurefromthebuttendtothecenterofthefitting Thisisdoneasacheckduetosometimesdifferentmanufacturesmayvaryslightlyintheirdimensions Standardandshortradiusbuttweld90degreeellsforexamplewhencalculatingyourtakeoffisasfollows Standardellsareoneandonehalftimestheirnominalsize Forexample a1 std ellis1 5 takeoffanda4 std ellwouldbea6 takeoff Shortradiusellsareonetimetheirsizeorthesamenominalsize forexamplea1 shortradiuselltakeoffis1 anda4 shortradiusellis4 Thesemeasurementsareonlyforthefittinganddonotincludeanygapforweldingaswewillseelater 现在再考虑90度弯头 见图3 由于来自不同的制造商的管件 在尺寸上会略有不同 你必须检查 测量 使用的管件 对标准弯头和短径弯头在计算减掉尺寸时 按如下方法 对标准弯头 减掉尺寸是其公称尺寸的1 5倍 对短径弯头 减掉尺寸等于其公称尺寸 这些尺寸仅对弯头本身 不包括后面提到的焊接间隙 Sosincethisisa2 lineusingstandardfittings wewouldtakeoff3 forthe90degreeellandanadditional 125 fortheweldgapforatotalof3 125 Aftertheflangetakeoffwewereat47 125 sowetakeaway3 125 from47 125 andnowwehave44 0 Thisisthelengththatwewillcutthepipe Rememberthatthepipeandfittingsneedtobethoroughlycleanedatleastoneinchoneachsideoftheweldzone Donotforgetwhenfitting wearappropriatePPE inthiscasebesidesnormalPPE leatherglovesandshadedsafetyglassesduetothetackingperformedbythewelder Alsotheendofthepipethatgetsthefittingtackedtoitneedstobebeveledto37degreesandleavea 125 landorflatareaontheend Nowtobeginthefit upprocess 这里我们使用的是标准管件 所以因标准弯头而减掉的尺寸是3 另外还要减掉0 125 的焊接间隙 那么需要切割的管线长度是47 125 3 0 125 44 管线和管件要洁净 至少在要焊接区域1 的范围内 注意在装配过程中穿戴合适的PPE 皮手套 防护焊接弧光的遮光眼镜 在对焊的管线末端需要有37度的坡口 并留下0 125 的一个平面 现在进行装配过程 Placethe44inchpipeinavicemakingsurethateachendofthepipeisfarenoughawayfromtheviceastonotinterferewiththefit up Makesurethatthepipeislevelandthevicetightened 把44 的管线放在钳台上 管线的两个末端与钳台有足够的距离 确保装配不受钳台的干扰 同时保证管线是水平放置 Placetheflangeononeendofthepipemakingsurethatthereis0 375 fromtheendofthepipetothefaceoftheflange placeamarkonthepipeonthebacksideoftheflangeforreference Nowwithalevel twoholetheflangeandhavetheweldertackthetopbacksideoftheflange Ensurethatthewelderputsasmalltack enoughtohold asalargetackwilldrawormovethefittingmakingitdifficulttohold Makesurethatthe 375 fromtheendofthepipetothefaceoftheflangeisgood Ifso checkthelevelnessofthepipe ifgoodlevelthefaceoftheflange havetheweldertackthebottombacksideoftheflange Nowcheckallagaintoensurethatnothinghasmoved ifallisgood squaretheflangetothepipe 将法兰与管线的一端组配 确保前面提到的尺寸0 375inch并在管线上和法兰的内表面做上记号 用水平尺确保法兰孔跨中分布 焊工点焊法兰内侧环缝的顶部 焊点要小 点住就可以 焊点太大会拽拉法兰难以保证合适的尺寸 测量尺寸准确 管线水平以及法兰面垂直后 点焊法兰内侧环缝的底部 再检查各部件固定后 调整法兰与管线垂直 Todothisusea24 carpentersquare Placethesquareinthehorizontalposition placetheshortendofthesquaremiddleoftheflangefacewiththelongendrunningdownthehorizontalsideofthepipe Withatapemeasure takeameasurementclosetotheflange foreaseofreadingyoucanmoveyoursquareinorouttoawholenumber aftertakingthemeasurementandmakingsurethatthesquaredoesnotmove takeareadingattheotherendofthesquare Ifthereadingsarethesamethentheflangeissquare ifnotlightlytaptheflangeonthelongsidethenmeasureagain