公平是健康和发展的共同愿景.doc

The LancetVolume 376, Issue 9745, Pages 929-1024 (18 September 2010-24 September 2010)Editorial1.Equity as a shared vision for health and development公平是健康和发展的共同愿景2.Chronic fatigue syndrome: going viral?慢性疲劳综合征：扩散的病毒？3.Tobacco use in the USA美国烟草使用情况Comment4.Levels and trends in child mortality, 19902009儿童死亡率的水平与趋势，1990-2009 5.The benefits of educating women妇女教育的好处6.Quality of anticoagulation control in atrial fibrillation房颤抗凝的质量控制7.Gestational weight gain and birthweight妊娠期体重增加和出生体重8.Japans new global health policy: 20112015日本新的全球卫生政策：2011-20159.Tuberculosis control is crucial to achieve the MDGs结核病控制是实现千年发展目标的关键10.Offline: Questions for government离线：政府的问题World Report11.Africa faces an uphill struggle to reach the MDGs非洲面临一场实现千年发展目标的艰苦斗争， 12.Rwanda: an injection of hope卢旺达：希望的注入Perspectives13.Eradicating Guinea worm diseasea prelude to NTD elimination根除麦地那龙线虫病消除被忽视的热带病的序幕14.Malnutrition snapshots营养不良的快照15.Jeff Waagebuilding a coalition of disciplines for global healthJeff Waage建设全球健康临床学科的联盟16.The MDG decade: looking back and conditional optimism for 2015千年发展目标的十年：回顾和2015后有条件的乐观Obituary17.Ian Hamilton Holmes讣告：Ian Hamilton Holmes（病毒学家和人类轮状病毒共同发现者）Correspondence18.Costs of eliminating HIV in South Africa have been underestimated在南非消除艾滋病毒的成本被低估19.Towards better science and programmes争取更好的科学和方案20.Misoprostol use in the community to reduce maternal death社区米索前列醇的使用以减少产妇死亡21.Misoprostol use in the community to reduce maternal death社区米索前列醇的使用以减少产妇死亡22.Misoprostol use in the community to reduce maternal death Authors reply社区米索前列醇的使用以减少产妇死亡作者回复23.Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary heart disease甘油三酯介导途径与冠状动脉心脏病24.Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary heart disease甘油三酯介导途径与冠状动脉心脏病25.Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary heart disease甘油三酯介导途径与冠状动脉心脏病26.Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary heart disease Authors reply甘油三酯介导途径与冠状动脉心脏病作者回复27.Drug manufacturing in Africa非洲的药物制造28.Department of Error错误纠正29.Department of Error错误纠正Articles30.Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis1970年至2009年175国家的教育程度提高和其在儿童死亡率改变的效果：一个系统分析Emmanuela Gakidou, Krycia Cowling, Rafael Lozano, Christopher J L MurraySummaryBackground In addition to the inherent importance of education and its essential role in economic growth, education and health are strongly related. We updated previous systematic assessments of educational attainment, and estimated the contribution of improvements in womens education to reductions in child mortality in the past 40 years.Methods We compiled 915 censuses and nationally representative surveys, and estimated mean number of years of education by age and sex. By use of a first-differences model, we investigated the association between child mortality and womens educational attainment, controlling for income per person and HIV seroprevalence. We then computed counterfactual estimates of child mortality for every country year between 1970 and 2009.Findings The global mean number of years of education increased from 47 years (95% uncertainty interval 4451) to 83 years (8086) for men (aged 25 years) and from 35 years (3239) to 71 years (67 75) for women (aged 25 years). For women of reproductive age (1544 years) in developing countries, the years of schooling increased from 22 years (2024) to 72 years (6876). By 2009, in 87 countries, women (aged 2534 years) had higher educational attainment than had men (aged 2534 years). Of 82 million fewer deaths in children younger than 5 years between 1970 and 2009, we estimated that 42 million (512%) could be attributed to increased educational attainment in women of reproductive age.Interpretation The substantial increase in education, especially of women, and the reversal of the gender gap have important implications not only for health but also for the status and roles of women in society. The continued increase in educational attainment even in some of the poorest countries suggests that rapid progress in terms of Millennium Development Goal 4 might be possible.31.Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial心房颤动中达比加群与华法林对脑卒中预防不同水平的国际标准化比值控制疗效和安全性的比较：RE-LY试验的分析the Randomised Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy(RE-LY) trial：长期抗凝治疗的随机评价Lars Wallentin, Salim Yusuf, Michael D Ezekowitz, Marco Alings, Marcus Flather, Maria Grazia Franzosi, Prem Pais, Antonio Dans, John Eikelboom, Jonas Oldgren, Janice Pogue, Paul A Reilly, Sean Yang, Stuart J Connolly, on behalf of the RE-LY investigatorsSummaryBackground Effectiveness and safety of warfarin is associated with the time in therapeutic range (TTR) with an international normalised ratio (INR) of 2030. In the Randomised Evaluation of Long-term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial, dabigatran versus warfarin reduced both stroke and haemorrhage. We aimed to investigate the primary and secondary outcomes of the RE-LY trial in relation to each centres mean TTR (cTTR) in the warfarin population.Methods In the RE-LY trial, 18 113 patients at 951 sites were randomly assigned to 110 mg or 150 mg dabigatran twice daily versus warfarin dose adjusted to INR 2030. Median follow-up was 20 years. For 18 024 patients at 906 sites, the cTTR was estimated by averaging TTR for individual warfarin-treated patients calculated by the Rosendaal method. We compared the outcomes of RE-LY across the three treatment groups within four groups defined by the quartiles of cTTR. RE-LY is registered with ClinicalT, number NCT00262600.Findings The quartiles of cTTR for patients in the warfarin group were: less than 571%, 571655%, 655726%, and greater than 726%. There were no significant interactions between cTTR and prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with either 110 mg dabigatran (interaction p=089) or 150 mg dabigatran (interaction p=020) versus warfarin. Neither were any significant interactions recorded with cTTR with regards to intracranial bleeding with 110 mg dabigatran (interaction p=071) or 150 mg dabigatran (interaction p=089) versus warfarin. There was a significant interaction between cTTR and major bleeding when comparing 150 mg dabigatran with warfarin (interaction p=003), with less bleeding events at lower cTTR but similar events at higher cTTR, whereas rates of major bleeding were lower with 110 mg dabigatran than with warfarin irrespective of cTTR. There were significant interactions between cTTR and effects of both 110 mg and 150 mg dabigatran versus warfarin on the composite of all cardiovascular events (interaction p=0036 and p=00006, respectively) and total mortality (interaction p=0066 and p=0052, respectively) with reduced event rates at low cTTR, and similar rates at high cTTR.Interpretation The benefits of 150 mg dabigatran at reducing stroke, 110 mg dabigatran at reducing bleeding, and both doses at reducing intracranial bleeding versus warfarin were consistent irrespective of centres quality of INR control. For all vascular events, non-haemorrhagic events, and mortality, advantages of dabigatran were greater at sites with poor INR control than at those with good INR control. Overall, these results show that local standards of care affect the benefits of use of new treatment alternatives.32.The association between pregnancy weight gain and birthweight: a within-family comparison孕期体重增加和出生体重之间的关联：一个在家庭内的比较David S Ludwig, Janet CurrieSummaryBackground Excessive weight gain during pregnancy seems to increase birthweight and the off springs risk of obesity later in life. However, this association might be confounded by genetic and other shared effects. We aimed to examine the association between maternal weight gain and birthweight using state-based birth registry data that allowed us to compare several pregnancies in the same mother.Methods In this population-based cohort study, we used vital statistics natality records to examine all known births in Michigan and New Jersey, USA, between Jan 1, 1989, and Dec 31, 2003. From an initial sample of women with more than one singleton birth in the database, we made the following exclusions: gestation less than 37 weeks or 41 weeks or more; maternal diabetes; birthweight less than 500 g or more than 7000 g; and missing data for pregnancy weight gain. We examined how differences in weight gain that occurred during two or more pregnancies for each woman predicted the birthweight of her off spring, using a within-subject design to reduce confounding to a minimum.Findings Our analysis included 513 501 women and their 1 164 750 off spring. We noted a consistent association between preg