词义辨析.doc

名词辨义1近义名词（1）custom，habit，tradition误：Social habits vary greatly from countuy to country正：Social customscustom意为“风俗、习惯”，一般指社会而言，有时也指个人。customs指“关税”，the customs指“海关”。aIt is the custom with/of certain foreigners to do sobHow long will it take us to pass the customshabit意为“习惯”，仅指个人而言：be in the/a habit of（有的习惯），break sb/oneself of the habit of（使某人去掉的习惯），fall/getinto the/a habit of（沾染的习惯），get out of a habit（戒除某种习惯），out of habit（出于习惯）；tradition指“传统”，多年以来形成的习俗：bytradition（根据传统或口传）。cYoull not be afraid of snakes if you understand their habitsdWe must keep up the fine tradition of plain living and hardwork（2）dress，suit，costume，clothing，clothes，cloth误：My brotner never wears readymade dresses正：suits/clothesdress指“女装”，不过dress表示“a style or choice of clothing”（服装的型式或选择）时，也可用以指男性的服装；suit指“男装”，尤指“成套的衣服（如制服）”。aHe doesnt care much about dressbHis dress was somewhat conservativecMy uncle bought a new suit a week agocostume指“戏服”或“化装用的衣服”；clothing和clothes都可以指“衣服”，但注意clothing是不可数名词，clothes是可数复数名词，clothes前不加a，也不可加数字，但可以用few，a few，many等词修饰。cloth则指“布、衣料”，是不可数名词。dA coat is an article of clothingeYour clothes are a perfect fit男子穿大礼服是in full dress，晚礼服是evening dress。只可说anarticle/a piece of clothing（一件衣服），a suit of clothes（一套衣服），不可以说an article of clothes，a suit of clothing。（3）skin，complexion，leather误：Look at her rosy cheeks，she has a lovely skin正：complexionskin意为“皮、皮肤”，be in sbs skin（处于某人的地位）；complex-ion意为“肤色、面色、气色”；leather表示“皮革”，不可指人或动物。aHe wears his sweater next to the skinbI wouldnt be in your skincShe has a high complexion after two years exercisedThis suit is made of leather（4）scene，scenery误：Taxis and buses were part of the street scenry正：scenescene是可数名词，指“风景、布景、场面、景象”，既可指动的场面，也可指不动的风景，a change of scene（改换环境），behind the scenes（在后台、在幕后），come on the scene（出现）；scenery是不可数名词，一般指“自然风景”。aThe picture presents the bleak，bare，greyish scene of a FebruarymorningbThe seat of the puppet government was the scene of angry demonstrationscIn the industrial area，there is no scenery to speak of（5）sample，example误：The nurse took an example of my blood正：a samplesample意为“抽样（化验等用）、货样”，be up to sample（货物符合样品规格）；example意为“例子、例句或榜样”，beyond example（没有先例），for example（例如），without example（没有先例），set/give a goodexample to sb（为某人树立了好榜样），make an example of sb（惩一儆百）。This is an example of early Chinese architecture（6）country，state，nation误：Some parts of the state are much warmer than others正：country这三个词都可指国家，但含义不同。country指国家时，着重指“国土”，也可指具有某种地理特点的区域或地区。the country意为“（总称）国民、选民、乡下、农村”； nation着重指“民族、人民”； state着重指“政体”。aChina is a great socialist countrybIt was unknown/strange country to mecThe Chinese nation struggled for the independence and liberationunder the leader of CPCdChina is a socialist state（7）produce，product误：Our car is a produce of that factory正：productproduce是不可数名词，它仅指“农产品”； product是可数名词，既可指“农产品”，也可指“工业产品”。aIll bring you some produce when I come backbThey sell a lot of industrial and agricultural products tocustomers（8）error，mistake误：He repented the mistakes of his youth正：errorsmistake和error常可互相换用，但是，error可指道德方面的过失，而mistake则不能。另外，在下列固定搭配中，两词不可换用：anerror of judgement，in errors，by mistake，and no mistake（的确）。I took hisumbrella by mistake（9）weather，climate误：Whats the climate like today正：weatherweather意为“天气”，指某地每天的晴雨寒暖等变化，be/feel under the weather（不舒服、有点小病；微醉），in all weathers（无论天气如何、风雨无阻），keep the weather意为“占上风、操大权”；climate意为“气候”，指某地一年的一般天气状况，包括气温、降雨量等，有时也指政治气候。