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Passage A(pre-class reading)Cloning: where is it leading us? Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this: On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were: Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure? On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.Passage BHuman cloning should be permitted!What would you say if I told you that scientists had just developed a new procedure that could lead not only to the cure for cancer, but would provide an unlimited source of organ donors and could lead to the first effective treatment of nerve damage? This scenario is true and is taking place with human cloning at this very moment. Human cloning will provide unlimited benefits to our species and should be legal.First of all, Reproductive(繁殖的) cloning has a number of pros. Couples who cannot have children of their own can create children that is genetically related by cloning. Parents that have lost a child can have that child returned to them with a clone. Endangered animals can be cloned to save the species.Many believe that cloning can be used to replace failing organs. This will diminish(减少) the waiting list for organ donations and allow more people to be saved. Not only that, but because the organ is, in fact, your own organ, there would be less chance of rejection(排异). Your body would recognize the new organ as your own.Cloning could also prove helpful in the research of genetics(遗传学). Using cloning technologies, genetic researchers would have a better understanding of the composition(组成) of genes and the effects of genetic constituents(构成) on human traits(特征). Finally, cloning can help bring back great minds. Genius and influential people could be brought back using human cloning. This means that we could possibly create a dozen Einsteins or Abraham Lincolns to come and help solve world problems.In a word, human Cloning is possibly the answer to some of our eras toughest scientific problems and should by no means be stopped before we even learn what it can do. Task 1 Benefits of human cloningl Reproductive cloning has pros for: couples who _, parents that _, and animals that are _l Cloning can be used to replace _: Diminish the waiting list for _ and save _ Reduce the chance of _l Cloning could prove helpful in _ l Cloning can help bring back _ and _Passage CArguments against Cloning Cloning in general has been a rising debate across the globe since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996. The success of being able to clone an animal brought scientists to wonder about a more challenging task, cloning humans. This consideration is morally wrong and should not be stood for. Here are just a few of the reasons against cloning. On the scientific side, we see that a large percentage of cloning efforts end in failure. For example, it took hundreds of attempts to clone Dolly the sheep, and often clones dont live as long as normal animals.Individuality(个性) is another factor to consider when thinking of the outcome cloning would bring. This is what makes our world so unique, if clones become produced, we will lose the uniqueness(独特性). On the religious side, it is obvious that cloning is against Gods wishes because the clones would be created by man instead of God. There is also the belief that these clones would be created without a soul. The growing population in the world is also a very important element to consider. Too many people would lead to the consuming of too many resources, and thus the insufficiency (不足) and even extinction of natural resources will only cause the human race to diminish. Those who favor cloning humans argue that we could produce clones to provide organs for people who need transplants(移植). However, clones are still humans. Using a clone for that purpose is as cruel as to use your next door neighbor.Taken together, the arguments against cloning seem to outweigh any good that could be obtained from the process.Task 2Disadvantages of human cloningl Scientific side: a large percentage of cloning efforts_l Clones would make our world lose _. l _ side: cloning is against _ because clones are _ instead of _l The growing _ would be a greater concern, which will cause _ and even _ of natural resourcesl Using a clone for _ is cruel because clones are also humansExpressions for your reference in your presentation and writingArguments for cloningArguments against cloning OpinionHuman cloning will provide unlimited benefits to our species and should be legal.This consideration is morally wrong and should not be stood forHere are just a few of the reasons against cloning.Reasons and examples / explanationsFirst of allMany believed thatCloning could also prove helpful in FinallyOn the XXX side.XXX is another factor to considerXXX is also a very important element to consider.Those who favor cloning humans argue that. However.Restate opinionHuman Cloning is possibly the answer to some of our eras toughest scientific problems and should by no means be stopped before we even learn what it can do.Taken together, the arguments against cloning seem to o