伴随机械制造业的飞速发展，各类机床得到了空前的发展。同时随着磨削技术的发展，磨床在加工机床中也占有相当大的比例。磨床可以加工各种表面，如内、外圆柱面和圆锥面、平面、渐开线齿廓面、螺旋面以及各种成形表面。磨床可进行荒加工、粗加工、精加工和超精加工，可以进行各种高硬、超硬材料的加工，还可以刃磨刀具和进行切断等，工艺范围十分广泛。磨削技术及磨床在机械制造业中占有极其重要的位置。磨削技术发展很快，在机械加工中起着非常重要的作用。

本文介绍磨床的发展的过程、现状及发展趋势，并分析了其有点及存在的问题。对各类磨床的总体结构进行了探讨，还对砂轮在制造业中的应用进行了阐述。本文在查阅了国内外相关资料的前提下，对本次设计的课题进行了总体结构设计、在分析和计算了速度比值及控制策略的同时对部件的结构设计、箱体结构的设计、主要零部件的设计、计算及校核。利用AUTO CAD二维画图软件进行了零件的设计和装配，以满足加工磨削要求。选择恰当的主轴支承方式以及轴承选用及润滑等也是相当的重要，同时，主轴组件的安装如何保证精度等，在本课题中有相应的叙述。

本次完成了砂轮两自由度曲面磨削装置设计，满足磨削加工相关零件要求的同时，还具有有较好的性价比，最终达到本次设计的综合训练的目的。

关键词：制造业、磨床、磨削技术、砂轮

ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of machines , various types of machine tools has been an unprecedented development. With the development of technology while grinding , grinding machine tools is also in possession of a large scale. Grinder can process a variety of surfaces , such as inner and outer cylinders and cones , plane , involute tooth profile surface , forming helical surface and a variety of surfaces . Grinding can be Hogging , roughing, finishing and super- finishing , and various high-hard , super-hard material machining , grinding tools and can also be cut off , etc., a very wide range of technology . Grinder grinding technology and occupies an extremely important position in the machinery manufacturing industry . Grinding technology has developed rapidly, plays a very important role in machining .

This article describes the development process of grinding machines , the status quo and development trends , and analyzes its bit and problems . The overall structure of the various types of grinders are discussed , also used in the manufacturing of wheel are described. In this paper, the relevant information at home and abroad under the inspection of the premise, the subject of this design were the overall structural design, structural design of components designed box structure in the analysis and calculation of the velocity ratio and control strategies at the same time , major zero design components , calculation and check. AUTO CAD use a two-dimensional drawing software design and assembly of parts to meet the requirements of the grinding process . Select the appropriate manner and bearing spindle bearing and lubrication selection is quite important, and , how to ensure the installation of the spindle assembly accuracy , there is a corresponding described in this paper .

The completion of the two degrees of freedom surface grinding wheel device is designed to meet the requirements of grinding related parts also have a better cost-effective, comprehensive training and ultimately achieve this design goal.

Keywords : Manufacturing , grinder, grinding technology , wheel

摘要I

ABSTRACTI

第1章绪论3

1.1 磨床的发展概述3

1.2 磨床的类型与用途4

1.2.1 磨床的类型及其特点4

1.2.2 磨床的用途4

1.2.3 磨削方法5

1.3 磨床的研究现状及发展趋势7

1.4砂轮及其装夹7

1.4.1 砂轮的结构及特性7

1.4.2 砂轮的安装与修整11

1.5磨削液的选用11

1.6课题研究的意义及内容11

第2章总体及部件结构设计13

2.1 磨床的技术规格13

2.2 磨床总体布局设计13

2.3 主要结构及其说明13

第3章速度比值及控制策略的确定15

3.1 速度比值的确定15

3.2 控制策略的确定16

第4章箱体结构及主要零部件设计17

4.1 箱体结构的设计17

4.2 主轴的设计及校核20

4.3 轴承的选择21

4.4 齿轮的设计及校核21

第5章磨床的操作方法及维护保养26

5.1 磨床的操作方法26

5.2 磨床的维护保养26

第6章结论28

致谢29

参考文献30

第1章绪论

1.1 磨床的发展概述

所谓磨床简单的说就是利用磨具对工件表面进行磨削加工的机床。平时我们见到的少数的磨床是使用油石、砂带等其他磨具和游离磨料进行加工，如珩磨机、超精加工机床、砂带磨床、研磨机和抛光机等。但大多数的磨床是使用高速旋转的砂轮进行磨削加工。

