高中英语 Module 4 Great Scientists试题（含解析）外研版必修4.doc

module 4 great scientists five faiths of newton the greatest scientist in history人类历史上最伟大的科学家牛顿的五则信条patiently thinkif i have done the public any service, it is due to my patient thought. we dont spend enough time patiently thinking! albert einstein said, its not that im so smart, its just that i stay with problems longer. if you would just block out some time daily to think, you could solve many of your problems. you could even solve some of the worlds problems. 耐心思考我之所以能够为社会作出什么贡献，这都要归功于耐心的思考。我们总是不愿拿出足够的时间耐心思考问题！艾尔伯特爱因斯坦曾说过：我并不是天才，只是我比普通人思考问题的时间更长。如果你能够每天抽出一部分时间思考，你的很多问题都将得到解决，你甚至可以解决一些全球性的问题。labor to be tactfultact is the art of making a point without making an enemy. solomon said, a gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger. we can all polish up on our tact, our diplomacy, our discretion, our delicacy, and our gracefulness. solomon went on to say, like apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in right circumstances, labor to be tactful in all you do. 机智处世 机智是一门艺术，它不仅能使你表达自己的看法，还不会使你树敌。所罗门说过：回答柔和，使怒消退。言语暴戾，触动怒气。通过机智圆滑的处世之道，不论是我们的交际手腕、判断力、韧性，还是行为举止都将更加出色。所罗门还说过：一句话说得合宜，就如金苹果在银网子里，时时处处机智处世。build bridgeswe build too many walls and not enough bridges.tony robbins said, the quality of your life is the quality of your relationships. this is why you must spend your time building bridges instead of walls. when we build bridges we are literally building a better life. when we build walls, we are stagnating our own growth. joseph f. newton said, people are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges. 构建桥梁我们心中修葺了太多围墙，却鲜有沟通彼此的桥梁。 托尼罗宾斯说过：人际关系决定一个人的生活质量。这就是为什么你要花费时间来构建通往他人心墙内的桥梁，而不是围墙。当我们构建了桥梁，我们也就创造了更加美好的生活。而当我们只顾着搭建围墙时，我们自身的发展也就停滞不前了。约瑟夫f.牛顿说：人们感到孤独，是因为他们在人与人之间筑了墙，而不是搭了桥。 chase after knowledgeif i have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.theres no need to recreate the wheel. to make progress, all you must do is to build on what others have already done. commence by learning what others know. when you chase after knowledge, you strategically position yourself on the shoulders of giants; you are then able to see what others cant see. 追逐知识 如果说我比别人看得更远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。没必要自垒阵营，你只用在前人已有的基础上不断进步就行。你可以从前人已知的开始入手，当你汲取知识的时候，你是有战略性地站在巨人的肩膀上，这样你能掌握他人不了解的知识。pursue trutha man may imagine things that are false, but he can only understand things that are true, for if the things be false, the apprehension of them is not understanding.we must pursue truth! theres an anonymous quote that goes, the truth is heavy, therefore few care to carry it. be one of those few who pursue truth both day and night. blaise pascal said, once your soul has been enlarged by truth, it can never return to its original size. 追求真理人类可能会猜测一些事情是错误的，但他只能够明白这些事是真实存在的，却不明白它错在哪儿，这便是人们对真理的不理解。 我们必须追求真理！有这样一句谚语：真理沉重，因此少有人承载它。做一个每天都在追逐真理的人，布莱士帕斯卡（注：法国数学家）说：一旦你的灵魂被真理延伸，它绝不会再回到最初的形态。.核心单词1._n.人物2._vt.出版3._vt.支持4._vt.取代；以代替5._vi.逃跑；逃避6._adj.直的7._n.生产者_vt.生产_n.生产8._adj.主要的_vt.领导_n.领导者9._vt.教育_n.教育_n.教育者10._n.农业_adj.农业的11._adj.原来的；最初的_n.起源12._vt.出口_vt.进口13._n.数量_n.质量14._adj.简短的；简洁的_adv.简短地，简洁地15._vi.毕业 n.毕业生_n.毕业16._n.爆炸；爆炸声_vi.爆炸.重点短语1.培养；养育_2.由于的结果_3.因而出名_4.谋生_5.掌权_6.bring in_7.the key to doing sth_8.experiment with_9.convert.to._10.attach.to._.核心单词1.ducer；produce；production8.leading；lead；cate；education；educator10.agriculture；agricultural11.original；origin12.export；import13.quantity；quality14.brief；briefly15.graduate；graduation16.explosion；explode.重点短语1.bring up2.as a result of3.be known for4.earn ones e to power6.引进；带来7.做某事的关键8.对进行实验9.把转化为10.把系到上重点词语1.support vt.支持；支撑；资助；供养n.支持；支撑物；帮助from dawn to dusk, he works countless hours to support our family.从早到晚，为了养活我们一家人，他工作的时间不计其数。support sb in (doing) sth在某一方面支持某人give support to 支持，支援come to ones support 支持某人in support of 支持2.quantity n.数量；大量its a lot cheaper if you buy it in quantity.如果你大量购买要便宜得多。a large quantity of大量的large quantities of 大量的；许多的in quantity 大量地【名师点睛】 a quantity of/quantities of既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。a quantity ofn.作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词，quantities of n.作主语时，谓语动词用复数。3.escape vi.逃跑，逃离；逃脱vt.避开；避免；被遗忘，被忽视n.逃离；逃脱his heart beat wildly, and without thinking he started to run and luckily escaped the cats paws(爪子).他(老鼠)的心怦怦乱跳，赶紧逃窜，幸运地躲过了那只猫的抓捕。 (1)escape from 逃跑；逃脱；从逃走escape doing sth逃避、避开做某事escape death/punishment 死里逃生/逃脱惩罚(2)make a narrow escape 九死一生，幸免于难make ones escape 逃跑4.be known for 因而出名/闻名 shangrila is known for its quiet natural scenery.香格里拉以其恬静的自然风光闻名。 be known as作为而出名be known to 为熟知 be known by 凭而知5. come to/into power 掌权；执政the party came to power at the last election.这个政党是在上次大选中当选执政的。in power当权，执政take power 掌权have power over 控制，支配in/within ones power 在某人的权力/力量之内beyond ones power 不能胜任；力所不能及be in power to do sth 某人有权(有能力)做某事核心句型剖析1.the tubes were attached to a long stick which helped keep the rocket moving in a straight direction.管子都被绑到一根长木棍上，这有助于火箭径直向前飞。句中含有keep宾语宾语补足语结构，意为使继续处于某种状态，这里keep为使役动词。