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PE400×600颚式破碎机的设计

摘要

国内使用的颚式破碎机类型很多,但常见的还是传统的复摆颚式破碎机。复摆颚式破碎机的出现已有140多年的历史,经过人们长期的实践和不断完善与改进,其结构型式和机构参数日臻合理, 结构简单、制造容易、工作可靠、维修方便，故在冶金、矿山、建材、化工、煤炭等行业使用非常广泛。随着现代化的发展，各工业部门对破碎石的需求进一步增长，研究复摆颚式破碎机具有很重要的意义。本毕业设计主要是为满足生产需求：进料口尺寸：400×600 (mm)；出料口尺寸：40～160 (mm)；进料块最大尺寸：340(mm)；产量：17～115吨/时而研究的。主要研究复摆颚式破碎机的运动分析、V带的选择，各种工作参数的选择，工作机构的优化。重点研究传动的设计和系统的优化。

关键词：复摆颚式破碎机，传动，运动分析

Design of PE400×600 Jaw-fashioned Crusher

ABSTRACT

The domestic use jaw type breaker type are very many, But common traditional duplicate pendulum Jaw-fashioned Crusher. The duplicate pendulum jaw type breaker appearance had more than 140 years history, And consummates and the improvement unceasingly after the people long-term practice, Its structure pattern and the organization parameter are day by day reasonable, The structure simple, the manufacture is easy, the work reliably, the service convenient, therefore in profession use and so on the metallurgy, mine, building materials, chemical industry, coal is extremely widespread. Along with the modernized development, various industry sector further grows to the broken crushed stone demand, studies the duplicate pendulum Jaw-fashioned Crusher to have the very vital significance. This graduation project mainly is for meets the production need: Feed head size: 400×600 (mm); Discharge hole size: 40～160 (mm); Feeding block greatest size: 340(mm); Output: 17～115 t/h. Mainly studies the duplicate pendulum Jaw-fashioned Crusher the movement analysis, V belt choice, the analysis which the Jaw-fashioned Crusher, the toothed rack wears, each kind of operational parameter choice, operating mechanism optimization. Detailed studies transmission design and system optimization.

KEY WORDS: Jaw-fashioned Crusher，Transmission, Kinematic Analysis

目　录

前　言1

第1章选题背景3

1.1 研究的目的和意义3

1.2 特点和现状与发展4

1.2.1 复摆颚式破碎机的特点4

1.2.2 复摆颚式破碎机的现状与发展5

1.3 国内外复摆颚式破碎机的进展9

第2章工作原理及构造11

2.1 工作原理11

2.2颚式破碎机的结构13

第3章主要零部件的分析14

3.1 动颚14

3.1.1 动颚的结构14

3.1.2 动颚的工作过程14

3.2 齿板15

3.3肘板16

3.4调整装置17

3.5保险装置17

3.6机架结构18

3.7传动件19

3.8飞轮19

3.9润滑装置20

第4章主要参数的设计计算21

4.1 颚式破碎机结构参数的计算21

4.1.1 钳角α21

4.1.2 动颚水平行程SY21

4.2 主要构件尺寸参数的设计计算21

4.2.1破碎腔高度H22

4.2.2偏心距e22

4.2.3动颚悬挂高度h22

4.2.4偏心距e对连杆长度l的比值λ22

4.2.5肘板长度K23

4.2.6传动角β23

4.2.7破碎腔形状的确定23

4.3 颚式破碎机工作参数的设计计算24

4.3.1 偏心轴转速n的设计计算24

4.3.2 生产率的计算24

4.3.3 破碎力的计算25

4.4 各个部件的受力分析26

第5章重要零件的设计和校核28

5.1 电动机的选择28

5.2 V带传动的设计28

5.2.1 确定计算功率Pc28

5.2.2 确定V带的带型28

5.2.3确定带轮的基准直径，并验证带速28

5.2.4确定V带的中心距和基准长度29

5.2.5验算小带轮包角29

5.2.6确定V带根数z29

5.2.7计算单根V带的初拉力的最小值30

5.2.8计算压轴力30

5.3 飞轮的设计30

5.4 推力板的设计31

5.5 偏心轴的设计32

5.5.1 偏心轴的材料选择和最小直径估算32

5.5.2 偏心轴结构的设计33

5.5.3 偏心轴强度校核33

5.6 轴承的选择34

第6章颚式破碎机的安装与运转35

6.1破碎机的安装35

6.2机架的安装35

6.3肘板的安装35

6.4动颚的安装36

6.5齿板的安装36

6.6破碎机的运转36

结　论37

谢辞38

参考文献39

附　录41

外文资料翻译42

前　言

在基本建设工程中，需要大量的，各种不同粒径的砂、石作为生产之用。在没有合格的天然砂子和一台颚式破碎机问世以来，至今已有150余年的历史。在此过程中，其结构得到不断的完善，而颚式破碎机的结构简单，安全可靠，石料可供破碎机械来进行加工，来满足工程的需要。所以在生产中广泛的应用。而工程上应用最广泛的是复摆颚式破碎机，国产的颚式破碎机数量最多的也是复摆颚式破碎机。