磨床能加工硬度较高的材料，如淬硬钢、硬质合金等；也能加工脆性材料，如玻璃、花岗石。磨床能作高精度和表面粗糙度很小的磨削，也能进行高效率的磨削，如强力磨削等。

十八世纪30年代，为了适应钟表、自行车、缝纫机和枪械等零件淬硬后的加工，英国、德国和美国分别研制出使用天然磨料砂轮的磨床。这些磨床是在当时现成的机床如车床、刨床等上面加装磨头改制而成的，它们结构简单，刚度低，磨削时易产生振动，要求操作工人要有很高的技艺才能磨出精密的工件。

1876年在巴黎博览会展出的美国布朗-夏普公司制造的万能外圆磨床，是首次具有现代磨床基本特征的机械。它的工件头架和尾座安装在往复移动的工作台上，箱形床身提高了机床刚度，并带有内圆磨削附件。1883年，这家公司制成磨头装在立柱上、工作台作往复移动的平面磨床。

1900年前后，人造磨料的发展和液压传动的应用，对磨床的发展有很大的推动作用。随着近代工业特别是汽车工业的发展，各种不同类型的磨床相继问世。例如20世纪初，先后研制出加工气缸体的行星内圆磨床、曲轴磨床、凸轮轴磨床和带电磁吸盘的活塞环磨床等。

自动测量装置于1908年开始应用到磨床上。到了1920年前后，无心磨床、双端面磨床、轧辊磨床、导轨磨床，珩磨机和超精加工机床等相继制成使用；50年代又出现了可作镜面磨削的高精度外圆磨床；60年代末又出现了砂轮线速度达60～80米/秒的高速磨床和大切深、缓进给磨削平面磨床；70年代，采用微处理机的数字控制和适应控制等技术在磨床上得到了广泛的应用。

随着高精度、高硬度机械零件数量的增加，以及精密铸造和精密锻造工艺的发展，磨床的性能、品种和产量都在不断的提高和增长。

磨床是各类金属磨削机床中品种最多的一类，主要类型有外圆磨床、内圆磨床、平面磨床、无心磨床、工具磨床等。

外圆磨床是使用的最广泛的，能加工各种圆柱形和圆锥形外表面及轴肩端面的磨床。万能外圆磨床还带有内圆磨削附件，可磨削内孔和锥度较大的内、外锥面。不过外圆磨床的自动化程度较低，只适用于中小批单件生产和修配工作。耐磨焊条