Continueuntiltheflangeissquareandhavetheweldertackeachside Checkthatallisgoodbeforefittingtheotherend 用24 直角尺来调整法兰与管线的垂直度 直角尺的短边靠在法兰面的中线 长边指向管线与管线水平 然后用卷尺测量管线与直角尺长边的距离 尽量靠近法兰 记下读数 然后侧量角尺末端与管线的距离并记下读数 比较读数 如果读数相同 说明法兰与管线垂直 如果不同 轻微敲击法兰 注意法兰密封面 调整直至读数相同 反复测量调整直至法兰与管线垂直 焊工点焊住后 外观检查合格后 焊接管线的另一端 Itisbesttouseagapwiretoholdthegapconsistentwhenfittingabuttweldjoint Normallythewire inthiscase 125 becausethat swhatweusedinourtakeoff isbentintheshapeofa V andplacedbetweenthepipeandthefitting Withthegapwireinplace holdthe90degreeellonitsside applyingenoughpressureonthefittingtoholdthegapwireinplacewiththefittingfacesquareagainstthepipe Placealevelontheoppositeendofthefittingface levelshouldbeinverticalposition whenfittingfaceislevel alsolevelthetopofthefitting laylevelontopofthefittinginthehorizontalposition makesurethatthepipeisalignedwiththefittingallthewayaround itisnotuncommonfortheoutsideofthefittingtobelargerthanthepipe somakesuretoalignasneeded Whenthegapissquareandfittingislevelinbothdirections havetheweldertacktheverytopofthefitting Pulloutthegapwireandlevelthefittingagaininbothdirections whenobtainedhaveweldertacktheverybottomofthefitting Nowusingthe24 carpenterssquareora24 level placeitontheopenendofthe90degreeellinthehorizontalposition makesureitisflatonthefittingface andmeasurefromthetooltothesideofthepipeclosetothefittingthenawayfromthefitting tapwithahammerlightlyifneededtosquarewithpipe whenachievedhaveweldertackbothsides Withtheflangeandthe90degreeelltackedinplace measurefacetocenterandmakesurethatyouhave47 5inches Nowtothenextstep 在对焊中最好使用间隙线保证环缝间隙一致 通常将该线弯成 V 字形 本例中用直径0 125 的金属线 放在管件与管端之间 在弯头上施加足够压力使间隙线被压在弯头与管线断面间 用水平仪调整弯头另一端面的垂直度后 水平仪在垂直的位置 调整弯头上平面的水平度 把水平仪放在弯头顶部水平位置 确保管线与弯头上端同轴线 有时会出现弯头直线段的外径比管线的大 保证同轴度很关键 当焊接间隙合理 弯头的两个方向水平 焊工在环缝顶部点焊 抽出间隙线 用上述方法检查调整弯头两个方向的水平度合格后 焊工点焊环缝底部 现在使用24 的直角尺或者24 的直尺 水平贴在弯头的一侧 确定平直贴在弯头的端面上 通过测量直角尺或直尺与管线在靠近弯头依次向外不同位置的距离校验弯头与管线的垂直度 必要时用锤子轻敲弯头进行调整后 焊工点焊另外两侧 测量验证平面到中心的距离47 5 这样完成了法兰和弯头与第一段管线的点焊装配工作 然后进行下一步 Fromcentertofacewehave37 375 sowedoourmaterialtakeoffinordertogetthecutlengthofournextpieceofpipe Thisrunhasa90degreeellandatee soweknowthatthe90degreeelltakeoffis3 plus 125 fortheweldgap nowforthetee Remembertoalwaysmeasureeachfittingforthetakeoff Thetakefora2 standardteeis2 5 plus 125 fortheweldgap Sototaltakeoffforthispipewouldbeasfollows 3 125 2 5 125 5 750 Therefore37 375 5 750 31 625 thiswillbethelengththatthenextpieceofpipewillbecut 37 375 是中心到中心的距离 先计算需要减掉的尺寸以确定第二段管线的切割长度 这个长度上有一个弯头和一个三通 如前所述 因弯头而减去的尺寸是3 0 125inch 对标准三通 见图3 需减去的尺寸是2 5 另加0 125inch的焊缝间隙 那么第二段管线实际切割长度是37 375 3 0 125 2 5 0 125 31 625 inch Usingthe V shapedgapwireasbefore placethewirebetweenthe90degreeellalreadytackedandthe31 625 pieceofpipeyoujustcutandprepped cleanedandbeveledbothends Placealevelontopofthepipe whenlevelhavetheweldertackthetopofthebuttjoint Aftertackedontop removegapwire