硕士学位论文-UncleTom’sCabin的三个中译本.doc

学校代码：10254 密级： 论文编号：上海海事大學SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY硕 士 学 位 论 文MASTER DISSERTATION 从翻译规范理论探讨论文题目： Uncle Toms Cabin的三个中译本 学位专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 作者姓名： 徐修鸿 指导教师： 姚利锁 副教授 完成日期： 二00九年六月 论文独创性声明本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和 所做出的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明并表示了谢意。作者签名：_ 日期：_论文使用授权说明本人同意上海海事大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以上网公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或者其它复制手段保存论文。保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定。作者签名：_导师签名：_ 日期：_On Three Chinese Versions of Uncle Toms Cabinfrom the Perspective of Translation NormsByXu XiuhongUnder the Supervision of Professor Yao LisuoA Thesis Submitted to the College of Foreign Language of Shanghai Maritime Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree Shanghai Maritime UniversityJune, 2009AcknowledgementsI avail myself of this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have helped me with the completion of this thesis.First and foremost, my heartfelt thanks go to Professor Yao Lisuo, who has contributed so much to my completing this paper with his most valuable suggestions, from the selection of the topic to the completion of the thesis. His timely suggestions reach me frequently, even when he was doing research abroad. It can be said that without his help there would not be the birth of this thesis.My sincere thanks should also go to Professor Han Zhonghua, Professor Zheng Lixin, Professor Wang Dawei, Professor Yuan Yongfang，Professor Weng Fengxiang and Professor Shi Dongqin, whose lectures have always been so marvelous and inspiring. I really benefited immensely from their lectures.Lastly, my thanks also go to my family, my classmates and my friends. Their love and understanding have always been the sources of my confidence and determination to carry on the painstaking research.摘 要美国女作家斯托夫人所著Uncle Toms Cabin被视为美国废奴文学丰碑式的作品。从林纾介绍其进入中国，到现今这一百多年的时间里，该小说的中译本已经超过14种。此前相关的翻译研究大多围绕林纾的译本黑奴吁天录展开，试图从不同的文化角度证明其译本中增、删、改等翻译现象的合理性；为数极少的对比研究也大多讨论译本中某些特定文化现象的翻译，无法对这些译作的产生过程作出系统的描述, 更无法从这些译作的差异中总结出今后翻译实践的发展趋势。以色列学者吉迪恩图里认为只研究原作的某一译本是不够的，有必要研究原作在译语文化中不同时期的不同译本，即对这些译作进行历时对比研究。为了考察历史文化对翻译的制约以及翻译对译语文化的影响，本文以图里的翻译规范论作为理论框架，描述性对比研究作为研究手段，对Uncle Toms Cabin在中国三个不同历史时期的译本进行分析和研究，旨在回答以下问题：这些译本中主要存在哪些差异？导致这些差异的因素有哪些？这些差异能给我们什么样的启示？本文选取的三个中译本分别为清朝末年林纾和魏易合译的黑奴吁天录、五十年代后期黄继忠翻译的汤姆大伯的小屋(因政治运动延至1982年出版)、九十年代末期王家湘翻译的汤姆叔叔的小屋。这些译作均属“名著名译”，流传甚广，因而可视为遵守翻译规范的范本，具有较强的代表性。全文共分为5个部分：第一部分介绍原著作者及其作品，回顾了原作在中国的译介以及国内对其中译本的研究现状，分析各种不同的研究角度，以体现从图里的翻译规范角度来研究Uncle Toms Cabin不同中译本的可行性和新颖性。第二部分探讨翻译规范理论的发展，翻译规范的定义、本质以及翻译规范与翻译策略的关系等相关内容。第三部分采用图里对翻译规范的分类，对三个译本进行相应的描述性对比研究，集中讨论规范是如何在语言和文化层面影响翻译实践的，并总结出三个译本之间存在的主要差异。第四部分分析造成这些差异的主要原因。第五部分总结全文的主要内容，指出文章的不足之处以及对将来进一步研究提出建议。本文的研究发现：译者的文化态度、翻译标准、对译者主体地位的认识、目的语等都会随着时代的发展而变化，因而同一原作在不同时期的译作会呈现不同的面貌。本文的研究一方面证实了图里的规范理论在翻译研究中的可行性，另一方面也从三个译本的差异中梳理出近百年来翻译策略和目的语的发展轨迹：从黑奴吁天录到汤姆大伯的小屋，再到汤姆叔叔的小屋，翻译策略经历了一个由极度归化到归化，再到较为异化的过程，每一步变化都使得读者能够更好的欣赏外国文学作品中的“异国情调”。目的语也由驯雅的文言变为通顺的白话，继而演变为略显欧化的现代汉语，每一步变化都使得汉语能够更好的胜任翻译实践。由此可以推断今后的翻译策略将以异化为主，目的语也将继续受到翻译文学作品的影响而发展完善。关键词：翻译规范；Uncle Toms Cabin；描述性翻译研究；译本比较AbstractThe novel Uncle Toms Cabin, written by American female writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, is regarded as a milestone work in American Slave Abolition literature. It has been more than one hundred years since Lin Shu introduced the novel into China, during which more than fourteen Chinese versions of the novel have been published. The previous studies mainly center on the analysis of Lin Shu and Wei Yis translation from certain cultural perspectives with a common aim to justify the translational phenomena such as omission, addition and adaptation in their translation. Those very few comparative studies, however, usually emphasize the translation of certain cultural phenomena but fail to give a systematic description of the whole translation process, let alone to outline the regular tendency of translation hereafter. Israeli scholar Gideon Toury thinks it necessary to study not just single texts, but rather multiple translations of the same original text as they occur in one receiving culture at different times in history. Therefore, a diachronic comparative study of these translations should be