keep宾语宾语补足语结构中，宾语补足语可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、分词等，但高考主要考查分词，其用法如下：(1)keep宾语过去分词，过去分词和宾语构成被动关系。(2)keep宾语现在分词，现在分词和宾语构成主动关系。2. or was he carried miles into space, becoming the worlds first astronaut？还是他被带到了数英里之外的太空，成了世界上第一位宇航员？现在分词充当结果状语3. he thought there was only one way to do thisby crossing different species of rice plant, and then he could produce a new plant which could give a higher yield than either of the original plants.他认为，唯一的办法就是使不同种类的水稻杂交，这样才能培育出产量比原先任何一种水稻产量都要高的新品种。a way to do sth/of doing sth做的方法/方式高考试题一体裁题材词数难度建议时间说明文孩子玩耍与科学研究4478(2016浙江卷阅读理解c篇)a scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common. after all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world, and the baby is, well, just playingright? perhaps, but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this play is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it falls to the ground and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact (相互作用): bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. it is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. though their ranges and tools differ, the babys investigation and the scientists experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what i expected?).some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this waythat they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, mommy actually doesnt like dove chocolate. viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? psychologists have suggested that science as an effortthe desire to explore, explain, and understand our world is simply something that comes from our babyhood. perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. the same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. as some psychologists put it, it is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.50. according to some developmental psychologists, .a. a babys play is nothing more than a gameb. scientific research into babies games is possiblec. the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigatedd. a babys play is somehow similar to a scientists experiment51. we learn from paragraph 2 that .a. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyb. scientists and babies often interact with each otherc. babies are born with the knowledge of object supportd. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do52. children may learn the rules of language by .a. exploring the physical worldb. investigating human psychologyc. repeating their own experimentsd. observing their parents behaviors53. what is the main idea of the last paragraph?a. the world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.b. studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.c. children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.d. ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54. what is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between scientists research and babies play? a. convincing. b. confused. c. confident. d. cautious.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。50. d 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的but some developmental psychologists (心理学家) have argued that this play is more like a scientific investigation than one might think可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选d。51. d 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选d。52. c 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的 for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory 可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选c。53. b 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选b。54. d 【解析】推理判断题。根据作者在文中的用词appear to、用may来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggest that可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选d。【名师点睛】阅读理解有时理解文章中的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子就很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, mommy actually doesnt like dove chocolate. 例如，可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿就会接受其他人可以和他/她持有不同的意见和愿望这一观点。例如，和孩子不同，妈妈实际上并不喜欢德芙巧克力。这句话使用了强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory，这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意到这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是that引导的同位语从句，that在从句中不作成分；from后面的what he or she has是宾语从句，what在从句中作has的宾语。