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内容简介：: 英文资料High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heat Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled parts High-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the companys employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processing High-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs . High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed milling High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements. 2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled. High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining tool High-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting tool HRC35 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC 5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technology High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing of Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,in Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements. High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc. Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 5.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 5.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up5.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 5.4.2 About the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technologys needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 6 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During Sixth Five-Year Plan Period , the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period , namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period on the later stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for the Ninth Five-Year Plan , the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talents basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a. On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. b. On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; Ones own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. c. On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind. It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. a. Realize the respect. Know to industrys process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. b. System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system. c. Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty. d. Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 7 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country 7.1 Strategic consideration Our country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try ones best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and leave the core spaces . We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international machining center in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and assemble the centre , but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously. We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industrys question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the peoples living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. 7.2 Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development . Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up ones head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard drawing, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry. 英文翻译对照高速铣削高速切削加工是一种先进制造技术，不同于传统加工方式。它的主轴转速高、切削进给速度高、切削量小，单位时间内的材料切除量却增加36 倍。它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了广泛的应用，取得了重大的经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的重要应用。长期以来，人们对模具的加工一直采用铣削一磨削或者电火花(EDM)加工、打磨、抛光的方法。虽然电火花可加工硬度很高的工件，但较低的生产率使它的应用受到制。随着高速加工技术的发展，采用高速切削取代磨削抛光和电加工进行模具加工已成为可能。使加工周期大为缩短，加工质量得到可靠保证，加工成本降低。