aWeather permitting，Ill comebJust a bit under the weather，nothing to fret aboutcKunming has a mild climatedWe must pay attention to the climate of opinion（10）environment，surrounding误：My environment，is not beautiful正：My surroundings are这两词都可指“环境”，但其含义不相同。environment是集合名词，没有复数形式，常指“给人思想、感情等造成影响的事物或情况”；surrounding常以复数形式出现，多指自然环境。aHe told a story of mans struggle with his environmentbThe guest house stands in picturesque surroundings（11）salary，wage误：The presidents wages 200000 a year正：salary is这两词都指“工资”，但其含义不同。salary通常指“每月或每年支付给政府官员、专业人员、技术员、银行职员、公司经理等的工资”；wage常指“付给体力劳动者、仆人、店员、办事员等的工资”，常以复数形式出现：He works at a wage of 12 a month（12）laugh，laughter误：MrsKnight gave a loud laughter正：laugh这两词都意为“笑声”，但laugh是可数名词，其前可加a，也可用复数形式。laughter是不可数名词。aHe broke into a laugh once he got her meaningbWhen he heard the thing，he burst into laughter（13）glance，glimpse 误：He gave her an admiring glimpse正：glancea glance=a brief look，意为“匆匆地看一眼”，它常和take，give等动词连用，表示行为。a glimpse=a brief sight，意为“匆匆看到的景象”，它常和get，catch等动词连用，表示结果。He got a glimpse of her in the street（14）brim，edge误：The glass was full to the edge正：brimbrim指“杯、碗等的边或帽沿”；edge指“床、广场、水泊、海洋、道路等的边缘或刀刃”。（15）gymnasium，stadium误：Important football matches are played at Welmbely Gymnasi-um正：Stadiumgymnasium指“（有运动器械的）体育馆”；stadium指“（有看台的）体育场”。（16）floor，storey误：A building with 100 floors is a skyscraper正：storeys这两词都与房子的“层”有关，floor表示房子的“第层”或“每层”；storey表示房子高度的“层”。aOn which floor do you live？bHe owns a building of ten storeys（17）home，house，family误：My home is a happy one正：familyhouse指“住屋、房子”；home指家，“一个人出身或居住的地方”，并不一定指建筑物而言，如中国西北有很多人住在山洞里，“山洞”就是他们的home，再者，home是有人住的地方，house可能空无人住；family指“家庭、家里人”，有时指“子女”。aThe Johnsons are building a new housebHe left home at the age of 18cThe Smith family has moved into the new housedHe has a family of three（18）emigrant，immigrant，migrant误：The United States has many emigrants from Europe正：immigrantsemigrant仅指人，意为“向外国移居的移民或侨民”。immigrant也仅指人，意为“来自外国的移民或侨民”。migrant既可指人，也可指鸟类、昆虫等。它指人时意为无固定居所的“移居者”，常用作定语，如amigrant worker（季节性工人）。（19）street，road误：That city contains 8000 roads正：streetsstreet指街道，一般两旁有房屋或店铺，而road一般指从甲地到乙地的道路：Is this the road to Tainan？road可用作路名，但须注意：假使某一条路是两地之间，则路名之前应加冠词the：If youpass along Oxford street，you will come into the Oxford RoadOxfordstreet是普通的街名，the Oxford Road则是通往Oxford的大路。但：He lives at 36 Nanchang Road，Taipei这里，Nanchang Road前面未加冠词，并非指通往“南昌”的路。road前面用on，street前用in或on，如on the road，in thestreet，on the street，而in the road= in the way（在路上）：There is a bigheap of stones in the road（20）story，history误：The reader cannot fail to enjoy a history so well written正：storystory指故事，是一般用语，含义非常广。其中，空想或传说的故事可叫做tale，简单隽永的秩事是anecdote，冗长的故事是narration，传说的神奇故事是legend。history指历史：We Chinese have a history of5000 years（21）cause，reason误：The typhoon was the reason of the great damage正：causecause是造成某一结果的原因；reason是解释结果的理由，或是用以证明某一结果为有理的一种说法。aThere is no cause for anxiety/to be anxiousbThe reason why I did not come yesterday is that I was sick（22）center，middle误：This is the middle of the circle正：centercenter是正中央位置的一点； middle是中心周围不确定的空间，也就是说center用以指物体的中心，middle用以指物体长度的中心区。center作动词用时，其含义为“集中”，后常接介词on。aPeking is the political，economical and cultural center of ChinabThey sat still in the middle of their roomcThe discussion centers on the most important questiondWe must center attention on our work（23）shade，shadow误：He decided to take a rest in the cool shadow of the big tree正：shade注意 shade是没有日光的阴凉处，看不清原物的轮廓；shadow是一个清楚形态的影子，看得清原物的轮廓：shadow of a tree（树影），shadow of a man（人影），shadow of a cat（猫影）。