placelevelbackonthetopofthepipeandholdlevelandhaveweldertackthebottomofthebuttjoint Inordertosquarethesideofthepipe useacarpenterssquare placeonesideofitonthepipethatisinthevice canslidesquareinorouttowholenumber measurefromtheedgeofthesquaretothesideofthepipeclosetothe90degreeellthenmeasuretheotherend whenpipeissquare checklevelagainthenhaveweldertackbothsidesofthebuttjoint 采用同样的方法把 V 型间隙线放在弯头与管线断面之间 事先做好管线的焊接坡口和清理工作 用水平仪调整管线的水平度 先放置顶部 水平后点焊环缝顶部 取出间隙线 测量底侧 水平后点焊环缝底部 为确保二段管线垂直 把直角尺的一边放在第一段管线上 使直角尺的另一边与第二段管线在靠近弯头的位置又一个整数的距离 以便调整二段管线的垂直度 确认垂直后 再次检查该管段的水平度后 点焊两侧 Tofittheteeontothepipe usegapwireasbefore layteeonitssidewithbranchfacingthesamedirectionasthepipeinthevise Levelthetopsideandthebranchsideofthetee makesurethatthealignmentisgoodandhavetheweldertackthetopsideofthebuttjoint Removegapwire Levelthebranchsideandtherunsideofthetee haveweldertackonthebottomwhenachieved Nowtosquaretheteewiththepipe place24 levelorcarpenterssquareinthehorizontalpositiononthefaceofthefittingonthebranchside Measureasbefore closetothefittingsidethenfartherfromthefittingside whenteeissquarehaveweldertackbothsidesofthefitting Tocheckdimension measurefromcenterofthe90degreeelltothecenterofthetee youshouldhave37 375 现安装三通 同样适用间隙线 支口与第一段管线的方向一致 调整三通主管和支管顶部水平 点焊环缝顶部 取掉间隙线 再次检查调整三通主管和支管水平 点焊环缝底部 现在校正三通主管与管线的垂直度 把直角尺或直尺水平靠在三通支管的断面上 如前所述方法 测量调整垂直度后 点焊环缝两侧 测量确认从弯头中心到三通中心的距离为37 375 Let scontinuewiththerunsideofthetee Youmaywanttoplaceapipestandundertheteeforsupport Wehavethedimensionof23 875 centerofteetofaceoftheflange Theteetakeoffweknowis2 5 plus 125 fortheweldgap Wealsoknowthattheflangetakeoffis 375 2 5 125 375 3 So23 875 3 20 857 thisisthelengthofthenextpieceofpipethat sneedstobecut Afterpipeiscutandprepped onlyoneendneedsbeveled placethegapwirebetweenthefittingandthepipe Placealevelontopofthepipeandmakesurepipetofittingalignmentisgoodandhaveweldertackthebuttjointontop Removewirelevelandsquareasbefore Placeflangeontheendofthepipe makesurethatyouhave 375 fromtheendofthepipetothefaceoftheflange Twoholetheflange levelandsquareasbefore Measurefromcenteroftheteetothefaceoftheflange thatmeasurementshouldbe23 875 Now measurefromthecenterofthe90degreeelltothefaceoftheflange thismeasurementshouldbe61 250 Nowlet sgobacktothebranchsideofthetee 让我们来沿着三通主管装配第三段管子 此时应用一段管子适当支撑三通 图2显示23 875 是三通中心到法兰面的距离 我们知道 相对三通 减掉的尺寸应是2 5 0 125 相对法兰 减掉的尺寸是 375 那么实际切割的第三段管子长度应是23 875 2 5 0 125 0 375 20 857 在管子打好坡口和清理后 放置间隙线在管子和三通管端之间 测量确定管线水平后 点焊环缝顶部 如前方法 移开间隙线 调整水平 与三通主管同心 与第一段管垂直后点焊 装配法兰的方法同前所述 测量从三通中心到法兰面的距离为23 875 测量验证从弯头中心到法兰端面的距离为61 250 现在回到三通支管装配第四段管线 Weneed8 250 fromthecenteroftheteetothefaceoftheflange Withstandardtees thetakeoffsoneachindividualsizesarethesame example a2 std teetakeoffis2 5 inalldirectionweatherthebranchsideortherunside So theteetakeoffis2 5 plus 125 fortheweldgapand 375 fortheflangetakeoff Thisaddsupto3 8 250 3 0 5 250 thisisthelengthofthelastpieceofpipetobecut 