西方文化导论1.ppt

U1 main GetStarted TextStudy SupplementaryResources Unit1 CultureinAncientGreece GetStarted main GetStarted GetStarted 1 AGeneralIntroduction 2 FocusIn GetStarted 1 1 GetStarted GetStarted 1 2 GetStarted GreekculturedatesbacktotheNeolithicAge about4000BC ByitsBronzeAge about2800BC Greekculturehadcometoastageofsubstantialdevelopmentinviewofitsabilitytoproduceusefultoolsandarticlesandweaponsinbronze aswereevidencedbytheunearthedartifactsintheneighborhoodoftheAegeanSea TheAegeanCivilizationortheStoneandBronzeAgeCivilizationwasthusshapedandincludedCretanCivilizationandMycenaeanCivilization whichappearedsubsequently withahighlevelofculturaldevelopment aswasdemonstratedinitsarchitecture artandcraftsaswellasthepictographicscriptwhichhadbeenusedwidely GetStarted 1 3 GetStarted AftertheDorianinvasion Greecewasfurtherdividedintoanumberoftribesbeforetheywereorganizedintothecity states TheancientGreekeconomyheavilydependedonslavelabor themostpopularresourceforproductionatthattime andlaidthefoundationforthesuccessofGreekculture Inthe5th 4thcenturiesBC theslave baseddemocracypoliticsinAthensreacheditspeakduringPericles reign providingacomparativelyfreeenvironmentforthedevelopmentofGreekculture However splitoccurredbetweenthetwostrongestcity statesandwarsamongmostpoleiscausedthedeclineofGreekCivilization anditwasconqueredbyRomanEmpirebefore146BC GetStarted 1 4 GetStarted Historically Greekcultureisofarichvariety lastingvalueandwideinfluencearoundtheworld Undertheadministrationofthecitygovernmentanditsstimulationonculturalexchange culturalprosperityroseupinarchitecture philosophy literature artsandsports Suchanintellectualclimatehenceledtotheemergenceofanumberoffamousphilosophers artistsandhistorianswhoproducedtheirremarkablecontributionstoGreekCivilization GetStarted 2 1 GetStarted TogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofGreekCivilizationTobefamiliarwithGreekcultureinmythology religion philosophy history literatureandartsToknowsomerepresentativephilosophersandtheircontributions TextStudy main TextStudy TextStudy I TheEarlyPeriodofGreekCivilization II TheDevelopmentandtheEndofGreekCivilization III GreekCulture TextStudy I 1 1 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 2 1 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms TheNeolithic新石器时代 Itisaperiodinthedevelopmentofhumantechnology beginninginabout9500BCintheMiddleEastthatistraditionallyconsideredthelastpartoftheStoneAge TheNeolithicisameasuredprogressionofbehavioralandculturalcharacteristicsandchanges includingtheuseofwildanddomesticcropsandtheuseofdomesticatedanimals TextStudy I 2 2 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms Minos米诺斯 InGreekmythology MinoswasakingofCrete sonofZeusandEuropa Afterhisdeath MinosbecameajudgeofthedeadinHades TheMinoanCivilizationofpre HelleneCretehasbeennamedafterhimbythearchaeologistArthurEvans TextStudy I 3 1 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice 1 isthemajorfoundationintheWesterncultureandmakesapowerfulimpactonthedevelopmentofhumancivilization A AncientEuropeancultureB AncientGreekcultureC AncientChinesecultureD AncientEgyptianculture ComprehensionExercises A theNeolithicAgeB theBronzeAgeC theStoneandBronzeAgeD theOldStoneAge TextStudy I 3 2 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises 2 Greekculturecandatebackto ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A farmingB handicraftandtradeC religionD philosophy TextStudy I 3 3 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises 3 MycenaeanculturewasinfluencedthemostbyCretancultureon ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A theHeroicAgeB theGoldenAgeC theCretanCivilizationD theMycenaeanCivilization TextStudy I 3 4 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises 4 TheTrojanWarbrokeoutattheendof ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A archaicB centralC dependentD dark TextStudy I 3 5 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises 5 ThefirstOlympiadbeganinthe periodoftheGoldenAge ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice TextStudy I 4 1 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss GiveabriefintroductiontotheTrojanWarandcheckreferencestoknowmoreaboutthewar TheTrojanWarbrokeoutattheendoftheMycenaeanCivilization Allthecity statesinMycenaesenttroopstohelpformacoalitionarmyforthebattles Notlongafterthewar theDoriansfromthenorthwestofGreeceinvadedanddestroyedMycenaeinaboutthe12th 11thcenturiesBC ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy I 4 2 