破碎机是将开采所得的天然的石料按一定尺寸进行破碎加工的机械。颚式破碎机是有美国人E．W．Blake发明的。自第一台破碎机的出现，生产效率快，又满足安全条件，又能适应生产，大大加快了生产。

复摆颚式破碎机结构简单、制造容易、工作可靠、使用维修方便等优点，所有在冶金、矿山、建材、化工、煤炭等行业使用非常广泛。80年代以来，我国对复摆颚式的研究和产品开发取得了较大的发展。在充分吸收国外产品特点的基础上，结合国情研制开发了许多新型、高效的设备。上海建设。路桥机械设备有限公司率先对复摆颚式破碎机进行了重大的改进，即通过降低动颚的悬挂高度，改善动颚的运动轨迹，减小破碎腔的啮角，增大破碎比，增大了动颚的水平行程，提高生产能力等，大大改善了机器性能，完成了产品的更新换代。

复摆颚式破碎机主要是由两块颚板（活动颚板和固定颚板）组成。活动颚板对固定颚板周期性的往复运动，时而靠近，时而分开，由此使装在二颚板间的石块受到挤压、劈裂和弯曲作用而破碎。复摆颚式破碎机的机器重量较轻，结构简单（少了一件连杆、一块肘板、一根心轴和一对轴承），生产效率较高（比同规格的简摆颚式破碎机生产效率高20%-30%）。复摆颚式破碎机适合破碎中硬度石料。在工程中，多用他做中、细碎设备，起破碎比较大，可达江10。随着机械工业的进步，近年来，复摆颚式破碎机正朝着大型化发展。所以，一个合理的传动装置可以使复摆颚式破碎机运行的更加顺利，合理有效。动颚的优化可使磨损大大的降低，冲击、噪声、振动都相应的减少，也减少工作人员的劳动强度，提高生产的质量，降低制造成本和缩短生产周期。

但是，复摆颚式破碎机也有它的缺点，具体如下：

JB／z0 1032 - 87《颗板铸造技术条件》规定齿板寿命只有60h，按l0h工作制，每付齿板只能用6d，不到一星期就需更换一次齿板。不仅给维修带来很大的不便，而且增加了破碎物料的成本。

破碎机出口扬尘非常严重，从破碎机出来的块状和粉末状物料直冲矿石输送皮带，部分物料飞溅或滚淌到地面上，地面堆积厚厚一层物料，部分粉状物料飞扬在空中，给生产带来了很大的不便。较多的粉尘而直接影响安全生产和员工的健康，因此要采用相应的防尘设施是破碎机一个重大而不可忽略的问题。