taken into consideration.In order to explore the historical, cultural constraints on translation and the influences which translation exerts on the target culture, the authors research applies Tourys theory of translation norms as the theoretical framework to give a descriptive comparative study to three Chinese translations of Uncle Toms Cabin with an aim to answer the following questions: What are the main differences among the three translations? What are the causes of these differences? What can be learnt from such differences? The three selected Chinese versions are Lin Shu and Wei Yis Heinu Yu Tian Lu appeared in the late Qing period, Huang Jizhongs Tangmu Dabo De Xiaowu drafted in the late 1950s (delayed by political movements and published in 1982), and Wang Jiaxiangs Tangmu Shushu De Xiaowu published in the late 1990s. Translated by the famous translators with large circulations, these three translations must have successfully conformed to certain translation norms in their respective historical periods, hence they can reflect the characteristics of translation of their times.This thesis falls into five chapters:Chapter I reviews the original author and her novel as well as the novels translations in Chinese. Then the relevant studies on the Chinese versions of the novel are discussed, with the purpose to show the practicability and the novelty of the comparative study on the three Chinese versions from the perspective of Tourys theory of translation norms. Chapter II introduces the theory of translation norms in terms of its development, definition, nature and classification. The deviation and reconstruction of norms as well as the relationship between translation norms and translation strategies will also be analyzed in this part. Chapter III gives a descriptive comparative study to the three Chinese versions by applying Tourys theory of translation norms. This chapter probes into how translation norms influence translation behavior on both cultural and linguistic aspect and summarizes the main differences between the three versions. Chapter IV analyzes in detail the causes of these differences. Chapter V ends the thesis and presents the final statement.The authors research reveals that translators cultural attitude, translation criterion, the understanding of translators subjectivity and the target language are changing entities. Therefore, different translations of the same original in different historical periods may bear different linguistic and stylistic features. Firstly, the authors study proves the practicability of Tourys theory of translation norms in translation studies. Secondly, the research outlines the development of translation strategy and the target language in the last one hundred years: From Heinu Yu Tian Lu to Tangmu Dabo De Xiaowu then to Tangmu Shushu De Xiaowu, the translation strategy undergoes a process from complete domestication to partial domestication and then to foreignization, and each shift enables readers to better appreciate the “exotic flavor” in foreign literary works. The target language also develops from concise and elegant classical Chinese to fluent vernacular then to somewhat westernized modern Chinese. And in every stage of development, Chinese accordingly plays a better role in conveying the form and meaning of foreign works. Thus the author can boldly speculate that the dominant translation strategy hereafter will be foreignization and the Chinese language will continue to be influenced by translation and become more and more prefect.Keywords: translation norms; Uncle Toms Cabin; descriptive translation studies; comparative study of different versionsTable of ContentsChapter I Introduction11.1 The Original Author and Her Novel11.2 Uncle Toms Cabins Translation in Chinese21.3 Relevant Studies on the Chinese Versions of the Novel4Chapter II Theoretical Foundation of the Research82.1 The Development of the Norm Theory82.2 The Definition of Norms102.3 The Nature of Norms122.4 The Deviation and Reconstruction of Norms142.5 Tourys Classification of Norms152.6 Translation Norms and Translation Strategies17Chapter III A Comparative Study of the Three Chinese Versions193.1 Preliminary Norms and the Translators Selection of the Source Text193.1.1 Translation Policy Social and Cultural