WRITINGPRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL(学术论文的写作建议).ppt

WRITING PRESENTATIONOFACADEMICPROPOSAL 1 TITLEPAGE Atitleshouldsummarizethemainideaofthestudyorconveyspecificinformationastothemajorthrustofthestudy Itshouldidentifytheactualvariablesortheoreticalissuesunderinvestigationandtherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesofthestudy E g TheInteractiveEffectsofConscientiousnessandAgreeablenessonJobPerformanceE g EmotionalCompetence PersonalityandJobAttitudesasPredictorsofJobPerformanceAtitleshouldbefullyexplanatorywhenstandingalone Itprincipalfunctionistoinformreadersaboutthestudy Whenchoosingatitle researchobjective questionandhypothesis 2 Avoidwordsthatservenousefulpurpose theyincreaselengthandcanmislead Thewordsmethodandresultsdonotnormallyappearinatitle E g IsThereARelationshipBetweenPersonalityTypeAndPreferredConflict handlingStyles AnExploratoryStudyOfRegisteredNursesInSouthernMississippiRedundanciessuchas AStudyof or AnExperimentalInvestigationof shouldnotusedtobeginatitle Avoidusingabbreviationsinatitle spellingoutalltermswillhelpensureaccurate completeindexingofthearticle E g LifeSatisfactionAndWellBeing CopingStrategyAsAModeratorInTheRelationshipBetweenStressAndWellBeingAmongTheStudentsInUMSTherecommendedlengthforatitleis10to12words 3 ABSTRACT Anabstractisabrief comprehensivesummaryofthecontentsofthearticle Itallowsreaderstosurveythecontentsofanarticlequickly Agoodabstractis AccurateTheabstractcorrectlyreflectsthepurposeandcontentofthemanuscript Donotincludeinformationthatdoesnotappearinthebodyofthethesis Ifthestudyextendsorreplicatespreviousresearch notethisintheabstract andcitetheauthor surnameandyear 4 Self containedDefineallabbreviationsandacronyms Defineuniqueterms Includenamesofauthors surnameandyear ConciseandspecificMakeeachsentencemaximallyinformative especiallytheleadsentence Beasbriefaspossible Abstractshouldnotexceed120words Beginabstractwiththemostimportantinformation thepurposeofthesisortheresultsandconclusions 5 NonevaluativeReportratherthanevaluate donotaddtoorcommentonwhatisinthebodyofthemanuscript CoherentandreadableWriteinclearandvigorousprose 6 Anabstractofareportofanempiricalstudyshoulddescribe Theabstractparallelsthestructureandorganizationofthethesis Theproblemunderinvestigationorthepurposeofstudy oneortwosentence Theparticipantsorsubject specifyingpertinentcharacteristics suchasnumber type ageandsex Themethod includingtheapparatus completetestnames Thefindings andTheconclusionsandtheimplications onesentence 7 8 AUTONOMYASAMODERATOROFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEBIGFIVEPERSONALITYDIMENSIONSANDJOBPERFORMANCEABSTRACTInthisstudyweinvestigatedthemoderatingroleofautonomyontherelationshipsbetweentheBigFivepersonalitydimensionsandsupervisorratingsofjobperformance Thesampleconsistedof146managers whocompletedNEO PIPersonalityInventory and6 itemquestionnairetomeasureautonomy Superiorratingsforthesemanagerswerealsoobtained Resultsindicatedthattwodimensionsofpersonality Conscientiousness r 25 andExtraversion r 14 weresignificantlyrelatedtojobperformance Consistentwithourexpectations thevalidityofConscientiousnessandExtraversionwasgreaterformanagersinjobshighinautonomycomparedwiththoseinjobslowinautonomy ThevalidityofAgreeablenesswasalsohigherinhigh autonomyjobscomparedwithlow autonomyones butthecorrelationwasnegative Thesefindingssuggestthatdegreeofautonomyinthejobmoderatesthevalidityofatleastsomepersonalitypredictors Implicationsforfutureresearcharenoted INTRODUCTION IntroducetheproblemPresentsthespecificproblemunderstudy Beforewritingtheintroduction consider Whyisthisproblemimportant Whatistherelationofthestudytopreviouswork Howdotheobjectiveandhypothesisrelatetotheproblem Whatarethetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy Theintroductionsectiontypicallybeginswithashortsummaryoftheresearchtobediscussed Thisdescribeswhytheresearchisimportantandfocusesonwhatspecificallyyouintendtoexamine autonomyasamoderatoroftherelationshipsbetweenthebig5personalityandjobperformance pdf 9 DevelopthebackgroundDiscusstheliterature butdonotincludeanexhaustivehistoricalreview Thereviewshouldcontainenoughinformationtoprovideaframeworkforyourresearchandarationaleforwhyyouarestudyingwhatyouarestudying Ascholarlyreviewofearlierworkprovidesanappropriatehistoryandrecognizesthepriorityoftheworkofothers partofauthor sscientificandscholarlyresponsibilityEssentialforthegrowthofacumulativescience Citeandreferenceonlyworkspertinenttothespecificissueandnottheworksofgeneralsignificance Insummarizingearlierworks avoidnonessentialdetail Emphasizepertinentfindings relevantmethodologicalissuesandmajorconclusions 10 Demonstratethelogicalcontinuitybetweenpreviousandpresentwork StatethepurposeandrationaleAfterintroducedtheproblemanddevelopedthebackgroundmaterial explainyourapproachtosolvetheproblem statethepurposeofstudy Clearlydeveloptherationaleforeachhypothesisortheobjectiveofstudy 11 METHOD Themoststraightforwardsectionofthereport Describesindetailhowthestudywasconducted tellthereaderwhatyoudidandhowyoudiditinsufficientdetail Suchadescriptionenablethereadertoevaluatetheappropriatenessofyourmethodandthereliabilityandthevalidityofyourresults Identifysubsections designofthestudy theparticipantsorsubjects theapparatus ormaterials theprocedureanddataanalysis 12 ResearchDesignReportthetypeofdesignusedinthestudy Specifytheindependentanddependentvariables ParticipantsorRespondentsReporthowmanyparticipantswereinthestudyandhowtheywererecruited e g randomsampling clustersampling Quotasampling 13 Reportmajordemographiccharacteristics sex age andrace ethnicityandwherepossibleandappropriate characteristic socioeconomicstatus disabilitystatusetc Whenaparticulardemographiccharacteristicisanisimportantfortheinterpretationofresults describethegroupspecifically Example nationalorigin levelofeducation healthstatusandlanguagepreference Thesecondgroupincluded40womenbetweentheagesof20and30years allofwhomhademigratedfromIndonesia hadatleast12yearsofeducation hadbeenpermanentresidentsofSabahforatleast5yearsandlivedinKotaKinabalu Sabah 14 ApparatusDescribestheapparatusormaterialsusedandtheirfunctioninthestudy ProcedureSummarizeseachstepintheexecutionoftheresearch Includetheinstructionstotheparticipants theformationofthegroups andthespecificexperimentalmanipulations Specifythesequenceofstepsofthestudy whatyouhadtheparticipantsdoandhowyoucollectedtheirdata 15 E g wemanipulatedtheorderofpresentationofatwoitemquestionnaire Participantswererandomlyassignedtoeitheroneoftwoordersofpresentation Thirtyparticipantsansweredthehappinessitemfirstfollowedbythedatingitemand30participantsansweredthedatingitemfirstfollowedbythehappinessitem Whenaninstrumentistranslatedintoanotherlanguage thespecificmethodoftranslationshouldbedescribed e g backtranslation inwhichatextistranslatedintoanotherlanguageandthenbackintothefirsttoensurethatitisequivalentenoughthatresultscanbecompared DataAnalysisDescribethestatisticalordataanalytictreatmentused 16 RESULTS Reportthedatainsufficientdetailtojustifytheconclusions Mentionallrelevantresults includingthosethatruncountertothehypothesis Discussingtheimplicationoftheresultsisnotappropriatehere Toreportthedata choosethemediumthatpresentsthemmostclearlyandeconomically tablesandfigures Tablesandfiguresenhancesyourabilitytocommunicatesyourfindings Whenyouusetablesorfigures becertaintomentionalloftheminthetext 17 RESULTS Cont Tablesandfiguressupplementthetext theycannotdotheentirejobofcommunication