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss IntroductionfromWikipedia InGreekmythology theTrojanWarwaswagedagainstthecityofTroybytheAchaeans Greeks afterParisofTroytookHelenfromherhusbandMenelaus thekingofSparta ThewarwasamongthemostimportanteventsinGreekmythologyandwasnarratedinmanyworksofGreekliterature includingtheIliadandtheOdysseybyHomer TheIliadrelatesapartofthelastyearofthesiegeofTroy whiletheOdysseydescribesthejourneyhomeofOdysseus oneoftheAchaeanleaders Otherpartsofthewarweretold ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy I 4 3 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss ThinkandDiscuss inacycleofepicpoems whichhasonlysurvivedinfragments EpisodesfromthewarprovidedmaterialforGreektragediesandotherworksofGreekliterature andforRomanpoetslikeVirgilandOvid ThewaroriginatedfromaquarrelbetweenthegoddessesAthena Hera andAphrodite afterEris thegoddessofstrifeanddiscord gavethemagoldenapple sometimesknownastheAppleofDiscord marked forthefairest ZeussentthegoddessestoParis whojudgedthatAphrodite as thefairest shouldreceivetheapple Inexchange AphroditemadeHelen themostbeautifulofall TextStudy I 4 4 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss ThinkandDiscuss womenandwifeofMenelaus fallinlovewithParis whotookhertoTroy Agamemnon thekingofMycenaeandthebrotherofHelen shusbandMenelaus ledanexpeditionofAchaeantroopstoTroyandbesiegedthecityfortenyearsbecauseofParis insult Afterthedeathsofmanyheroes includingtheAchaeansAchillesandAjax andtheTrojansHectorandParis thecityfelltotheruseoftheTrojanHorse TheAchaeansslaughteredtheTrojans exceptforsomeofthewomenandchildrenwhomtheykeptorsoldasslaves anddesecratedthetemples thusearningthegods wrath FewoftheAchaeansreturnedsafelytotheirhomesand TextStudy I 4 5 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss ThinkandDiscuss manyfoundedcoloniesindistantshores TheRomanslatertracedtheirorigintoAeneas oneoftheTrojans whowassaidtohaveledthesurvivingTrojanstomodern dayItaly TheancientGreeksthoughttheTrojanWarwasahistoricaleventthathadtakenplaceinthe13thor12thcenturyBC andbelievedthatTroywaslocatedinmodern dayTurkeyneartheDardanelles Bymoderntimesboththewarandthecitywerewidelybelievedtobenon historical In1870 however theGermanarchaeologistHeinrichSchliemannexcavatedasiteinthisareawhichheidentifiedasTroy thisclaimisnowacceptedbymostscholars TextStudy I 4 6 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss ThinkandDiscuss WhetherthereisanyhistoricalrealitybehindtheTrojanWarisanopenquestion Manyscholarsbelievethatthereisahistoricalcoretothetale thoughthismaysimplymeanthattheHomericstoriesareafusionofvarioustalesofsiegesandexpeditionsbyMycenaeanGreeksduringtheBronzeAge ThosewhobelievethatthestoriesoftheTrojanWarderivefromaspecifichistoricalconflictusuallydateittothe12thor11thcenturyBC oftenpreferringthedatesgivenbyEratosthenes 1194BC 1184BC whichroughlycorrespondswitharchaeologicalevidenceofacatastrophicburningofTroyVIIa TextStudy I 1 1 pop1 1 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 1 pop1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 2 pop2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 2 pop3 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 2 pop4 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 pop5 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 pop6 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 pop7 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 pop8 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy I 1 3 pop9 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas Sincethe8thCenturyBC Greecesteppedintoanimportantperiodwhenirontoolswereuniversallyusedasasubstituteforbronze Withfurthercoastaleconomicdevelopment thecity stateswerefoundedoneafteranother numberingmorethanahundredaltogetherineitherDorianorIoniandominance Amongthem AthensandSpartawerethemostdevelopedandpowerful LaterMiletusbecameanevenlargerandmoreimportantcitythanAthensafterthePersianconquestofAsiaMinorinthe6thcenturyBC Inpolitics thenewlyfoundedcity stateswereusuallyruledbytheslave owningaristocratsorkingswhowereformerly TextStudy II 1 1 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas formerlymilitaryleaders ButsomestatescouldberuledbythearchonssuchasDracoandSolon PeisistratusandCleisthenes etc whowouldproceedwiththeirreforms Thusitledtoaperiodofbusinessandpatriarchalaristocraticdemocracy Thereweretwolegislaturesduringthatperiod onewasthegeneralassembly knownastheEcclesiawhichpassedpolicies andthebouleledbytenarchonsenforcedthem