His shadow was cast on the wallshade的其他意义有：遮光之物：a window shade（遮光窗帘），a lamp shade（灯罩）。色度：different shades of green（各种绿的色度）。差别：shades of meaning（各种意义上的差别）。（24）customer，client误：The storekeeper surely knows how to please his clients正：customers商店的顾客称为customer；银行的客户、律师的委托人称为client：“He is one of my clients”the lawyer said（25）journey，tour，travel，trip，voyage误：He made a travel halfway round the world last summer正：journeyjourney可用以指任何方面的旅行，但距离不能过短。aHe took/made/undertook a journey to the Northwest of ChinabTourism that helps people enjoy their journey develops rapidly to-daytour指有一定的路线，事先定好逗留点，再回到原处的旅行；travel用于长期或短期旅行，无论什么目的，使用什么工具都行。注意该词一般用作动词，当名词用时：泛指旅行，其前不加冠词：Travel was slow and dangerous in olden times当复数用，表示游历、游记等：MrWang wrote a book about his travelstrip一般指短期旅行，如a trip to the seaside。The postal carriers make two trips a dayvoyage表示航行，尤指水上旅行，也可指空中旅行。（26）act，action，deed误：Now is the time for act正：actionact意为“行为、动作”，指已完成的事或行为，强调行为的结果，而不涉及行为的动机或性质，常是即兴、瞬间的举动，如一时冲动时所做的事或当机立断的行为：an act of vengeance，a rush act，a heroic act；action意为“行动、行为、活动”，强调的是行为的过程，而不是结果，一般需要一定的过程包括若干步骤，在这一点上它与act不同。action还与words相呼应而存在，指实际行动，而非空话。deed意为“行为、行动”，指行为的结果，但通常指那些卓越高尚的行为，含褒意，常与good，brave，great，kind等词搭配。aThe young man did another foolish actbThis is the most cruel act I have ever witnessedcThe rescue of a shipwrecked crew is a heroic actiondThe launching of lifeboat is a brave acteWe need action，not wordsfHe is an honourable man in word and in deedgDeeds are more important than words（27）accident，incident误：Yesterday I had an incident in the kitchen and broke all theglasses正：accidentaccident和incident都可作“意外事件、偶发事件”讲，但它们有区别。incident常指含有暴力、打斗或历史上的事件；accident一般指不幸事件或事故，如个人生活的不测或车、船等的失事，如a railway accident，a sad accident。aIn a recent incident three senior officers were killed by a carbombbThe July Seventh Incident took place in 1937（28）advance，advancement误：Chinas industrial and agricultural advancement have been remarkable in the past eight years正：advancesadvancement和advance都源于动词advance。advancement意义上相当于及物动词，表示“促进发展”，如 the advancement of science（促进科学发展）；advance意义上相当于不及物动词，表示“进展、发展”，如the advance of science（科学的进展）。（29）amount，number误：Peopoe bought a great number，of food from the market beforethe Spring Festival正：amountamount（of）“数量、量”，后接不可数名词：a huge amount of cotton；number（of）“数量”，只可接可数名词：a number of persons，a number of visitors。（30）audience，spectator误：Thousands upon thousands of audience were at the OlympicGames正：spectatorsaudience和spectator都作“观众”解。audience 指的是艺术、表演、电影、演讲等的观众和听众，常用单数形式：The actor presented himself amidst the loud acclamation of a crowded audiencespectator特指观看比赛等的观众。（31）game，sport误：Swimming in rivers is a splendid game正：sportgame和sport均可作“运动”解，但使用范围不同，习惯上，游泳、划船等水上运动及自行车运动等属于sport，球类、棋类运动则属于game。（32）stockings，socks误：The stockings the mother bought for her child are one size toolarge正：sorksstockings指的是到膝盖或过膝盖的“长筒袜”：In the show windowof the department store displayed many excellent nylon stockingssocks的意思为“短袜”，指的是不到膝盖的袜子。（33）stair，step误：The beautiful pine spreads its branches out in the directionabove the stone stairs leading up to the hotel正：stepsstair指楼层的梯级：she slipped on the stairssteps一般指露天的台阶或山路的石阶：The child was sitting on the front steps of the building（34）stock，storage误：Most book stores dont have encyclopedias in storage正：stockhave/place/keep/put sthin storage作“把贮藏起来”解，placethe goods in storage，have sthin stock是“备有、有存货”的意思。