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内容简介：: 外文资料翻译Extending Bearing LifeAbstract：Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearings, failures, lifeBearings fail for a number of reasons，but the most common are misapplication，contamination，improper lubricant，shipping or handling damage，and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrongHowever，while a postmortem yields good information，it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first placeTo do this，it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing.Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job.1 Why bearings failAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environmentFortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable，and a simple visual examination can easily identify the causeConducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearingThen，understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loadingsuch as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel)It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the racesRaceway dents also produce noise，vibration，and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turningThis problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color，usually to blue-black or straw coloredFriction also causes stress in the retainer，which can break and hasten bearing failurePremature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preloadWhen these conditions are unavoidable，bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked outAnother solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing materialWhen standard bearing materials，such as 440C or SAE 52100，do not guarantee sufficient life，specialty materials can be recommended. In addition，when the problem is traced back to excessive loading，a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be usedCreep is less common than premature fatigueIn bearingsit is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaftCreep can be expensive because it causes damage to other components in addition to the bearing0ther more likely creep indicators are scratches，scuff marks，or discoloration to shaft and boreTo prevent creep damage，the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checkedMisalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting relatedIf races are misaligned or cockedThe balls track in a noncircumferencial pathThe problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing，or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting siteMisalignment of more than 1/4can cause an early failureContaminated lubricant is often more difficult to detect than misalignment or creepContamination shows as premature wearSolid contaminants become an abrasive in the lubricantIn addition。insufficient lubrication between ball and retainer wears and weakens the retainerIn this situation，lubrication is critical if the retainer is a fully machined typeRibbon or crown retainers，in contrast，allow lubricants to more easily reach all surfaces Rust is a form of moisture contamination and often indicates the wrong material for the applicationIf the material checks out for the job，the easiest way to prevent rust is to keep bearings in their packaging，until just before installation2 Avoiding failuresThe best way to handle bearing failures is to avoid themThis can be done in the selection process by recognizing critical performance characteristicsThese include noise，starting and running torque，stiffness，nonrepetitive runout，and radial and axial playIn some applications, these items are so critical that specifying an ABEC level alone is not sufficientTorque requirements are determined by the lubricant，retainer，raceway quality(roundness cross curvature and surface finish)，and whether seals or shields are usedLubricant viscosity must be selected carefully because inappropriate lubricant，especially in miniature bearings，causes excessive torqueAlso，different lubricants have varying noise characteristics that should be matched to the application. For example，greases produce more noise than oilNonrepetitive runout(NRR)occurs during rotation as a random eccentricity between the inner and outer races，much like a cam actionNRR can be caused by retainer tolerance or eccentricities of the raceways and ballsUnlike repetitive runout, no compensation can be made for NRR.NRR is reflected in the cost of the bearingIt is common in the industry to provide different bearing types and grades for specific applicationsFor example，a bearing with an NRR of less than 0.3um is used when minimal runout is needed，such as in diskdrive spindle motorsSimilarly，machinetool spindles tolerate