图例显示从三通中心到法兰面的距离是8 250 对于标准弯头 每个方向的尺寸是一样的 因此该2 标准弯头在支管方向上减掉的尺寸是2 5 0 125 再减掉因法兰产生的0 375 第四段管线的实际切割长度是8 250 2 5 0 125 0 375 5 250 Asbeforeusethegapwirebetweentheteeandthepipe Placelevelontopofthepipe makesurethatpipeandfittingalignmentisgoodandhaveweldertacktopofpipe Removewire placelevelontopofpipeholdlevelandhaveweldertackonthebottomofthebuttjoint Squarethesideofthepipeandputonflange Besuretoholdthe 375 fromtheendofthepipetothefaceoftheflange Twoholeflange checksetbackandhaveweldertacktopofflange Levelflangeandtackthebottom Nowsquaretheflangeasbeforeandhavetheweldertack Measurefromthecenteroftheteetothefaceoftheflange thismeasurementshouldbe8 250 打好坡口和清理后 用同样的方法在两个管断面间放置间隙线 用水准仪调整三通支管与直管段一致 点焊环缝顶端 拿出间隙线 调整一致 点焊下部 调至第四段管线与二 三段管线垂直并水平后 按前方法装配法兰 最后 测量验证三通中心到法兰面的距离为8 250 Asyoucanseethroughoutthisexercise itisimportanttocontinuallycheckyourworkduringthefit upprocess Tackweldingwilldrawthefittingorthepipeeachtimeatackisapplied soyoumustcontinuallycheckthatthelineislevel squareandanyflangeorientationsareexactlywhattheyaresupposedtobe 通过这个练习我们看到 在装配过程中连续的检查是多么重要 间断点焊将固定住管件或管线 即每次调整后用点焊固定 因此你必须连续检查确认管线是水平垂直的 法兰方位是正确的 Nextwewilldiscussathreadedpipesystem Athreadedpipeisessentiallyapipewithscrewthreadsforassembly Thethreadsaregenerallyconicalratherthancylindrical thereforeathreadedpipejointislikeaconicalplugthatwillplugaconicalhole Thetaperonthreadsallowsthemtoformasealwhentorquedasthethreadscompressagainsteachother WithNPTfittingstheuseofathreadsealtapeorathreadsealcompoundonthepipeisusedtoaidinsealingorinotherwordstomakethethreadedjointleakfree Theuseoftapeoracompoundalsohelpstolimitcorrosiononthethreadswhichcanmakefuturedisassemblynearlyimpossible Experiencewilltellyouwhattypeofsealanttouseonthreadedjoints sowheneverindoubtasktheMaintenanceSupervisorwhichsealingtapeorcompoundtouseinaparticularapplication 下面我们将讨论螺纹连接的管线系统 螺纹管实际是带有用以装配的螺纹的管子 通常圆锥螺纹优于圆柱螺纹 螺纹管连接象是塞住圆锥孔的锥形塞 当它们相互扭紧挤压在一起时 锥形螺纹就形成一个密封 使用NPT的同时 还要使用螺纹密封带或者密封剂增加密封性 换句话说 就是防止泄漏 密封带或者密封剂的使用还可以降低腐蚀 有助于将来的拆卸 经验会告诉你在螺纹连接时应使用何种密封剂 因此对于密封带或者密封剂的使用有任何疑问应随时向维修监督请教 Aswiththefabricationofweldedpipetherearealsohazardsassociatedwiththreadedpipeaswell Themostcommonwaytothreadpipeisbytheuseofanelectricpowerpipethreadingmachine Pipeisplacedinthemachineandchuckedup frontchucktograspandholdpipe rearchucktocenterthepipeinthemachine Longerpipesneedtoalsohaveapipestandbehindthemachinetosupportthepipe Withthepipesecureinthemachine youthenassurethatthedieheadhasthepropertypeandsizeofdiesforthepipeandthattheyareingoodcondition Whenyoumovethedieheadtowardtheendofthepipetobethreaded butbeforethedieheadcontactsthepipe pressthefootpedaltostartthemachineandafterthemachineisuptofullspeed ensurethatagoodflowofcuttingoilisflowingfromthefeedtube thenslowlymovethedieheadtothepipeandholduntildieheadbeginsfeedingitselfontothepipe Whendesiredpipethreadisachieved releasedieheadandbackofffromthepipe