Background of Lins Version Social and Cultural Background of Huangs Version Social and Cultural Background of Wangs Version233.1.2 Directness of Translation243.2 Initial Norms and the Translators Overall Translation Strategies253.2.1 Lins Complete Subjection to Target Text Norms263.2.2 Huangs Subjection to Target Text Norms273.2.3 Wangs Subjection to Source Text Norms283.3 Operational Norms and the Translators Concrete Translation Strategies293.3.1 Matricial Norms and the Translators Writing Techniques30 The Completeness of Translation30 Omission in the Three Chinese Versions3.1 Lins Omission3.2 Huangs Omission3.3 Wangs Omission3 Addition in the Three Chinese Versions3.1 Lins Addition3.2 Huangs Addition4.3 Wangs Addition443.3.2 Textual-Linguistic Norms and the Translators Handling of Linguistic Features4 The Application of Target Language4.1 Lins Concise and Elegant Classical Chinese4.2 Huangs Fluent and Idiomatic Vernacular Chinese4.3 Wangs Somewhat Westernized Modern Chinese5 The Treatment of the Original Syntactic Structure5.1 Lins Severe Breach of the Original Syntax5.2 Huangs Reasonable and Necessary Adjustments60.3 Wangs Attempt to Retain the Original6 The Translation of Culturally-Loaded Expressions6.1 The Translation of Religious Concepts6.2 The Translation of Animal Images6.3 The Translation of English Idioms703.4 Summary of the Comparison74Chapter IV Causes of the Differences774.1 Changing Cultural Attitude of the Translators774.2 Changing Translation Criterion794.3 Changing Target Language824.4 Changing Understanding of Translators Subjectivity84Chapter V Conclusion87Bibliography89- VIII -Chapter I Introduction1.1 The Original Author and Her NovelHarriet Elizabeth Beecher (1811-1896), a world famous American woman writer, was born into a prominent puritan family. Harriet, together with her three brothers and one sister, was deeply influenced by their puritan father Lyman Beecher, who was the president of Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her three brothers all grew up to be famous clergymen and her sister established a primary school, where Harriet herself firstly learnt and then taught.When Harriet was young, she lived for 18 years in Cincinnati, separated by the Ohio River from the slave-holding society. There she witnessed and heard the miserable lives of black slaves, who were arbitrarily beaten and traded by their owners. Harriet herself once took in many escaped slaves, heard their painful experiences, and grew in her heart a deep hatred for slavery. In 1850, she began to write a long tale of slavery based on her personal observations in Ohio and Kentucky and her novel came out in 1851 with the name Uncle Toms Cabin.Harriet Beecher Stowes main purpose of writing the novel Uncle Toms Cabin was to convince people, especially her fellow northerners, of the necessity of bringing an end to the completely diabolical slavery. The novel was warmly welcomed by her fellow northerners and stirred in the people a strong consciousness to rebel. However, the book injured the fundamental benefits of the southern slave owners and unbalanced the social structure of American society. Mrs. Stowes name was regarded as a great scourge and her novel was deliberately criticized and defamed.Uncle Toms Cabin or Life among the Lowly is considered to be the most influential novel in American history. The novel, which stirred up many emotions and controversies, was thought to be a catalyst of the American Civil War. So upon meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1862, President Lincoln asked, “Is this the little woman who brought on this big war?” Lincolns seeming joke revealed the great influences which Harriets novel exerted on American political life. As American politician Charles Sumnar pointed out: “If there had not been Uncle Toms Cabin, Lincoln would not have won the presidential election.”Stowes novel Uncle Toms Cabin began its publication in installments in the National Era, a Washington abolitionist newspaper, in 1951. One year later, the offprint of the novel came into existence and sold 300,000 copies by the end of the year. In the same year, George Aiken, an American writer, adapted the novel into a play and put it on stages all around America and received warm welcome everywhere. Uncle Toms Cabin was