only minimal deflections to maintain precision cutsConsequently, bearings are manufactured with low NRR just for machine-tool applicationsContamination is unavoidable in many industrial products，and shields and seals are commonly used to protect bearings from dust and dirtHowever，a perfect bearing seal is not possible because of the movement between inner and outer racesConsequently，lubrication migration and contamination are always problemsOnce a bearing is contaminated, its lubricant deteriorates and operation becomes noisierIf it overheats，the bearing can seizeAt the very least，contamination causes wear as it works between balls and the raceway，becoming imbedded in the races and acting as an abrasive between metal surfacesFending off dirt with seals and shields illustrates some methods for controlling contaminationNoise is as an indicator of bearing qualityVarious noise grades have been developed to classify bearing performance capabilitiesNoise analysis is done with an Anderonmeter, which is used for quality control in bearing production and also when failed bearings are returned for analysis. A transducer is attached to the outer ring and the inner race is turned at 1,800rpm on an air spindle. Noise is measured in andirons, which represent ball displacement in m/rad.With experience, inspectors can identify the smallest flaw from their sound. Dust, for example, makes an irregular crackling. Ball scratches make a consistent popping and are the most difficult to identify. Inner-race damage is normally a constant high-pitched noise, while a damaged outer race makes an intermittent sound as it rotates.Bearing defects are further identified by their frequencies. Generally, defects are separated into low, medium, and high wavelengths. Defects are also referenced to the number of irregularities per revolution.Low-band noise is the effect of long-wavelength irregularities that occur about 1.6 to 10 times per revolution. These are caused by a variety of inconsistencies, such as pockets in the race. Detectable pockets are manufacturing flaws and result when the race is mounted too tightly in multiplejaw chucks.Medium-hand noise is characterized by irregularities that occur 10 to 60 times per revolution. It is caused by vibration in the grinding operation that produces balls and raceways. High-hand irregularities occur at 60 to 300 times per revolution and indicate closely spaced chatter marks or widely spaced, rough irregularities.Classifying bearings by their noise characteristics allows users to specify a noise grade in addition to the ABEC standards used by most manufacturers. ABEC defines physical tolerances such as bore, outer diameter, and runout. As the ABEC class number increase (from 3 to 9), tolerances are tightened. ABEC class, however, does not specify other bearing characteristics such as raceway quality, finish, or noise. Hence, a noise classification helps improve on the industry standard.延长轴承寿命延长轴承寿命摘要：自然界苛刻的工作条件会导致轴承的失效，但是如果遵循一些简单的规则，轴承正常运转的机会是能够被提高的。在轴承的使用过程当中，过分的忽视会导致轴承的过热现象，也可能使轴承不能够再被使用，甚至完全的破坏。但是一个被损坏的轴承，会留下它为什么被损坏的线索。通过一些细致的侦察工作，我们可以采取行动来避免轴承的再次失效。关键词：轴承失效寿命导致轴承失效的原因很多，但常见的是不正确的使用、污染、润滑剂使用不当、装卸或搬运时的损伤及安装误差等。诊断失效的原因并不困难，因为根据轴承上留下的痕迹可以确定轴承失效的原因。然而，当事后的调查分析提供出宝贵的信息时，最好首先通过正确地选定轴承来完全避免失效的发生。为了做到这一点，再考察一下制造厂商的尺寸定位指南和所选轴承的使用特点是非常重要的。1 轴承失效的原因在球轴承的失效中约有 40%是由灰尘、脏物、碎屑的污染以及腐蚀造成的。污染通常是由不正确的使用和不良的使用环境造成的，它还会引起扭矩和噪声的问题。由环境和污染所产生的轴承失效是可以预防的，而且通过简单的肉眼观察是可以确定产生这类失效的原因。通过失效后的分析可以得知对已经失效的或将要失效的轴承应该在哪些方面进行查看。弄清诸如剥蚀和疲劳破坏一类失效的机理，有助于消除问题的根源。只要使用和安装合理，轴承的剥蚀是容易避免的。剥蚀的特征是在轴承圈滚道上留有由冲击载荷或不正确的安装产生的压痕。剥蚀通常是在载荷超过材料屈服极限时发生的。如果安装不正确从而使某一载荷横穿轴承圈也会产生剥蚀。轴承圈上的压坑还会产生噪声、振动和附加扭矩。类似的一种缺陷是当轴承不旋转时由于滚珠在轴承圈间振动而产生的椭圆形压痕。这种破坏称为低荷振蚀。这种破坏在运输中的设备和不工作时仍振动的设备中都会产生。此外，低荷振蚀产生的碎屑的作用就像磨粒一样，会进一步损害轴承。与剥蚀不同，低荷振蚀的特征通常是由于微振磨损腐蚀在润滑剂中会产生淡红色。消除振动源并保持良好的轴承润滑可以防止低荷振蚀。给设备加隔离垫或对底座进行隔离可以减轻环境的振动。另外在轴承上加一个较小的预载荷不仅有助于滚珠和轴承圈保持紧密的接触，并且对防止在设备运输中产生的低荷振蚀也有帮助。造成轴承卡住的原因是缺少内隙、润滑不当和载荷过大。在卡住之前，过大的摩擦和热量使轴承钢软化。过热的轴承通常会改变颜色，一般会变成蓝黑色或淡黄色。摩擦还会使保持架受力，这会破坏支承架，并加速轴承的失效。材料过早出现疲劳破坏是由重载后过大的预载引起的。如果这些条件不可避免，就应仔细计算轴承寿命，以制定一个维护计划。另一个解决办法是更换材料。若标准的轴承材料不能保证足够的轴承寿命，就应当采用特殊的材料。另外，如果这个问题是由于载荷过大造成的，就应该采用抗载能力更强或其他结构的轴承。蠕动不像过早疲劳那样普遍。轴承的蠕动是由于轴和内圈之间的间隙过大造成的。蠕动的害处很大，它不仅损害轴承，也破坏其他零件。蠕动的明显特征是划痕、擦痕或轴与内圈的颜色变化。为了防止蠕动，应该先用肉眼检查一下轴承箱件和轴的配件。蠕动与安装不正有关。如果轴承圈不正或翘起，滚珠将沿着一个非圆周轨道运动。这个问题是由于安装不正确或公差不正确或轴承安装现场的垂直度不够造成的。如果偏斜超过 0.25，轴承就会过早地失效。检查润滑剂的污染比检查装配不正或蠕动要困难得多。污染的特征是使轴承过早的出现磨损。润滑剂中的固体杂质就像磨粒一样。如果滚珠和保持架之间润滑不良也会磨损并削弱保持架。在这种情况下，润滑对于完全加工形式的保持架来说是至关重要的。相比之下，带状或冠状保持架能较容易地使润滑剂到达全部表面。锈是湿气污染的一种形式，它的出现常常表明材料选择不当。如果某一材料经检验适合工作要求，那么防止生锈的最简单的方法是给轴承包装起来，直到安装使用时才打开包装。2 避免失效的方法解决轴承失效问题的最好办法就是避免失效发生。这可以在选用过程中通过考虑关键性能特征来实现。这些特征包括噪声、起动和运转扭矩、刚性、非重复性振摆以及径向和轴向间隙。扭矩要求是由润滑剂、

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