（35）strain，stress误：The ship was driven into the harbour by strain of weather正：stressstrain和stress都有“紧张”的意思。strain常指“过分吃力、过度努力的紧张状态”：She cant stand the strainstress则强调承受外来的“压力”。（36）lessons，subjects误：He taught English，Chinese，history and other lessons正：subjectslesson很少单独用来指某一学科或科目，可以用来指教授某一学科（常用复数）：give lessons in telecommunications。（37）material，substance误：Industry has found new uses for oldknown materials such asmercury，arsenic and lead正：substancesmaterial是指制做某种物品或做某事的“材料、原料”：buildingmaterials，dress materials，reading materials等；substance指特定的某种物质、东西：Air，water，rubber，glass and soil are different substances（38）suit，suite误：Yesterday she bought a new suit of furniture正：suite衣服的“一套”要用suit：a suit of clothes，a threepiece suit，a manssuit等；suite是指家具或房间的“一套”，随行人员的“一批”：a suite ofrooms，a suite of attendants。（39）flock，swarm误：We saw a flock of flies on the table正：a swarm of flies虫、鸟和动物的“群”译成英语时，要注意它们所指的类属范围。flock指羊、兔、鸟、虫等的“群”；herd指“大牲口群”；school指“鱼群”；swarm指蜂、蚁、飞虫的“群”。（40）faculty，talent误：He has the faculty for saying the wrong thing at the wrong time正：talentfaculty和talent都具有“才能”或“天才”的含义。faculty总用于褒义：He has a great faculty for learning foreign languagestalent除用于褒义外，还可用于贬义。（41）agreement，treaty误：The two nations have concluded a mutual nonaggression a- greement正：treatyagreement指个人、团体或国家间就某些问题达成的“协议、协定”：commercial agreement，an agreement to rent a house等；treaty专指国家间的政治性条约：the Warsow Treaty（Pact），a mutual defencetreaty。（42）glossary，vocabulary误：I have been studying English for ten years，but I still have avery poor glossary正：vocabularyglossary作“词汇表”解，特别指书后附的词汇表，在此意义上常和vocabulary换用，但vocabulary还可以表示“某人知道的词汇量”：His vocabulary is limited（43）marriage，wedding误：A marriage is being arranged between Bernard and Alice正：weddingmarriage是法律用语，意思比较抽象，强调结婚本身的行为或状态：I congratulate you on your marriagewedding一般指具体的结婚活动或用物：wedding reception（婚礼、婚筵），wedding ring（结婚戒指）等。（44）facility，appliance误：Today，housework has been made much easier by electricalfacilities正：appliancesfacility作“设备、工具”解时，通常指的是公用设施：athletic facilities，cooking and heating facilities；appliance指“医疗、家用、办公等器具”：medical appliances，household appliances。（45）orchestra，band误：The military orchestra played the national anthems正：bandorchestra和band都可作乐队解。orchestra是管弦乐队，以弦乐为主，也可以有管乐器，如交响乐队；band则是管乐队、军乐队，乐队中只有管乐器。（46）base，basis误：Ill write a report on the base of his investigation正：basisbase多用于具体东西，意为“基础、底部、基地”：the base of acolumn，a cotton base，a missile base等；basis多用于抽象的东西，意为“基础、根据”：on the basis of（以为根据），a basis for judgment等。（47）canal，channel误：Our country has a complete system of channels most of whichwere made after liberation正：canalschannel以及river，watercourse都是天然形成的渠道；canal则是人工开凿的水道；Canal of Venice，Suez Canal等。（48）bank，shore，coast误：She is going to set out from the French bank at five oclock inthe morning正：coastbank指河岸、河堤；shore指湖岸、海岸；coast仅指海岸：aThe man kept the boat on the left bank of the riverbWe walked along the shore of the lake（49）colonist，colonialist误：The regime of the colonists in South Africa is doomed tofail正：colonialists colonist指的是“开拓殖民地的人”，其中也包括colonialist，但这些人并非人人都是殖民主义者：It is already 200 years since the firstcolonists came from England to land on Australia（50）cssay，composition误：We were told to write an essay as our homework after thefirst class正：compositionessay指的是具有分析或解释性的短文。学习中的习作，一般要用composition。（51）continuance，continuation误：We look forward to the continuance of his performance nextweek正：continuationcontinuance和continuation都有“继续、连续”的意思。