英国文学史期末复习笔记.doc

英美文学史期末复习笔记 英国 美国1.伊丽莎白时期的文学 1.殖民地时期文学2.17世纪和18世纪的文学 2.浪漫主义文学3.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义文学4.维多利亚时期 4.自然主义文学5.20世纪的小说与诗歌 5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6.二战后的诗歌 6.二战后的诗歌与小说7.二战后的小说 7.美国戏剧梳理 8.少数族裔文学1. Definition of epicAn epic is a long narrative poem.2.Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。乔叟the father of English poetry(literature) 英国文学之父the heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE代表作:The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端） 文艺复兴时期The Renaissance(1500-1660)1. the definition of Renaissance Renaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the other countries.核心：humanism ：admire human beauty and human achievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2. William Shakespeare(1564-1616)He is actor, playwright;totally 37 playsFour great tragedies:Hamlet (哈姆雷特) Othello(奥赛罗) King Lear(李尔王) Macbeth(麦克白)Four great comedies:The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Twelfth night 第十二夜Ben Johson dedicated a poem in praise of him:“ Soul of the age.He was not of an age, but for all time”.3. Sonnet(十四行诗） Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic(抑扬格的) pentameters（五步格诗） in English. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost practitinoner) comprises three quatrains (四行诗)and a final couplet（对句），rhyming ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser ), which links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form, the turn comes with the final couplet, which may sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.4. metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌） The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The name given to a diverse group of 17th-century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious (精致的)use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits(幻想), strange paradoxes, and far-reaching imagery, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and others revived their reputation, stressing their quality of wit, in the sense of intellectual strenuousness and flexibility rather than smart humor.Its main features:the diction is simpleThe imagery is drawn from the actual lifeThe form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.5. John Donne(1572-1631)View of poetry: A blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or wit.The most striking feature of Donnes poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.Special features: Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational style.代表作：the flea跳蚤6. Francis Bacon(1561-1626)He is the precursor of materialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；also the founder of modern science；the first British essayist.作品：Essays随笔(of studies is the most famous one of them)7. John MiltonDefense for the English People为英国人辩护;blank verse 素体诗作品：Paradise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1. the definition of enlightenment A general term applied to the movement of intellectual liberation that develop in Western Europe from the late 17th Century to the late 18th century.(the period is often called the Age of Reason), especially in France and Switzerland. The enlightenment culminated(使达到顶峰) with the writings of Jeans-Jacques Rousseau and the Encyclopedia（百科全书）, the philosophy of Immanuel(以马内利，基督的别称) Kant, and the political ideas of the American and French Revolutions while the forerunners in science and philosophy included Bacon, Descartes, Newton, and Locke. Its central idea was the need and the capacity of human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.Literary features: Classicism: As a critical term, classicism is a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greek and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature.Neoclassicism:it emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum. Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.4 Pre-romanticism: In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism. Gothic novel is its most manifest expression.2. John Locke(1632-1704) one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers ;considered one of the first of the British empiricists经验主义者, following the tradition of Francis Bacon; best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer荷马史诗;He is the third most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare and Tennyson.3. Daniel Defoe(1661-1731)代表作：The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (英国文学史第一部小说) Moll Flanders 摩尔. 佛兰德斯 Robinson Crusoe celebrates the 18th-century Western civilizations material triumphs and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. Robinson, apparently, is cast as a typical 18th-century middle-class tradesman, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.The hero is practical, diligent, shrewd, courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles. In another sense, Robinson is Everyman struggling to master nature. This novel is the representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development.4. Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：Gullivers Travels格列佛游记 A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 The Battle of Books 书战 A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议His writing features : Swift defines a good style as “proper words in proper places”. His language is always precise, simple, clear, vigorous as well as economical and concise.He is also a master satirist.5. Henry Fielding(1707-1754)The father of modern fiction(现代小说之父) 代表作：约瑟夫安德鲁Joseph Andrews 汤姆琼斯Tom Jones6. Oliver Goldsmiths(1730-1774)代表作：The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师 The Deserted Village 荒村浪漫主义时期English Romanticism(1798-1830)1. the definition of Romanticism It is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridges Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集 and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill改革法案 in the Parliament.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism. Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revolt against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc.2. two schools of RomanticismThe lake poets湖畔派诗人（escapist romanticists）：William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治 and Robert Southey骚塞. They three were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.The Satanic school撒旦派（active romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.3. William Blake(1757-1827) 十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品： Songs of Experience经验之歌 Songs of Innocence天真之歌 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻 The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子 The Lamb羊羔4.Robert Burns（1759-1796）（苏格兰著名农民诗人）作品：“A Red, Red Rose”红红的玫瑰5.William Wordsworth(1770-1850) He focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, in his poem, he aimed at simplicity and purity of the language, so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate)称号代表作：The Daffodils水仙花 The Solitary Reaper孤独的收割者6.George Gordon Byron（1788-1824）Influence:(to world)Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms & innovations. He stands with Shakespeare & Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland of Europe. (to china)His revolutionary zeal and democratic ideals, as shown in his stirring lyric The Isles of Greece and Childe Harold, strongly impressed the Chinese youth who were then waging struggles to overthrow the old feudal system. 代表作Don Juan唐璜, 1818-1823 When we two parted当我们分手 She walks in beauty她走在美的光彩中Byronic hero：a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers,unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.(fiery passions unbending will, ideal of freedom, against tyranny(专制统治)and injustice, lonely fighters individualistic ends)7.Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）代表作：Ode To The West Wind西风颂 Queen Mab 麦布女王8.John Keats（17951821）代表作：Ode to An Nightingale夜莺颂 (“美即是真，真即是美”Beauty is truth, truth is beauty.是他的著名诗句。) 9.Jane Austen 以女性作家特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说的崛起 作品： Sense and Sensibility理智与感情 Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 Emma爱玛 Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺 Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园维多利亚时期The Victorian Period1. literary features of Victorian Age a strong sense of the past; critique of the society(terrible living and working conditions of workers); more broader background and more complicated plot; a lot of novels have strong moral purpose; most Victorian novels were published in serial form in magazines before they appeared in book form.2.the definition of realism Realism is an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life. It was a movement in the mid-19th century in reaction to the highly subjective approach of romanticism. Its not a direct or simple reproduction of reality but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some real world outside the text.3. Charles Dickens(1812-1870) the greatest novelist of the Victorian period; by the twentieth century he was widely seen as a literary genius by critics and scholars.作品：David Copperfield (autobiographical) Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 Bleak House荒凉山庄 A tale of Two Cities双城记 Hard Times艰难时世 Great Expectations远大前程Features:describing the misery and sufferings of common people.4.William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷(1811-1863) 作品：Vanity Fair名利场-this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. 5.The Bront Sisters勃朗特姐妹她们的代表作：Charlotte夏洛特：Jane Eyre简爱 (fierce longing for life and love).（三姐妹中最有天赋的）Emily艾米丽(1818-1848): Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄 Anne安妮: Agnes Grey安格尼斯格雷6. George Eliot乔治.艾略特（女）(1819-1880) 作品：The Mill on the Floss弗罗斯河上的磨房 Silas Marner织工马南7. Thomas Hardy(1840-1928) English poet and novelist, famous for his depictions of the imaginary country “Wessex” Hardys works reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life. The underlying theme of his novels is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rules the world.作品：Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1895) 无名的裘德8.Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生(1809-1892)（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）作品： The Princess公主 In Memoriam悼念9.The Brownings勃朗宁夫妇Robert Browning(男）(1812-1889)代表作：My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人-dramatic monologues戏剧独白Elizabeth Barrett Browning(女）(1806-1861)more popular than his husband代表作：“Sonnets from the Portuguese”葡萄牙十四行诗10.Oscar Wilde(1854-1900) the representative of aestheticism; put forward a slogan art for arts sake(为艺术而艺术）代表作：The Picture of Dorian Gray道林格雷的画像 Lady Windermeres Fan温德密尔夫人的扇子 An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫 The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要性11.George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳(1856-1950) Playwright; His sharp satire and bitter attack on the social system consequently upset the British authority.代表作：Mrs.Warrens profession华莱夫人的职业现代时期the modern period(1914- )1.D.H Lawrence 劳伦斯(1885-1930)作品主要描述男女关系代表作：Lady Chatterleys lover查泰来夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(恋母情结) Women in Love 恋爱中的女人2. stream of consciousness 意识流 Stream of consciousness is the continuous flow of sense- perception, thoughts, feelings and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental process in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue.It is an important device of modernist fiction.意识流的两大代表人物：3.James Joyce（1882-1941）爱尔兰诗人代表作：Ulysses(1922)尤利西斯 -epic novel A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man一个青年艺术家的肖像 4. Virginia Woof (1882-1941) Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位代表作：Mrs. Dalloway 达罗卫夫人 To The Lighthouse到灯塔去 The Waves 海浪5.William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒叶芝（1865-1939) 爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动作品： The Wind Among the Reeds 芦苇中的风 Responsibilities 责任