theotherwasthesupremecouncilwhichsupervisedandcheckedthebehaviorofthelocalofficialsandteachers Thestrengthofthesystemwasthehighlydemocraticfeatureswhichcontrolledthepowerofaristocrats GreekCivilizationcametoitspeakduringPericles reignandthenbegantodecline duringwhichtwowarsbrokeoutwithprofoundmeanings OneisthewarbetweenGreekcity statesandPersianinvaders 499BC 449BC ThevictorylaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentandprosperityofGreece However peaceandstabilitydidnotlastlongafterthevictorybecauseasplitoccurredbetweenthetwostrongestcity states 459BC 404BC thusleadingtothedeclineofAthensandmostpoleisinvolvedinthewar Till146BC theregionsofGreekPeninsulaandAegeanSeaislandswereallseizedandconqueredbyRomantroopsandmergedintothemapofRomanEmpire TextStudy II 1 3 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 2 1 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms ostracism陶片放逐制 InancientGreece whenacitizenwasconsidereddangeroustothestate hewouldbebanishedforacertainnumberofyearsasapunishment decidedbypopularvotes Nowitrelatestoanysocialexclusion InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 2 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms Thebes底比斯 AMycenaeancity locatedineast centralGreece northwestofAthens Itwasattheheightofpowerandsplendourinthe4thcenturyBC In336BCitwasruinedbyAlexandertheGreat InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 3 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms Sparta斯巴达 anancientGreekcity stateofDorianGreeksinthesoutheastPeloponnesus whichwaswidelyknownforitsmilitarypower andreacheditspeakinthe6thcenturyBCwhenSpartadefeatedAthensinthePeloponnesianWars 460 404 andthenbecametheleaderoftheunionofGreekcity statesbeforeitwastoppledbytheThebansin371BC InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 4 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 5 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms JustinianI JustiniantheGreat 查士丁尼一世 TheemperorofByzantiumwhoresistedthePersianaggressionattheeasternfrontierofhisempireandthenre occupiedtheformerRomanterritoriesinAfrica ItalyandSpain EasternOrthodoxChristiansrespectshimasasaint InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 6 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms Cleon克里昂 422BC OneoftheAthenianpoliticalandmilitaryleadersduringthePeloponnesianWar Hewasthefirstprominentexampleofthecommercialclasswhowasconsideredasawarmongeranddemagoguebyhiscontemporaries InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 7 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms Pericles伯利克里 c 495BC 429BC AfamousandinfluentialAthenianleader Hewascalled thefirstcitizenofAthens byThucydides ahistorian Hisreign 461BC 429BC wasknownasthe AgeofPericles Hepromotedtheliteratureandartsandbuiltmanybuildings Forthisreason AthensbecametheeducationalandculturalcentreofancientGreece Furthermore PericlesmadecontributiontotheAtheniandemocracy InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 3 1 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises Pleasematchthefollowingnamesofpoliticalleaderstotheirreformistideas 1 Draco 2 Cleisthenes 3 Peisistratus 4 Solon 5 Pericles a supremecouncilcheckthebehaviorofleadersb punishtrivialcrimeswiththedeathsentencec abolishslavelabord carryoutlegislativereforme advocatepeasants welfareandpopularentertainments ComprehensionExercises TextStudy II 4 1 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss HowdidtheancientGreekCivilizationdevelopinitslonghistory Firstly earlyperiodofGreekCivilization thedevelopmentofCretanandMycenaeanCivilization Secondly withthedevelopmentofeconomy manycity stateswerefounded Aristocraticrulersweretryingtoproceedtheirreformsinpoliticsandlegislations whichledtotheprosperityofGreekCivilization Last aftertwowars GreekCivilizationcametoitsend ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy II 1 1 pop1 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 1 pop2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 1 pop3 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy 1 GreekMythologyandReligionGreekmythologyisbasedonareligionwhichtookshapeduringtheHomericAgeandwasdevelopedfromanimismandfetishismintopolytheism ThereligioustalesbecamefullydevelopedmythsintheHomericepicandthuscontributedgreatlytothelaterdevelopmentofallGreekarts InGreekmyth allthegodsliveonMountOlympus There salistofagroupof12gods TheOlympians whoruledaftertheoverthrowoftheTitans MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 1 3 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 