so successful that it sold more books than any other book ever written, except the Bible. Later on, the novel was translated into more than 30 kinds of languages and also performed as a play on stages throughout the world.1.2 Uncle Toms Cabins Translation in ChineseIn 1901, Uncle Toms Cabin was translated into Chinese for the first time by Lin Shu, a well-known scholar of Classical Chinese, with the help of a young bilingual collaborator and interpreter called Wei Yi. They gave the Chinese name Heinu Yu Tian Lu to their translated works, which would easily create a vivid image of a black slave crying to heaven in the readers minds. Lin Shus version, as it was called an abridged one nowadays, wiped off a lot of “redundancies” in the process of translation. Appealing in content and elegant in style, the novel won a large circulation after its publication in the late Qing period and exerted great influences on the awakening of the nations patriotism.In 1907, Zeng Xiaogu adapted Lin Shus translation of the novel into a five-act play and put it on stage in Tokyo, Japan. The play was performed by members of the Spring Willow Society which was organized by some Chinese students in Tokyo. Later on, the play was staged in Shanghai, contributing a lot to the awakening of the national spirit. The version adapted by Zeng Xiaogu, which was said to be quite faithful to the original, failed to be handed down to later generations.It was by 1937 that Uncle Toms Cabin was retranslated by Zhao Shaokuang and renamed Hei Nu Hun; however, it was also an abridged version without much publishing record. In 1961, Ouyang Yuqian, a former member of the Spring Willow Society, readapted the novel into a play named Hei Nu Hen and staged it in Beijing to celebrate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Chinese Drama Movement. Eighty-one years later in the Peoples Republic of China, Shanghai Translation Publishing House witnessed the publication of Huang Jizhongs complete translation of the novel with the Chinese name Tangmu Dabo De Xiaowu. In the preface to his translation, Huang stated that the name Heinu Yu Tian Lu has been very popular in China; however, it was too old-fashioned to be suitable for the current situation. And the name Tangmu Shushu De Xiaowu has also been spread widely, but the word uncle in English has multiple meanings. In order to be faithful to the original he translated the name into Tangmu Dabo De Xiaowu, which is closer in meaning to the original. In the same year, the new established Li Jiang Press published another edition of Uncle Toms Cabin by Zhang Peijun, inheriting the name Heinu Yu Tian Lu. Another ten more years has passed, and in 1998, the Peoples Literary Press published a third full version translated by Wang Jiaxiang with the name Tangmu Shushu De Xiaowu. This version has been reprinted for several times and sold at large volumes. In the same year, Pulong together with other two translators, published the Chinese version of Three Novels (Uncle Toms Cabin, The Ministers Wooing, Oldtown Folks), a collection of Stowes works edited by Kathryn Kish Sklar. The Chinese version was published by SDX Joint Publishing Company.The fervor of translating Uncle Toms Cabin did not cool down, and at the beginning of the 21st century, at least five editions retranslated by different translators successively came out in the first two years of the new century. However, these versions were published by less influential publishing houses, and they did not arouse too much interest in the academic circles. In 2005, another two latest versions were published, one translated by Lin Yupeng, Yi Lin Press; the other by Li Zixiu, China Book Press. These publications, however, newly published as they are, are far away from what people have expected, and hence would not be selected in the authors research.1.3 Relevant Studies on the Chinese Versions of the NovelIt has been more than 100 years since Lin Shu introduced American female writer Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin into China. His translation contributed enormously to the awakening of Chinese peoples patriotism and national spirit. However, Lin Shus translation also aroused a lot of controversies in the academic circles. Many researchers launched severe criticisms on Li