continuance是“连续不断，中间不停顿”：We have had a continuance of droughtcontinuation则是“断而复继、时断时续”：We hope for a continuation ofour talk next week（52）court，field误：Now they are playing badminton on the field正：court在英语中，运动场地名称随运动项目而不同，就球类运动而言，如tennis，volleyball，basketball，badminton等一般用court；football，baseball，cricket一般用field。（53）staff，crew误：The staff are paid to do all the work on the ship正：crewstaff指全体公务人员：The company had to cut down the officestaffcrew特别指轮船、舰只、飞机等上的全体乘务人员：The shipscrew mutinied（54）vacation，dayoff误：She took a vacation yesterday to attend her cousinswedding正：day-offvacation指“假期”，一般指学校放的寒暑假，通常是几周的时间；dayoff是“休假日”，通常指公休日。a dayoff等于 a free day，a days holiday：Today the staff is given a dayoff（55）deception，deceit误：The scoundrel is so full of deception that everybody keeps aloof from him正：deceitdeception是指“欺骗、诈骗”的行为：In dealing with others weshould avoid deceptiondeceit是指骗人的品性：Deceit and sincerity cannot exist together（56）difference，distinction误：It is difficult to make exact differences between all the meanings of a word正：distinctionsdifference和distinction在用于可以感觉到的差别，可以互相换用：You will at once notice a difference/distinction in their appearance但当差异细微，往往要仔细观察、研究才能分辨时，通常要用distinction：We should draw a clear distinction between right and wrong（57）medicine，chemical，drug误：The gardeners use various medicines to protect the flowers正：chemicals误：Doctors use medicines to relieve their patients pains正：drugsmedicine是指人和动物服用的药品；chemicals是用于森林、庄稼、花卉的农药；drug是指麻醉药或催眠剂。（58）class，enrolment误：Both of them were stuents of the 1984 class正：enrolment“1984级的学生”就是指在1984登记注册的学生，所以要用enrolment；class无此意，但在英语中，class可以表示某年的毕业班：Bothof them were the gradnates in the class of 1988（5）show，exhibition误：A national show of light industrial productions was held inBeijing正：exhibitionexhibition是指大型的或国际性的展览会，而show则是小规模的展览会：tractor show。（60）bill，fare，fee误：He was told to get off the train because he couldnt pay thebill正：farebill意为“帐单、汇票”，付账是pay a bill；fee表示“各种各样的学费、报名费、小费等”；fare表示“车船费”：What is the single/return farefrom London to New York？（61）present，gift误：Christmas is drawing near，and the organization has raised alarge sum of money as a present for the poor正：giftpresent和gift都可指“礼物”，在以实物作“礼物”时，两者可以换用：On his birthday her parents gave her a calculator as a gift/present但gift作“礼物”解时，除可表示实物外，还可表示金钱，而present则不可：Children always appreciate small gifts of money（62）foundation，grounding误：As my English foundation is not good，its very difficult forme to improve my work正：groundingfoundation是“基础、根基”的意思：the foundation of a building，lay solid foundation for increased production。本例中的“基础”是指“基础训练”，要用grounding一词：Every child should get a good grounding in the three Rs（63）direction，guidance误：Id like to have your advice and directions in mathematics正：guidancedirection用作复数时，含有“指示、命令”的意思：He eats and sleeps according to the doctors directionsguidance表示“指导、指教”。（64）habit，hobby误：My fathers habit is culturing golden fish正：hobbyhabit是指个人养成的“习惯”：the habit of drinking；hobby作“嗜好”讲时，着重指的是业余爱好、兴趣：Some people thought that ceramic art had flourished in certain developed countries partly，because there pot tery had become a hobby（65）equipment，instrument误：The equipment for measuring the resistance of a conductor went out of control正：instrumentequipment意为“设备、装备”：service equipment；instrument常指测试仪器、器械。（66）copy，issue误：Its a great delight to read your article in the May copy of China Reconstructs正：issuecopy指书刊的“本、册”：a book printed in one million copi