2 GreekPhilosophyGreekphilosophyemergedfromthebondageofreligionandwentthroughaprocessoffruitfultheoreticalresearchcombinedwithpracticalexperiencebeforeitachieveditshighpointinthehistoryofhumanintellectualdevelopment IthasinfluencedmuchofWesternthoughtwithawidevarietyofsubjects includingpoliticalphilosophy ethics metaphysics ontology logic biology rhetoricandaesthetics TextStudy III 1 2 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas EarlyGreekPhilosophersandTheirNobleIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 3 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 4 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TheMostInfluentialPhilosophersinGreece TextStudy III 1 2 5 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 6 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 3 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 3 LiteratureGreekliteratureisconsideredtoconsistofepic lyricalpoetryanddrama TextStudy III 1 3 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 3 3 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 3 4 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 4 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 4 HistoryandDissidentIdeasGreekhistoryhascontributedconsiderablytotheconstitutionofGreekandWesterncivilizationwithitsabundantdocumentsofavarietyofhistoricaleventsandfiguresscatteredinsocial political militaryandculturalfields ThemostfamoushistoriansareHerodotus 485BC 425BC andThucydides about460BC 404BC HerodotusisgenerallyacknowledgedasthefirstreputedhistorianofGreece HiswritingHistoriesobjectivelydescribesthewarbetweenPersiansandGreece TextStudy III 1 4 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas ThucydidesisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofthegreatestofancientGreeceforhistruthfulness concisenessandimagination HisHistoryofthePeloponnesianWarrecountsthestrugglebetweenAthensandSpartainthe5thcenturyBC asthefirstrecordedpoliticalandmoralanalysisofanation swarpolicies Besides PolybiusproducedHistoriesaboutAlexandriawith40volumesinall covingthegrowthofRomein120yearsfromthebeginningoftheFirstPunicWartillthesurrenderofGreece Butunfortunatelyithasn tsurvivedintactandonlysomefragmentswerepreserved TextStudy III 1 4 3 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas Aswell thereweresomedissidentscholarsinancientGreece whoseviewpointswerequiteabnormalorevendifferentfromthemainstreamopinionsoftheday TheirchiefrepresentativeswereIsocratesandXenophon Isocrateswasarhetorician regardedasoneofthetenAtticorators Inhistime hewasprobablythemostinfluentialrhetoricianinGreeceandmademanycontributionstorhetoricandeducationthroughhisteachingandwrittenworks HisworksarePanegyricus Areopagiticus OnthePeace etc XenophonwasaGreekhistorian soldier mercenary andacontemporaryadmirerofSocrates Heisknownforhiswritingsonthehistoryofhisowntimes the4thcenturyBC TextStudy III 1 4 4 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas preservingthesayingsofSocrates anddescriptionsoflifeinancientGreeceandthePersianEmpire HisworksareHellenica Memorabilia Apology etc TextStudy III 1 5 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 5 ArtandScienceArt TextStudy III 1 5 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 5 3 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas Science TextStudy III 1 5 4 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 2 1 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy MountOlympus奥林匹斯山 ThehighestmountaininGreece well knownasthe homeofthegods inGreekmythology ThedeitieswhodwelledonthismountainwereruledbyZeus includedhiswife hisbrothers hissistersandhischildren InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy III 2 2 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy Thespis泰斯庇斯 HewasthoughtasasingerofdithyrambsbyAristotle HewonagreatreputationforimportantinnovationsandreformationinGreekplay Todayitisageneraltermforanactor Insomeliterature hewasdepictedasthefirstwell knownactorinwrittenplaysonstage andheintroducedthefirstprincipalactorinadditiontochorus HisgreatcontributiontodramaishisoriginalGreektragedyasweknowtoday InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy III 2 3 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy Ptolemy托勒密 AnEgyptiandynastyruledbyMacedoniankingsfrom323BCto30BC ThePtolemieslastedthelongperiodfromPtolemyI 367 283 whowaseverageneralinAlexandertheGreat sarmyandthenbecamethekingofEgyptasAlexander ssuccessor 323 285 toPtolemyXV 47 30 andwhosharedthethrone 44 30 withhismother Cleopatra