1 高速切削加工的优势高速切削加工作为模具制造中集高效、优质、低耗于一身的先进制造技术。在常规切削加工中备受困扰的一系列问题，通过高速切削加工的应用得到了解决。1.1 提高生产率高速切削的主轴转速、进给速度与传统切削加工相比，发生了本质性的飞跃，其金属切除率提高了30%40%，切削力降低了30%，刀具的切削寿命提高了70%。还可加工淬硬零件，许多零件一次装夹可完成粗、半精和精加工等全部工序，对复杂型面也能达到零件表面质量要求，进而提高了加工生产率和产品的市场竞争力。1.2 改善加工精度和表面质量高速机床普遍具备高刚性和高精度等特点，加工时切削深度小，而进给速度较快，切削力低，工件热变形减少，而加工精度很高，表面粗糙度很小。高速铣削可获得无铣痕的加工表面，使零件表面质量大大提高。加工铝合金时可达Ra0.40.6um，加工钢件时可达Ra0.20.4um。1.3 减少切削产生的热量因为铣床主轴高速旋转，切削加工是浅切削，同时进给速度很快，刀刃和工件的接触长度和接触时间非常短，减少了刀刃和工件的热传导。高速切削采用干铣或油一气(油雾)润滑系统，避免了传统加工时在刀具和工件接触处产生大量热的缺点，保证刀具在温度不高的条件下工作，延长了刀具的使用寿命。1.4 有利于加工薄壁零件高速切削时的切削力小，有较高的稳定性，可加工高质量同本公司内部员工相比可能是非常优秀的，但是同其他的公司的员工相比工作绩效可能算不了优秀。就我们中国实际来说，我们使用标杆分析法来确定员工培训需求是简单有效的。这种学习标杆对象可以是外部的，也可以是内部和外部的结合。首先要明确企业的发展战略。通过对企业内外部环境和组织资源等分析，明确企业未来发展的目标和业务重点。根据企业的发展战略寻找可以比照的标杆企业，通过比较分析，最后确定标杆企业。在确定标杆企业后，有一项，是了解其发展战略，还是其市场占有率和市场增长率，还是员工各方面的情况等等，这要根据本企业的实际情况来确定。由于企业在不同的发展时期，其着力点是不同的，即企业需要投入的物力人力财力的重点是不同的。所以在一定的时期内，企业要准确地选定其跟标杆企业比较的部门和岗位，这样更加具有实际意义，因为标杆企业并不是处处都好，而且有些方面进行比较没有多少实际意义，再者这样可以更充分地集中利用企业的有限资源。确定标杆企业后，然后拿本企业的相应的部门和员工同标杆企业进行比较，可以发现两者在工作绩效的差距，比较分析，寻找原因，根据本企业的实际，最后确定培训需求。培训是需要成本的，如果没有通过有效的方式，去确定企业是否需要培训以及培训的方式，而是盲目进行培训，这样的培训是难以取得预期的效果。有比较才有区别，这种培训分析模型简单实用。1.5 可部分替代某些工艺，如电火花加工、磨削加工高速切削的一大特点，高速切削已可加工硬度达HRC60 的零件。采用带涂层的硬质合金刀具加工模具，直接将淬硬工具钢一次安装加工成形，有效地避免了零件多次安装造成的装夹误差，提高了零件的几何位置精度。在传统加工模具的工艺中，对热处理硬化后的工件需进行电火花加工，用高速切削加工替代传统切削的加工方法，可以省去模具制造工艺中的电火花加工，简化了加工工艺和投资成本。高速铣削加工可在专用的CNC 机床或加工中心上进行，也可在加装高速主轴的普通机床上进行。后者不仅具有普通机床的加工能力，而且还可进行高速铣削，减少了设备投资，增加了机床柔性。高速切削可以使加工效率提高、质量提高、工序简化，机床投资和刀具投资及维护费用上升，但综合比较，可以显著提高经济效益。2 高速铣削加工高速铣削加工的主要技术高速切削技术是切削加工技术的发展方向之一，它随着C N C 技术、微电子技术、新材料和新工艺等技术的发展而迈上更高的台阶。高速机床和高速刀具是实现高速切削的前提和基本条件，在高速切削加工中对高速机床的性能和刀具材料的选择有严格的要求。2.1 高速铣削加工机床为了实现高速切削加工一般采用高柔性的高速数控机床、加工中心，也有的采用专用的高速铣、钻床。机床同时具有高速主轴系统和高速进给系统，高的主轴刚度特性，高精度定位功能和高精度插补功能，特别是圆弧高精度插补功能。高速切削加工对机床的工艺系统提出了更高的要求，主要表现在以下几个方面：高速铣削机床必须具有高速主轴，主轴的转速10000100000m/min，功率大于15kW。还应具有快速升速、在指定位置快速准停的性能。主轴的轴向间隙不大于0 .0 0 0 2 m m 。高速主轴常采用液体静压轴承式、空气静压轴承式、混合陶瓷轴承、磁悬浮轴承式等结构形式。主轴冷却一般采用内部水冷或气冷。高速加工机床的驱动系统应能够提供4060m/min 的进给速度，具有良好的加速度特性，能够提供0.4m/s2 到10m/s2的加速度和减速度。为了获得良好的加工质量，高速切削机床必须具有足够高的刚度。机床床身材料采用灰铸铁，还可以在底座中添加高阻尼特性的混凝土，以防止切削时刀具颤振影响加工质量。具有高速数据传输率，能够自动加减速。加工工艺有利于切削加工和提高刀具寿命。目前高速机床的厂家，通常在普通机床上进行低速、大进给的粗加工，然后进行热处理，最后在高速机床上进行半精加工和精加工，在提高精度和效率的同时尽可能地降低加工成本。2.2 高速切削加工刀具刀具是高速切削加工中最活跃重要的因素之一，它直接影响着加工效率、制造成本和产品的加工精度。刀具在高速加工过程中要承受高温、高压、摩擦、冲击和振动等载荷，因此其硬度和耐磨性、强度和韧性、耐热性、工艺性能和经济性等基本性能是实现高速加工的关键因素之一。高速切削加工的刀具技术发展速度很快，应用较多的如金刚石(P C D)、立方氮化硼(C B N)）、陶瓷刀具、涂层硬质合金、(碳)氮化钛硬质合金T I C (N)等。立方氮化硼具有很高的硬度、极强的耐磨性和良好的导热性，与铁族元素之间有很大的惰性，在1300也不会发生显著的化学作用，还具有良好的稳定性。实验表明，用CBN 刀具切削硬度HRC3567 的淬火钢可以达到很高速度。陶瓷材料具有良好的耐磨性和热化学稳定性，其硬度、韧性低于C B N ，可用于加工硬度H R C 5 0 的零件。硬质合金刀具耐磨性好，但硬度比立方氮化硼和陶瓷低。采用刀具涂层技术，可以提高刀具硬度和切削加工的速度，适合切削硬度在HRC4050 之间的工件。可用于耐热合金、钛合金、高温合金、铸铁、纯钢、铝合金及复合材料的高速切削，应用最为广泛。精密加工有色金属或非金属材料时，选用聚晶金刚石或金刚石涂层刀具。2.3 高速加工工艺高速切削的工艺技术也是进行高速切削加工的关键。切削方法选择不当，会使刀具加剧磨损，达不到高速加工的目的。只有高速机床和刀具没有好的工艺技术指导，高速切削加工设备也不能充分发挥作用。在高速切削加工中，应尽量选用顺铣加工，顺铣时刀具切入工件的切屑厚度为最大，随后逐渐减小。高速切削加工适于浅的切深，切削深度不超过0.2mm，可避免刀具的位置偏差，确保加工零件的几何精度。保证工件上的切削载荷恒定，以获得好的加工质量。高速切削采用单一路径顺铣切削模式，尽量不中断切削过程和刀具路径，减少刀具的切入切出次数，以获得相对稳定的切削过程。减少刀具的急速换向，在换向时NC机床必须立即停止或降速，再执行下一步操作。由于机床的加速度限制，易造成时间浪费，而且急停或急动会破坏表面精度。在模具的高速精加工中，在每次切入、切出工件时，进给方向的改变应尽量采用圆弧或曲线转接，避免采用直线转接，以保持切削过程的平稳性。3 高速铣削在模具加工中的应用高速铣削作为高效切削加工的新方法，在模具制造中得到了广泛应用。在常规生产连杆锻模时，用电火花加工型腔需1215h，电极制作2h。改用高速铣削后，采用高速立铣刀对硬度H R C 6 0 的淬硬工具钢进行加工。整个锻模加工只需3h20min，工效提高45 倍，加工表面粗糙度达Ra0.50.6m ，质量完全符合要求。高速切削技术是切削加工技术的主要发展方向之一，目前主要应用于汽车工业和模具行业，尤其是在加工复杂曲面、工件本身或刀具刚性要求较高的加工领域等，是多种先进加工技术的集成，其高效、高质量为人们所推崇。它不仅涉及到高速加工工艺，而且还包括高速加工机床、数控系统、高速切削刀具及C A D / C A M 技术等。模具高速加工技术目前已在发达国家的模具制造业中普遍应用，而在我国的应用范围及应用水平仍有待提高，由于其具有传统加工无可比拟的优势，仍将是今后加工技术必然的发展方向。4 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。5 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。5.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空

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