thenreleasefootpedaltostoppowertothemachine Youthencarefullywipethethreadswithathickclothtoremovesomeoftheoil buttheremaybepiecesofmetalshavingsleftonthethreadsandthethreadswillbesomewhatsharp Withafitting checkthreads Thefittingshouldscrewonthepipeabout ruleofthumb 3to4turns Ifyoucan tturnthefittingatleast3turnsbyhandoryoucanturnthefittingmorethan4turnsbyhand youneedtoadjustthedie headaccordingly Useexamplebelow 2 schedule40carbonsteelpipe threadedflangesandstandardcastironthreaded45degreeells 象焊接管的制作一样 螺纹管也有风险 制作螺纹管最普通的方法是使用电动套丝机 把管子放在机器上并卡住 前卡盘固定住管子 后卡盘定位管子中心 更长的管子则需要一段管子在机器后面支撑这段长管 管子在机器上要安全可靠 确认正确类型的板牙头和正确的板牙 保证它们状况良好 当你将板牙头移向要加工螺纹的管端时 在接触到管子之前 先踩下脚踏板开动机器 在机器达到满速 确认切削油流动正常 然后缓慢移动板牙头到管端并把持住直到板牙头自行在管子上移动 期望的管螺纹完成后 释放板牙头 退出管子 松开脚踏板 停止机器运转 然后仔细地用厚布擦掉螺纹上的油 但有时会有一些金属屑留在螺纹上 螺顶有点锐尖 此时 用管件检验螺纹 管件应旋入管子大约3到4扣 凭经验 如果用手旋不到3扣或者超过4扣 你就要调整板牙头 用下面示例 2inchschedule40的碳钢管线 150 螺纹法兰和标准的45度铸钢弯头 Togetstarted wecollectourfittings Checkthethreadstoensurethereisnodamageandlookattheexternalofthefittingforobviousdamagesuchasthefittingmayhavebeendropped Lookcarefullyattheflangefaces theyshouldhavenonicks gougesorgrooves Usingtheattachedexampledrawing ourfirstdimensionis14inchesfromthefaceoftheflangetothecenterlineofthe45degreeell Sowefirstmustdoourmaterialtakeofftoobtainourmeasurementtocutourfirstpieceofpipe Withthreadedfittings unlikeweldedfittings afterdeductingyourfittingtakeoff youmustaddbackyourthreadmake up So measurefromthefaceoftheflangetothebacksideoftheflange Forthiscasewewilluse1 fortheflangemeasurement Nowontheotherendwehavea45degreeell Thetakeofffora2 45degreeellis1 687inches Thethreadmake upfora2inch45degreeellis 625 Seehandoutnumber4 Nowwedothemath 装配前 先准备管件 检查螺纹没有损伤 管件外观没有明显缺陷如明显撞击 检查法兰面没有刻痕 凹坑或者凹槽 根据图例 第一个尺寸是从法兰面到45度弯头中心线 14 首先要扣减尺寸已获得该段管线的实际切割长度 测量确认法兰面到法兰背面的距离为1 对于45度弯头 减掉的尺寸是1 687 螺纹的连接长度是0 625 按图例做相关计算如下 1 flange 1 0 fitting 1 687 2 687 法兰 1 0 弯头 1 687 2 6872 facetocenter 14 2 687 flange fitting 11 313 distancebetweenendsoffittings 面到中心 14 2 687 法兰 弯头 11 3133 threadmake up 0 625 x2 1 25 flangeoneend fittingoneend 螺纹叠合长度 0 625x2 1 25 法兰侧 弯头侧 4 distancebetweenendsoffittings 11 313 1 25 12 563 threadmake up 两管件断面间的距离 11 313 1 25 12 563 包括螺纹长度 5 Youwouldcutyourpipe12 312 Seehandoutnumber5andthreadeachendofthepipe 你将切割12 563 长度的管子 见表5 并加工两端螺纹 6 Nowwiththepipesecurelyinavise puteitherTFEthreadtapeorthreadpasteorcompoundoneachendofthepipethreads thenthreadtheflangeontothepipe rememberyoushouldbeabletohandtightenthefittings3to4fullturns Thenyounormallytightenwithawrenchonetotwomoreturns Tightentheflangewithaflangewrenchandbesuretotwoholetheflange Gototheotherendandscrewonthe45degreeell whentighttheellshouldbefacinghorizontal 现在将管子安全地固定在钳台上 在螺纹上缠上TFE密封带或者密封剂 然后旋上法兰 记住你手动旋动3到4扣后 用扳手再旋进1到2扣 用凸缘扳手紧固法兰后确保法兰孔跨中分布 在另一头安装弯头 紧固后确保弯头水平 7 Nowthesecondmeasurement 16 75 centertocenteroftwo45degreeells Rememberfromthefirst45degreeellthatthefittingtakeoffis1 687inches