高考试题二体裁题材词数难度建议时间议论文不为人知的科学家3587 (2011江苏卷阅读理解a篇)we know the famous ones the thomas edisons and the alexander graham bells but what about the less famous inventors? what about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper (雨刮器)? shouldnt we know who they are?joan mclean thinks so. in fact, mclean, a professor of physics at mountain university in range, feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic. in addition to learning who invented what, however, mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the why and how questions. according to mclean, when students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.her students agree. one young man with a patent for an unbreakable umbrella is walking proof of mcleans statement. if i had not heard the story of the windshield wipers invention, said tommy lee, a senior physics major, i never would have dreamed of turning my bad experience during a rainstorm into something so constructive. lee is currently negotiating to sell his patent to an umbrella producer.so, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? well, mary anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to new york city. the day was cold and stormy, but anderson still wanted to see the sights, so she jumped aboard a streetcar. noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldnt be a built-in device for cleaning the window. still wondering about this when she returned home to birmingham, alabama, anderson started drafting out solutions. one of her ideas, a lever (操作杆) on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper.today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. its hard to imagine driving without garrett a. morgans traffic light. its equally impossible to picture a world without katherine j. blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible. can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses?56. by mentioning traffic light and windshield wiper, the author indicates that countless inventions are _.a. beneficial, because their inventors are famousb. beneficial, though their inventors are less famousc. not useful, because their inventors are less famousd. not useful, though their inventors are famous57. professor joan mcleans course aims to _.a. add colour and variety to students campus lifeb. inform students of the windshield wipers inventionc. carry out the requirements by mountain universityd. prepare students to try their own inventions58. tommy lees invention of the unbreakable umbrella was _.a. not eventually accepted by the umbrella producerb. inspired by the story behind the windshield wiperc. due to his dream of being caught in a rainstormd. not related to professor joan mcleans lectures59. which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?a. how to help students to sell their inventions to producers?b. how to design a built-in device for cleaning the window?c. shouldnt we know who invented the windshield wiper?d. shouldnt we develop invention courses in universities?【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了我们不仅要记住像交通灯和雨刮器这样的发明，也要记住发明这些东西的科学家或个人。56. b 【解析】推理判断题。根据文中所举的事例和最后一段可知，作者提到像交通灯和雨刮器这样的发明是想告诉我们，这些发明的发明者虽然不是很有名，但是这些发明对我们的生活是非常有益的，因此选择b项。57. d 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段的最后一句when students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.可知，professor joan mclean的课程的目的是帮助学生去自己发明、创造，因此d项正确。58. b 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知tommy lee发明unbreakable umbrella是受到了发明雨刮器背后的故事的激励，因此选择b项。59. c 【解析】标题归纳题。通读全文可知本文不是关于如何帮助学生销售他们的发明的，也不是关于如何设计一种装置来清洁窗户的，在大学里开设有关发明的课程只是用来说明我们应如何对待生活中的小发明：我们应把握发明的契机、去创造。故c项最适合作为文章的标题。【试题分析】本文讲述的是与发明有关的文章，我们不仅要记住像交通灯和雨刮器这样的发明，也要记住发明这些东西的科学家或个人，不管他们是不是著名。从题目设置来说，标题归纳题、细节理解题、推理判断题在本试题中都有出现，词义猜测题、观点态度题、写作目的题并未在此试题中有所体现。高考试题三体裁题材词数难度建议时间人物传记居里夫人的女儿艾琳居里2696 (2011陕西卷阅读理解b篇)most people know that marie curie was the first woman to win the nobel prize, and the first person to win it twice. however, few people know that she was also the mother of a nobel prize winner.born in september, 1897, irene curie was the first of the curies two daughters. along with nice other children whose parents were also famous scholars, irene studied in their own school, and her mother was one of the teachers. she finished her high school education at the college of svign in paris.irene entered the university of paris in 1914 to prepare for a degree in mathematics and physics. when world war i began, irene went to help her mother, who was using x-ray facilities (设备) to help save the lives of wounded soldiers. irene continued the work by developing x-ray facilities in military hospitals in france and belgium. her services were recognised in the form of a military medal by the french government.in 1918, irene became her mothers assistant at the curie institute. in december 1924, frederic joliot joined the institute, and irene taught him the techniques required for his work. they soon fell in love and were married in 1926. their daughter helene was born in 1927 and their son pierre five years later.like her mother, irene combined family and career. like her mother, irene was awarded a nobel prize, along with her husband, in 1935. unfortunately, also like her mother, she developed leukemia because of her work with radioactivity (辐射能). irene joliot-curie died from leukemia on march 17, 1956.49. why was irene curie awarded a military medal?a. because she received a degree in mathematics.b. because she contributed to saving the wounded.c. because she won the nobel prize with frederic.d. because she worked as a helper to her mother.50. where did irene curie meet her husband frederic joliot?a. at the curie institute.b. at the university of paris.c. at a military hospital.d.